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1 Introduction
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
2 Normal Heart 3 Chronic Valvular Disease
4 Normal Canine Heart 5 Heartworm Disease
6 Normal Canine Heart 7 Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy
8 Normal Feline Heart 9 Fehne Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
1 0 Normal Feline Hearl 11 Feline Dilaled Cardiomyopathy
12 Normal Lymph Node Architecture 13 Lymphosarcoma
Digestive System
14 Normal Fehne Dentition 15 Periodontal Disease
16 Normal Canine Dentition 17 Carnassial Tooth Abscess
1 8 Normal Stomach 19 Hemorrhagic Gastritis with Ulcers
20 Normal Stomach 21 Gastric Dilatation w1th Volvulus
22 Normal Small Intestine 23 Foreign Bodies
24 Parvoviral Entc;ritis 25 Intussusception 26 Normal Canine Colon 27 Chronic Colitis
Contents
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28 Normal Feline Colon 29 Constipation/Colonic Impaction
30 Normal Pancreas 31 Acute Pancreatitis
32 Normal Pancreas 33 Exocrine PancreatiC Insufficiency
34 Normal liver 35 End-Stage liver Disease
36 Normal liver 37 Hepatic Neoplasia
Integumentary System
38 Normal Skin/Perineal Anatomy 39 Anal Sac Ab�ess
40 Skin Abscess 41 Flea-Allergy Dermatitis
Musculoskeletal System
42 Normal Vertebrate/Spinal Cord 4 3 Intervertebral Disk Disease
44 Normal Shoulder 45 Osteochondritis Dlssecans
46 Normal Elbow 47 Ununited Anconeal Process/Panosteitis
48 Normal Hip Joint 49 Hip Dysplasia
50 Normal Rear Leg 51 Femoral Fracture
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S 2 'ormal Stifle 53 Ruptured Cranial Cruciate ligament
54 'lormal Stifle 55 Patellar Luxation
Respiratory System
56 Normal Mouth/Upper Airway 57 Tonsillitis
58 Normal Canine Thorax 59 Collapsing Trachea
60 Normal Feline Thorax 61 Pulmonary Edema
Urogenital System
� ���--.... Canine Kidney • rue Renal Disease
""""-:;a Camne Kidney - Aa;;e Renal Failure
-.a Unnary Bladder -- -�=�" Stones
� - v -,a, Canine lower Urinary System !!!!5 c- ..:.�.,e Urethral Obstruction
-;;, 70 !\,ormal Feline Lower Urinary Sy�i.em ""'!S 71 F-e ne lower Urinary Tract Disease
-2 ;:;rrnal Prostate Gland -3 08-.ign Pfost<llic Hyperplasia
-.! o ... anonysterectomy -5 i"tor.iwa
- G1 e Castration r -es;:cc ar Tumors
-�
Special Senses
78 Normal Canine Eye 79 Nuclear Sclerosis/Cataracts
80 Normal Feline Eye 81 Glaucoma
82 Normal Feline Eye 83 Corneal Ulceration
84 Normal Hearing Apparatus 85 Otitis Ex terna/Media/lnterna
Parasite Life Cycles
86 Heartworms 87 Giardia
88 Hookworms 89 Whipworms
90 Roundworms 97 T<1peworrns (Toe({io) 92 Tapeworms (Dipyficlium caninum) 93 Fleas
94 Ticks 9 5 Sarcoptes
96 OP.modt>.X 97 Cheyletie/la
98 Ear Miles 99 Bibliography
�2006 Hill\ l'et Nulr�llon, Inc.
Division of Colgate-Palmolive Company. Published by Vt>terinary Medot:inc Publishing Company, In< All righb reserved. Printed in Europe.
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Introduction
A1 �·�«another, all of us in clinical pr.lctice have e><plai.nEO to clients such things as the patholo<JY ol a lailing he.trt �a prolapsed lnte.vertebral disk. Oftentimo>s, we've US«" radoegraphs or hand drawings to communicate .,.,pottant points. lrmfl(.'Clive of our a rtii!IC >kills, such draw ngs and explanatiOn$ tromler information ro dienb not only about specific diagnoses but �I>O about the ratJOila e behind th!'rapt'lltlc plans.
I" > Pet Nutrition thinks diem communication ls vital to the succeu of vetmnary pr.lCtice. In ...:cord With that pi' iosophy, Hill's Is proud to present thf> 1/il/} Alios of
·� Clinical Anatomy" - an in-exam room alias t o .. .elgl ten dlent communications.
E�ch illurtr.ltion In the Alias has been rlrawn by professional medical illustrators. Generally, the left-lland p.tg� depicts normal Mldtomy, and the right-hand page 1 p.,lhologic presentation A brief outline of d1dgnostic, lheraoeotic, and oJCtary plans is included on the right-haod page This arrangement will allow you tu >how clients norm�l anat«ny and thP p,;thulogy affectillg their pets ...n le you describe how yoor therapeutic; plan Wll, if pos.�ble. �tum lh�lr pets to heal ih and normal <>natwny.
The Atlas contains e.ght >ections. Refer to the cont?nu p<>g� fO< the p<>ge numbf'r� and color asslg� to each !iCCbon. rhese bkxks of color are placed around thP � numbers at the top of edCh paQe. r..xh secllon has � as�lgnPd a different color for f'.l�c of use .
E�ry effort ha) been m�de to ensure thoe accuracy 01 thP mcdka I lllustratlons and the diagnostic., therapeutic, and nutritlorldl pl;tns In thP 111/os. FQr exampiP, tach Illustration has been reviewed by appropri<tte veterinary faculty �� the College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado Stall' tJniv�ity. The Allot i\ not intended 10 be an exhaustive review ol anatomy, pathology, or ml'dicine. r ur more information, lonsult the bibliography or refer to prP�clihing informatlool on �f.>CCific druqs. Your Hill's Country Office will alw be happy to give you advice and lnforn•ollon; you'll find thtlr contact details lolled at the b.xk of the Alias.
The Atlas c.onldins illustrations of the m<»t COOlmorl condot10ns seen in donocal practice. rherefore, 11> proper placf'l\ in the exam room, so you can use it dally to "''hance clic;-nt education.
Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc.
Left venlride
Left al novcnlricula r valve
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Heart
Right venl ride
-- Right atrioventricular valve
Chorda tendinea
Pap;llary mu scle
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Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Chronic Valvular Disease
Shrunken, noduldr, di5Lorted atroventlicular valves
Shortened, U1ickened rolling of valve leaneLs
Chorda lendinea degeneration and r upture
Chronic Valvular Disease
Diagnostic Plan History Physical �xaminatlon Chesl auscultation Chest palpation Blood work Urinalysis Chest x-rays Electrocardiography Hci!rtvvorrn c:hc<k
Echocardiography Angiocardiography
Therapeutic Plan Drugs to strengthen the heart Dlur�tlcs Drugs that dildtc
blood vessels Drugs that correct
abnorm.•l lw�rl rhythm� Exercise restriction
Dietary Plan A mildly restricted sodiurr <f�et
or a moderately restncted sodium d1et
If n&.�ry, change to a
severely restnclcd wdium diet
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Canine Heart
Aortic arch Pulmomtry �rl c•ry
left atrium
Right ventricle
Coronary vessels
Left ventricle
Left atrioventricular valve
'r--- Chorda tendinea
Left ventricle
Right atrioventricular valve
Left ventricular free wall Right ventricle
Papillary muscle Ventricular septum
Right ventricular free wall
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Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Heartworm Disease
Aoult h('artworms in the pulmonary arteries, right atrium,
and right ventricle. Disease within the pulmonary arteries leads to right ventricular dilation, hypertrophy, and failure.
Dilated right ventricle
Heartworm Disease
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Heartworm c'1cck Blood work Urinalysis Chest x -rays Electrocardiography Echocardiography
Therapeutic Plan Drugs to kill adult worms Restricted exerdse Aspirin Corticosteroids Drugs to kill larvae
in the bloodstream Prevention Surgery
Hypertrophic right ventricular musdes
Dietary Plan A diet wiU1 controlled lev�ls of
protein, phosphorus and sodium Consider body condition
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Canine Heart
Aortic ilrch Pulmonary artery
I Lclt atrium
Rtghl ventricle Coronary vessels
Left ventride
left atrioventricular valve
o-----Chorda tendinea
Left ventricle
Right atriovcnl rlcular valve
Right ventricular ITee wall Left ventricular free wall
Papillary mus<le
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nm :. f\lld� 01 vetenne�ry '-llniCaJ f\llaromy
Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy
A globular-shaped heart with severe dilation of both atria and ventr icles
Abnorm�lly thin ventricular walls
Atrophied papillary musde
Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Diagnostic: Plan History Physical examination Urina lysis
Blood work Chest x-rays Electrocardiography Echocardiography X-ray> of the hearl after
dye injection
Therapeutic: Plan Enforced rest Removal of fluid from
the chest and abdomen Diuretics Drugs that strengthen the heart Drugs U1at dilate blood vessels Bronchodilators Oxygen therapy
Dietary Plan A diet that avoids excess
levels of sodium
Right ventricle
Papillary muscle
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Feline Heart
Aortic arch
Pulmonary artery left atrium
Right aLrium
Left ventricle Right ventricle
-- Chorda tendinea
;___ left ventricle
Right ventricular free wall Left ventricular free wall
Ventricular septum
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- Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Abnormally increased muscle mass due to a hypertrophied, nondilated left ventricle
Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination
Chest auscultation
Palpation of femoral pulses
and hindlimb musculature Blood work Urinalysis Electrocardiography Chest x-rays Echocardiography X-rays of the heart and
abdominal blood vessels after dye injection
Therapeutic Plan
Enforced rest Bronchodilators
Oxygen Uu�rapy Removal of fluid from
the chest and abdomen Dru9s that dilate blood vessels Aspirin Be la blockers Heparin Surgery
Dietary Plan A diet lhat avoids excess
levels of sodium
Rigi'll ventricle
Pap1llary muscle
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Feline Heart
AortiC arch
Pulmonary artery Leh dlrium
Right allium
ventricle
Right ventnde
Chorda tendinea
,........ __ Left ventricle
Right ventricular free wall
left venlricular free wall
Ventricular septum
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Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Feline Dilated Cardiomyopathy
A globular heart with �cvcrc dilatjon of the four (;hambers. Depre$$ed ventricular contractile performance occurs. Ventricular dilation distorts the atrioventricular valves leading to mitral regurgitation and atrial enlargemenL
Feline Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Diagnostic Plan History rhy$ical examination Chest auscultalion l'�lpation of femoral pulse!>
and hindlimb musculature Blood work Urinalysis ElectroC<lrdiography Chest x-rays EdJOcardiography X-rays of the heart and
abdominal blood vessels after dye injection
Plasma taurine analysis
Therapeutic Plan Enforced rf'.�t Diuretics Bronchodllators Oxygen therapy Removal ot fluid from the
chest and abdomen Drugs Lhat dilate blood vessels Drugs that strengthen thE' heart Heparin Surgery
Dietary Plan A diet that contains adequate
levels of taurine and avoids excess levels of sodium
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Lymph Node Architecture
Cortex
Germinal center Afferent lymphatic vP.ssel
Medulla
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Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
lymphosarcoma
The tumor mass is often white on the cut surtace, and the capsule is thinned. Microscopically, malignant cells have replaced normal cells and destroyed the normill architecture of the lymph node._)
lymphosarcoma
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Blood work FeLV test (for cats) X-rays Urinalysis Biopsy of tissue Cell studies Endoscopy Exploratory surgery Examinations of chest and
abdominal tluid Bone marrow biopsy Cerebral )pin" fluid examination
Therapeutic Plan Supportive therapy Chemotherapy Surgical excision Radiation
Dietary Plan A diet based on individual patient
evaluation Including body condition �nd other organ system Involvement or disease
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Feline Dentition
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Upper Teeth
Incisors
Canine -
� Premolars
Molar
Lower Teeth
Molar
Premolars
Canine
Incisors
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Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Periodontal Disease
Normal Dental Examination
Plaque
Dlsc.loscd plaque
Gingivitis
Periodontitis
Gingival recession wilh root exposure
, 1 f'lt.�....:....,.,o;;......� ���:::== Chronic gingivitis t: Tarlar
Periodontal Disease
Diagnostic Plan His lory Physical examination Oral examination Dental x-ray>
Therapeutic: Plan Tooth scaling abovl' and
below the gumline Tooth polishing Extraction Surgery Antibacterials Tooth brushing
Dietary Plan Postsurgery or extractiom, a food
with nutritional characteristics that support tissue repair.
A soft food may minimize postprocedural discomfort.
Long term, a food with f onnulation and texture that slows the accumulation of plaque and tartar.
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Canine Dentition
Upper Teeth
lntbors
Canine
Premolars
Molars
Lower Teeth
Molars
Pn)molars
C.111i11c
Incisors
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Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Carnassial Tooth Abscess
Fistula from the abscess with blood-tinged discharge
DissccLcd view or the lesion
�--- Chronic gingivitis
rf--::::�-,-:�� ... 'J,Z Carnassial Tooth Abscess
Calculus formation
Carnassial tooth
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examina tion Oral examina tion Dental x-rays
Therapeutic Plan Tooth extraction Root canals AnUbiolics
Dietary Plan A diet based on overall patient
evaluation including body condition and other organ system involvement
A soft diet may minimize postsurgical pain
Pyloric antrum
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Stomach
Une of disse<.Lion
Esophagus
Body portion of the slomach
Fundus portion of the �lomach
/
Gastric folds
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Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Hemorrhagic Gastritis with Ulcers
Diffuse redness or the mucosa due to act1ve inflammation and hemorrhage
Hemorrhagic Gastritis with Ulcers
Diagno stic Plan History Physical examination Blood work Stool check tor blood Stool check for paras1tes Urinalysi� X-rays of the stomach Endoscopy Ga�l nc Ouid analysis Gastric b1opsy
Therapeutic Plan Nothing orally for 12 to 24 hours Fluid therapy Gastric lavage Antiemetic. dnug� Whole blood Drugs to 1nh1bit gastric acid
secretion Surgery
Dietary Plan A diet b<lsed on ovcr"ll patient
evaluation includ1ng body condition and othE'I organ systems
A diet With modcrdt.e protein and moderate to low levels of fat and fiber to minimize dietary-induced delays in gMtrk emptying
For pets with ga�tritis caused by food allt'rgy. a hypoallergenic d1et
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Canine Normal Stomach
Pyloric antrum
Pylorus
Clockwise rotation as viewed from a ventral position
Esophagus
1!
Sequence of Gastric Dilatation with Volvulus
The pyloric antrum is displaced downward.
The pylorus crosses the midline, passes underneath the d isten ded proximal part or )[Omach, and moVC) upward along the left abdominal wall.
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Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Canine Gastric Dilatation with Volvulus
Clockwise volvulus of the stomach; the organ is greatly enlarged
The gastric fundus moves ventrally and becomes located in the ventral abdomen.
� r Torsion of the esophagus
The continuing gastric dilatation displaces the greater curvature ventrally.
Duodenum displaced to the lett
The greater omentum covers the stomach's surface
Gastric Dilatation with Volvulus
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination X-ray ot the stomach Blood work
Therapeutic Plan Stomach distention relief Shock therapy Surgery
Dietary Plan A low-rt:>idue diet.. fL>d
in small porlions Avoid excess ive
postprandial exercise
Uver
Stomach
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Small Intestine
Kidney Descending colon
Ureter
Urinary bl�dder
Spleen Small intestine
Mesentery
Small intestine
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Foreign Bodies
Dilated loops of bowel cranial to the obstruction \
Dilated loop of bowel
Congested mesenteric blood vessels
Foreign Bodies
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Abdominal palpation Abdominal x-rdys Upper G.l. series Stool analysis Blood tests Urinalysis Endoscopy
Therapeutic Plan Fluid therapy Antibacterials Surgery (to remove foreign bodies) NoU1ing by mouth for 24-48 hourS
Foreign object (ball) Dietary Plan Postsurgically, a low-residue
diet fed in small portions Consider ov(�rall patient condition
when determining the protein level and caloric density of the diet
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Canine Parvoviral Enteritis
Viral particle
ParvoviruS(lS infecting an intestinal epithelial cell
Parvoviral Enteritis
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Stool analysis Blood tests Urinalysi> Abdominal x-rays Upper G.l. series Endoscopy with tissue biopsy
Therapeutic Plan Nothing by mouth Huid U1crapy lniP.stinal protec:lants Antibacterials Analgesics
The virus Lypically affc<.b the small intestine
Mitochondria
Dietary Plan A highly digestible diet Consider overall patie11t
condition when determining the prolein level and caloric density of the diet
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Intussusception
Obstruction ot the small intestine caused by the teiQScoping of a segment of intestine into ;�n adjacent segment ---1...-
A loop of intestine within an adjacent segment of intestine
Intussusception
Diagnostic Plan History Physical ex<�mination Abdominal palpation Abdominal x-rays
Therapeutic Plan Fluid therapy Surgery Removal of the cause Nothing by mouth
Congested mesenteric blood vessels
The mesentery and blood vessels supporting the irwaginaling segment of bowel are induded in the intussusception
Dietary Plan Postsurgkally, a low-resique
diet fed in small portions Consider over;�ll patient
condition when determ ining lhe prote in level and caloric density of the diet
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Canine Colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
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Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Chronic Colitis
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Friable mucos.1 that bleeds easily
Chronic Colitis
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examina Lion SLool analysis Abdominal palpation Rectal pal pation Stool culture Blood work Urinalysis X-rdys of the colon Colonoscopy and biopsy
Thera�utic Plan Antibacterials Dewormers Anti-Inflammatory drugs
Dietary Plan l llgh-fiber diets benefit some
cases of coli tb If a high-fiber diet is ineffective,
a dietary trial using a low-residue> diet is indicated
For a food-allergy-induced colitis, a hypoallergenic diet is indir.aled
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Feline Colon
'�--A.\---·��
,] DP.scending colon ·�
Descending colon
Small intestine
Rectum
Ascending colon
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Constipation/Colonic Impaction
<onstlpatlon/Coloitic Impaction
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Rcclal palpation Abdominal palpation Abdominal x-rays
Therapeutic Plan Fluid therapy Laxativ� Enemas Manual removal of
impacted stool Surgery Treat primary cause, if possible Stool softeners Pro-motility medic�tion
Extreme dilation of the descending colon due to impacted feces
Dietary Plan A moderate- to high-fiber diet
if no neurologic or obstructive lesions; chronic cases may benefit from low residue food
Ensure adequate water intake
Duodenum
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Canine Pancreas
Esophagus
Left lobe or lhe p<�ncrea)
Ileum jejunum
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Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Acute Canine Pancreatitis
Swollen, Inflamed pancreas with areas of hemorrhage
Acute Pancreatitis
Diagnostic Plan History PhysiCill examination Blood work Urinaly�is Abdominal x-rays
Therapeutic Plan fluid therapy No oral medication or rood Antibact�rials Drugs to suppress vomiting Analgesics
Dietary Plan When reruminq enteral nutrition,
small portions of a diet low in fat and r�iduc
Af�r the imhal ep1sod1', manage hyperhpidem1a, 1f necessary
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Pancreas
Left lobe or U1e pancreas
Riqht lobe or lhc pancre�s
Duodenum
Ileum Jejunum
Esophagu�
Stomach
TranSVt>rse colon
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Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
Shrunken pancreatic lobes with reduced production of digestive Cn"}'mcs
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
DlagnostJc Plan History Physi<;<�l t'X<lmination Stool analysis Absorption tests Blood work Intestinal biopsy
Therapeutic Plan Pancreatic enzymes Mooium-chain fats Antacids Drugs that inhibit
acid secretion in Lhe stomach
Dietary Plan A highly digestible diet Consider overall body condition Feed quantities sufficient to
maintain normal body weight Avoid excess fat
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal liver
Left lateral lobe
Papillary process of caudate lobe
Gallbladder
Kidney -----.�..
liver
Gallbladder
Caudate process of caudate lobe
Portal vein
�- Right lateral lobe
---- R1ght medial lobe
lungs
( - Heart
Diaphragm
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Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
End-Stage Liver Disease
fibrou.s connective tissue between regenerative noduiC!.
Regenerative nodules
FatLy change or liver cells
Reduced number or normal liver cells
Fibrous connective tissue separating parenchymal nodules
End-Stage Liver Disease
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Abdominal palpation Blood work Abdominal X·r<lys Blood clotting time Urinalysis Liver biopsy Abdominal ultrasonography
Therapeutic Plan Fluid therapy Cage rest Corticosteroids
Dietary Plan A diet that will reduce Lhe
need for certain liver functions Provide adequate protein, but
avoid excess Consider possible need for
controlled sodium int.ake
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal liver
Left lateral lobe
Hepatic artery
Papillary proce55 of caudate lobe
Gallbladder
Omentum
Caudal vena cava
Gallbladder
Caudate process of caudate lobe
Portal vein
�- Right lateral lobe
'-------- Right medial lobe
Quadrate lobe
lungs
Heart
Diaphragm
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Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Hepatic Neoplasia
lnh:rlobular conneclive tissue
Central vein
Tumors
Disn.1ption of norm al liver tissue by shecls or neoplasti<: <:ells
Hepatic Neoplasia
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination B lood work Urinalysis X-ray or lhe liver Ultr<�sound Liver biopsy ExploraLory surgery
Therapeutic Plan Supportive care Chemotherapy Surgery
Dietary Plan A dieL based on individual
patient evaluation including body condition and other organ �yslem involvemenL
Spedal attention should be given to protein levels and amino-acid balance of the diet
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Skin/Perineal Anatomy
Levator ani muscle
Coccygeus muscle
External anal sphincter
BtJibospongiosus muscle Retractor penis muscle
Scrotum
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Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Anal Sac Abscess
Enlarged, innamcd anal sac Ruptured anu l sac abscess
Anal Sac Abscess
Diagnostic Plan Hislory Physical examination Abscess culture
Therapeutic Plan lancing of Lhc abscess Anal sac expression Hot soaks Antiseptic solutions Antibacterials Anal sac removal
Dietary Plan Postsurgically, a diet adequate for
tissue repair
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Skin Abscess
Slophylococcus intermedlu5 organisms
Skin Absceu
Diagnostic Plan History Phy5ical examination Abscess culrure X-rays
Therapeutic Plan Hot compresses Abscess drainage Dead tissue removal Antibacterial therapy Surgery
Ruptured ab�cess caused by a bite wound
Collection of pus in the walled-oft ilbscess
Thick�ned skin walls around the absce�
Dietary Plan A diet adequate for tissue repair
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Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Flea-Allergy Dermatitis
Self-inflicted trauma results in erythema, papules, pustules, uw.ts, and hair loss in areas where fleas feed.
Sequence of flea-allergy dermatitis
Flea puncture5 skin to teed.
Flea-Allergy Dermatitis
Diagnostic Plan History Physic;,! eX<Jmination
Detection ot fleas, flea dirt, and tapeworm segments
Intradermal skin testing
r-_,_,_
Flea saliva 5ets up an antigenantibody rt>.a<:I.Jon.
Excoriation and Acute bacterial
inflammation infection results.
result from self-
inflicted trauma.
Therapeutic Plan Flea control
Dietary Plan A diet adequate for tissue r epair
Short-term cortico>Leroids
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Vertebrae/Spinal Cord
� / 7 Transverse process 1 l rt b 1 d. k nerve e m IS
/ Sponous process
Spinal nerve
Vertebral body
Intervertebral disk
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Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Intervertebral Disk Disease
Prolap>ed intervertebral disk
Intervertebral Disk Disease
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Neurologic examination X-ray of Lhe spine
Therapeutic Plan Enforced re�t Anti-inflammatory dn.1gs Analgesics Muscle relaxants Surgery Physical therapy
Dietary Plan Postsurgically, a diet adequate for
tissue repair If obesity is a complicating fattor,
restrict caloric intake so the patient reaches and maint<Jins an ideal body weight
Humerus
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Shoulder
Scapula
Humeral head
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Osteochondritis Dissecans
Free-noaling fragment of cartilage and bone within the shoulder joint
Site of detachment
Osteochondritis Dlssecans
Diagnostic Plan Hi> Lory Physical examination X-rays
Therapeutic Plan Surgery
Dietary Plan Postsurgically, a diet adequate for
tissue repair and patient growth Avoid overfeecling throughout life Avoid excess calcium and energy in
growing large and giant-breed pups
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Elbow
Radius
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Ununited Anconeal Process/Panosteitis
g..!....---;J--- Anconeal process that has fai led
Lesions ot panosteitls In the proximal radius
to unite with the ulna
Ununited Anconeal Process
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examin�lion X-rays of the elbow
Therapeutic Plan Surgery
Dietary Plan Postsurgic<>lly, a diet adequate
for tissue repair and patient growth
Avoid P.xcess caldum and energy i n growing large and giant-breed pups
Avoid ov<;.Yfeeding throughout life
Panosteltls
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Palpation X-rays
Therapeutic Plan Analges io
Dietary Plan A d iet adequate for growth Avoid overfeeding throughout life
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Hip Joint
/ Ilium
Femoral head
Well-formed, deep hip joint I
Pelvis
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Hip Dysplasia
Decjeneral.ive joinl disease in older dogs
Shallow hip joint with subluxaled femoral head in younger dogs
Hlp Dysplasia
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Palpation of the hips X-rays of the hips
Therapeutic Plan Enforced rest Mild analgesics Anti-inflammatory drugs Surgery
Dietary Plan Postsurgically, a diet adequate for
tissue repair If obc£ily is a complicating factor,
restrict caloric intake so the patient reaches and mainta ins an idecll body weight
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Rear Leg
PE>Ivis
Femur
nbia
Patella
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Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Femoral Fracture
Hemorrhage into the muS<Ie
Femoral Fracture
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Palpation of Lhe femur X-ray'
Therapeutic Plan Surgery
Dietary Plan A diet adequate for tissue repa1r
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Stifle
Femur
lateral collateral ligament
Caud�l cruclate ligament
Cranial cruclate ligament
Lateral mffiixus
Medial coilaLeral ligament
Fibula -------
Tibia
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Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Ruptured Cranial Cruciate ligament
Ends of the ruptured crdnial cruciate ligament
Ruptured Cranial Crudate Ugament
Diagnostic Plan History Physical e><amination Palpation of the knee X-rays of the knee
Therapeutic Plan Enforced rest Analgesics Surgery
Dietary Plan l'ostsurgically, a diet adequate for
I issue repair It obesity Is a complicating factor,
restrict caloric intake so the palicrit reaches and maintains an ideal body weight
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Stifle
Quadriceps tendon
Palclla
Cranial border of the tibia
Fibula
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Patellar luxation
Sh�llow trochlear groove
Medial luxation of the patella
Inward rotation of the tibia
Patellar Luxation
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Stifle palpation Stifle x-rays
Therapeutic Plan Surgery
Dietary Plan Postsurgic;ally, a diet adequate for
tissue repair If obesity is " cornplicating factor,
restrict caloric intake so the patient reaches and maintains an ideal body weight
Esophagus
Larynx
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Mouth/Upper Airway
Nasal cavity
Hard palate
Soft palate
Cpiglottos Tonsol
Tongue
-
-
-
-
-
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Tonsillitis
Tonsillitis
Diagnostic Plan His Lory Physical examination Examination ot the tonsils Culture of the Lonslls Cytologic study of tonsillar
exudate X-rays
Inflamed tonsils protruding from Lhe pharynx
Reddened pharynx
Therapeutic Plan Elimination of the cause Antibacterials Tonsillectomy
Dietary Plan A diet based on overall patient
evaluation Including body condition and other organ �ystem involvement
A sott diet may minimire postsurgical p�in
Trachea
Scapula
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Canine Thorax
J
Cranial lobe of the lung
larynx
Cervical vertebrae
Middle lobe or Lhc lung
Cut away sect ion or Lhe ribs
Diaphragm
Caudal lobe or the lung
-
-
-
-
-
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Collapsing Trachea
Grade JV collapsed tr�chea; the airway lumen is essentially obliterated
The tracheal cartilage is inverted dorsally and contacts the tracheal membrane
Normal trad1eal ring
�- I
Collapsing Trac:h�a
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Tracheal palpation Chest auscultation CheSL x-rays Tracheoscopy Cultures of tracheal wash fluid
Therapeutic Plan Activity restriction Corticosteroids Steam vapori7ation Bronchodilators Antitussives Antibacterials Surgery
Dietary Plan If surgery is performed, a diet
adequate for tissue repair If obesity is a complicating factor,
restrict caloric intake so the p<�tient reaches and maintains an ideal body weight
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Feline Thorax
Cervic.al vertebrae
Hyoid apparatus
Larynx
Esophagus
\ \ Humerus
Trachea
Crdnial lobe of the lung
Heart
Caudal lobe of the llmg
Middle lobe of U1c lung
Cut away section of the ribs
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Pulmonary Edema
Fluid in the alveoli
Normal lung !"issue
lung tissue is enlarge<! and heavy
Nom1al alveoli
Pulmonary Edema
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Chest auscultation Chest x-rays Electrocardiography Blood work Urinalysis
Therapeutic: Plan Activity restriction Oxygen therapy Morphine Diuretics Corticosteroids Nebuli"ation Bronchodilators Vasodilators Drugs Lo slrengLhen
the heart
Dietary Plan A diCL uased on individual
patient evaluation including body cond iti on and other organ sy�tcm invulvemenl or disease
Avoid excess sodium
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Canine Kidney
Rena l artery
Renal vein
Fat in the Ureter renal sinus
Renal pelvis
Renal Cut Surface
Cortex
Capsule
Medulla
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Chronic Renal Disease
Chronic Renal Disease
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Abdominal palpation Urinalysis Blood work Blood pressure measurement Abdominal x-rays Kidney biop.sy Ultrasound
Pale, shrunken, firm kidney with a pilted •urfacc
Therapeutic Plan Fluid therapy Sodium bicarbonate Drugs to control •tomach acidity Phosphate binders Blood transfusions Anabolic st�!foids Peritoneal dialysis
Scarring
Dietary Plan A diet with controlled
and appropriate levels or pro tein, phosphoru•, sodium, and calories
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Canine Kidney
Renal artery
�al in the Ureter renal sinus
Renal pelvis
Renal Cut Surface
Capsule
-
Medulla
-
-
-
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Acute Renal Failure
Pale, swollen kidney
Acute Renal Failure
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Abdominal P<Jipation Urina lysis Blood work Abdominal x-rays Kidney biopsy Ullrasound
Therapeutic Plan Fl uid therapy Diuretics Phosphate binders Sodium bicarbonate Drugs to control
stomach acidity Peritoneal dialysis
Dietary Plan A dit:>t with controlled and
appropriate levels of protein, phosphorus, sodium, and caloriP.s
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Urinary Bladder
Prostate gland
Urinary bladder
Urethra
-
-
-
Struvite
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Bladder Stones
t
Calcium oxalate dihydrate
Cystine
Cul �urface of a bladder showing strwite calculi
Bladder Stones
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Palpation of the urethra
and urinary bladder Urinalysis Urine culture Blood work X-rays of the urinary tract Quanlilalive analysis of
passed bladder stones
Therapeutic Plan• fluid Utt!!rapy Antibacterials Urease inhibitOr>
Ammonium urate Silica
x�nthine oxidase inhibitors Urine alkalizers Thlol-conlaining drugs Surgery
C<�lcium oxalate monohydrate
Voiding urohydropropulsion
Dietary Plan' For dissolution, the proper
calculolylic dJCl To aid in prevention or
recurrence, a diet th�t allows the body to produce the appropriate urine p H and avoids excesses of the urolith's precursors
If surgery is necessary, a diet adequate for tissue repair
'Determined by .,lone type
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Canine Lower Urinary System
Descending colon
Testicular vessels
Urinary blddder Ureter
Rectum
Ductus deferens
Pelvic symphysis
Penis Testicle
Prepuce
Bulbourethral gland
-
-
-
-
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Canine U rethral Obstruction
Hemorrhages on the surface of the bldtldcr Distended urinary bladder
caused by an obstructing urethral calc:ulus
Urethral c;.,kulw immediately behind the os penis; the calculus is obstructing the outflow of urine from the bladder 1
<anlne Urethral Obstruction
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Urethral palpaLion Abdominal palpation X-rays of the unnary tract Urinalysi\ Urine culture Blood work Analysis of pM�
bladder stones
Therapeutic Plan Emptying of the bladder Fluid therapy Flushing of the urethral
calculi onto the blddtler Surgery
Dietary Plan For dissolution, the proper
c:alculolytic diet To aid In prevention or
recurrence, a diet that allows the body to produce the appropriate urine pH dntl avoids excesses of tht> urolith's precursors
If surgery is necessary, a diet adequate for tiSS\IP repair
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Feline Lower Urinary System
Pelvic symphysis - --- �,::. 1
Descending colon
Testicular vessels Rectum
Ureter Prostate gland
-
--�== Penis Glans penis
Urinary bladder Ductus deferens Prepuce
'
)
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease
Distended urinary bl�dder caused by an obstf\JCting urethral plug
Feline Urologic Syndrome
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Abdominal palpallon Urethral palpation Urinalysis Urine culture X-rays of lhe urinary tract Blood work
Hemorrhages on the surface of the bladder
Therapeutic Plan Emptying or Lhe bladder Fluid therapy Removal of the
urinary obstruction
Urethral plug obstructing lhc Lip of Lhe penis
Dietary Plan For dissolution, the proper
calculolytic diel To aid in prevention or
recurrence, a diet that allows the body to produce the appropriate urine pH and avoids cxccss;:s of the urolith's precursors
If surgery is necessary, a diet adequate for tissue repair
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Prostate Gland
DucllJ.'> derereru Descending colon
��-A�
Prostate gland
Urethra
-
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
'
Diffuse enlargement of the prostate gland due to epithelial or glandular hyperplasia
The enlarged prostate gland may Impinge on U)e rectum
Benign Prostatic Hypet"plasia
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examonation Rectal palpiltiOn Abdommal J>illpatlon X-rays Ultrasound Urinalysis Urine culture Blood work Prostate biopsy
Therapeutic Plan Emptying of the bladder Enemas Stool softeners Castrotion Medical therapy
Dietary Plan If surgery is necessary, a diet
adequate for tissue repair A low residue food
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Ovariohysterectomy
Double ligature around I.IH: ovarian pedicle
Uterine horn
Uterine body
Ovariohysterectomy
Indications Sterilization Ovarian disease Ulerin<' dbca )C Behavioral problems Vaginal hyperplasia Diabetes Epilepsy
Colon
Mammary tumor prevention
Dietary Plan Pmtsurgically. a diet adequate
lor LiSiiuc repair
Double ligdlurc around uterine vessels
-
Normal Anatomy
Uterine horns
Body of the uterus
Cervix
Vagina
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Pyometra
Congestion of uterine body walls
Cut section showing an enlarged, pus-filled uterus
The tissue is fri�ble and easily torn
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Vaginal cytologic study Abdominal palpation Rectal palpation Blood work Urinalysis Urine culture Abdominal x-rays Ultrasound
Therapeutic Plan Fluid therapy Surgery Antibacterials Pro�taglandins
Dietary Plan A diet based on individual
patient evaluation including body condition and other organ system involvement
Post.surgically, a diet adequate for tissue repair
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Canine Castration
Castration
Sutures cranial to the �crolum
Ducl.u� deferens
.1, Urinary bladder
Tesltcular vein
Canine Castration
Indications Sterilization Testicular disease Pro,Latic diloell�C Behavioral problems Retained testicles
Dietary Plan Postsurgically, a diet adequate
for tissue repair
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Testicular Tumors
Scrtoli-ccll tumor
Leydig-ccll tumor
Seminoma
Normal l P.stis
Testicular Tumors
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Testicular palpation X-rays of the abdomen Biopsy
Therapeutic Plan Surgery Chemotherapy
Dietary Plan Postsurgkally, a diet
adequate tor tissue repair Consider body condition;
feed a diet approprialt� to maintain ideal body weight
Cornea
� /( Anterior chamber
Vitreous body
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Canine Eye
1..111a1ry body
--- Opllc nerve
Optic. disk
,,
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Nuclear Sclerosis/Cataracts
Nuclear sclerosis is a normal aging change that results from compaction and hardening of the lens libers
A cataract is an opacity or Lhc lens [ibers or c�psule
Nuclear Sclerosis/Cataracts
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Ophthalmic examination Blood tests Urinalysis
Therapeutic Plan Surgery Therapy for any concurrent disease No therapy is necessary r or
nuclear sclerosis
Dietary Plan A diet based on individual patient
evJiualion including body condition and other organ system involvement or disease
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Feline Eye
Vitreous body
Ciliary body-------#---
Lens ____ _,_(_ ��---optic nerve
Optic disk
Anterior chamber
Filtration angle -
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Glaucoma
Cloudy, edematous, lnsensftlve cornea
�
\,{ I
/' Intraocular pressure is increased due to a disorder of the drainage angle
Glaucoma
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Ocular examination Measurement of
intraocular pressure
Therapeutic Plan Drugs that relieve
inlrd<>cular pn�ssure Surgery
Increase in intraocular pressure
The globe is enlarged, pain may be prcscn L, the cpisdcraJ vessels are congested, and vision loss occurs.
Dietary Plan A diel ba,ed on individual
patient evaluation including body condition and other organ system involvement or disease
Antenor chamber
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Feline Eye
Iris Co mea
"" -
• :....__ ___ Retma � Optic disk
� Optic nerve
Filtration angle
J
J J J j { J
�
Corneal Ulceration
Diagnostic Plan History Physical cxamindtion Oculdr examinCltion Fluorescein stain Culture
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Corneal Ulceration
Central corneal ulcer
/
Therapeutic Plan Antibactcri.tf Otntrm'nt and solutions Drugs that dilate the pupil Surgery Drugs to l�n I hE' nsk of pigment
formation in the cornea
Dietary Plan A diet based on individuC�I
palienl Pllaluatoon rncfudrng body condition and other organ system involvement or disea>e
Cytologic examination
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Normal Hearing Apparatus
Auricular carlilage
Vertical canal --Hf.r----Temporalis muscle
Auditory ossides
Tympanic membrane
Middle ear cavily Tympanic bulla
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Otitis Externa, Media, lnterna
Inflamed reddened ear structures
Otitis Externa
Inflamed, reddened ear
Partial occlusion of the ear canal due lo cellular hyperplasia
Otitis Extema, Media, lnterna
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Ear examination Ear cultures Thyroid hormone levels Intradermal skin testing X-rays Therapeutic trials with insecticides
and hypoallergenic diets
Otitis lnterna
Neurologic d1anges Head tilt and circling
Therapeutic Plan Removal of ear canal hair ear cleaning Topical application of
antibacterials/corticosteroids Systemic antibacterials Systemic corticosteroids Surgery
Otitis Media
Inflammatory exudate in the tympanic bulla
Osteomyelitis due to the infectious process
Dietary Plan A diet based on individual
patient evaluation including body co ndition and other organ system Involvement or disea.se
Hypoallergenic diets
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Heartworms
Infected mosquitoes deposit heartworm larvae into the animal's hemolymph by puncturing the animal's skin.
larvae migrate to subcu taneous tissues where they mature to a young-adult stage.
Heartworms
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Heartworm check Chest x-rays Blood work Urinalysis
Mature fem�les release microfilariae into the bloodstream where lhey are picked up by mosquitoes.
Young adults migrate to lhe pulmonary arteries and heart.
Therapeutic Plan Drugs to kill adult worms Aspirin
Dietary Plan A diet wilh controlled levels of
protein, phosphon1s, and sodium Consider body condition Corticosteroids
Restricted exercise Drugs to kill larvae in
lhe bloodstream Prevention Surgery
......
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Giardia
Giardia species exist as motile tropho£oitcs and nonmotile cysts. Both torms are transmitted by ingestion and are passed intermittently in the host's feces.
Glordlo
Diagnostic Plan Ill story Phj'\it<JI ex�mination Stool analysis Analysis of inte.,tinal Krapings
c.ollecled during endoKopy Blood test
(Giardia antigen test)
Therapeutic Plan Drugs to kill the parasite
Dietary Plan A diet based on •ndiVidual patient
evaluation Including body condlt1on and other organ system involvl!mtml or disease
Pups m�y ingesl. milk containing larvae.
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Hookworms
lntec tive larvae are ingested or penetrate the skin.
Aduil hookworms are bloodsuc:king parasi Les of the small intestine.
lnfec:tive lhird-stage larvae in the environment
Hookworms
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Stool analysis Blood work
Therapeutic Plan Dcwormers Blood tran�sions Supportive therapy
Dietary Plan A diet based on individual patient
evalua tion indud1ng body condition and other organ system involvement or disease
-
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Whipworms
The adult whipworm is embedded In the wall of the large inlc>liuc anti tt..><-urn.
lnfeclt!d larva develops inside the egg but does not hatch unless the egg is swallowed.
Whipworms
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Stool analysi> Colono$c;opy ThE-rapeutic dE-worming
Therapeutic Plan Dewormcrs Supportive Lhernpy
�ggs are passed in the fl'Cl'S.
Dietary Plan A diet based on individual patient
evaluation including body condition and other organ system involvement or disease
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Roundworms
larvae may be shed in the milk and ingested by neonates. 'I
The host either ingests eggs containing infective larvae or an intermediate hml with larvae arrested in its tissues.
Adult roundworm in the small intestine
Egg containing inte<::tive larvil
Eggs are passed in the feces.
Roundworms
Diagnostic Plan History Physkal examination Stool analysis
Therapeutic Plan Dewom1ers Supporlive therapy
Dietary Plan A diet based on individual patient
<:'Valuation including body <;ondilion �r1d ()lher On:Jal1 system involvement or disease
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Tapeworms (Taenia)
The oncosphere hatches in the intermediate host and differentiates in to a metacestode.
/ I
Proglollids shed in the feces.
Adult tapeworm in the small intestine
The host becomes infected by eating an infected intermediate host.
Tapeworms (Toenlo) �� Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Detection of tapeworm segments
in the stool
Therapeutic Plan Dewormers Control of patient's hunting and
ea Ung habi 1.>
Dietary Plan A diet based on individual patient
<:valuation including body condition and other organ system involvement or disease
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Tapeworms (Dipylidium caninum)
Ingestion of fleas containing infe<tive cysts resulu in infection.
Adult tapeworms attach to the mucosa of the small inl�llnc.
Tapeworm larvae encyst in flea larvae and become Infective.
Terminal proglottids laden with eggs are shed in the feces.
Dipylidillm eggs arc ingested by the larvae of fleas.
Tapeworms (Dipylidium canioum)
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Dele<lion of tapeworm segments
in the stool Detection of fleas or flea dirt
Therapeutic Plan Dewormers Flea control
Dietary Plan A diet based on individual p.�ticnl
evaluation including body condition and other organ system involvement or disea5e
-
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Fleas
The adult Ilea emerges from the cocoon and seck> a host on which to reed.
Adult fleas lay eggs on pet then eggs fall off into the environmenL
Eggs hatch into larvae that moiL Lhree Urnes.
The third molt produces a while larva that spins a cocoon in which the larva pupates for up to one year.
Fleas
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Stool inspection for tapeworm
segments
Therapeutic Plan Flea control
Dietary Plan A diet based on individual patient
evaluation including body condition and other organ system involvement or di�case
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Ticks
Adult tick5 lay thousands ol eggs, which undergo two molts: larva to nymph and nymph to adult.
l..Jrvae, nymphs, and adulu feed on blood and lymph.
Df!rmacentor variabilis larvae and nymphs feed on small mammab and drop off between molts.
Adults feed on pets.
Rhipicephalus sanguineus larvae, nymphs, and adulb all teed on pets.
1-
Ticks
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination
Therapeutic Plan Tick removal Insecticide baths or dips Topical Insecticide dips or baths
Dietary Plan A diet based on individudl patient
-
ev.tluation includinq body J condition and other organ system involvement or disease J
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Sarcoptes
Female mites burrow into the sl<in and lay eggs in the tunnels that they lorm.
Larvae and nymphs develop in these tunnels.
The patient response is often severe self-inflicted trauma.
Sarcoptes
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Skin scrapings Skin biopsy Therapeutic trial
Therapeutic Plan Coat dipping Parasiticidal dips Antibacterials
Dietary Plan A diet baS(!d on individual patient
evaluation including body condition and other organ system involvement or disease
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Demodex
Demodex is part of the normal skin fauna and is usually present in small numbers in healthy anim�ls.
\
The entire life cycle is spent on the host in the hair follicles or sebaceous glands.
Adult Di!modex mite
Demodex
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Skin scraping� Skin biopsy Skin culture
Therapeutic Plan Topical keratolytic agents Antibacterials Topical drugs lo kill the mile
Dietary Plan A diet adequate for tissue repair A diel based on individual patient
evaluation induding body condition and other organ system involvement or disease
Medication to kill the mite
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Cheyletiella
These mites live in keratin on the skin's surface and feed on tissue fluids.
The entire life cycle is thought to occur on U1c host.
Cheyletlella
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Skin scrapings Skin biopsy Acetate tape impressions Direct visualization of the parasite
Therapeutic Plan Parasiticidal dips
Dietary Plan A diet based on individual patient
evaluation including body condition and other organ system involvement or disease
Nymph
larva
Eggs
Ear Mites
Diagnostic Plan History Physical examination Ear e.xaminalion Mic;roscopic examination
of ear canal exudate
Hill's Atlas of Veterinary Clinical Anatomy
Ear M ites
The entire life cycle occurs on 1 he host.
Therapeutic Plan Ear canal cleaning Drugs to kill the mites Surgical repair of
aural hematomas Antibacterials, it needed
Adult mites live on the surface or the skin, most commonly in the ear c;anal�.
. )f'' l"'
Dietary Plan A diel adequate for tissue repair A diet based on individual patient
evaluation including body condition and other organ system involvement or disease
-
Bibliography
1. Evans, H.£.; Christensen, G. C.: Mill£>r's Anatomy of the Dog, 2nd Ed. W.&. Saunders, Phlladelpia, Pa., 1979.
2. fox, P.R. (cd.): Canine and Feline Cardiology. Churchill Living�tone, New York, N.Y., 1988.
3. Ceorgi, J.R.: Parasitology for Ver erinariatiS, 4th Ed. W. B. Saunders, Philadetphia, Pa., 198S.
4. Harvey, C. E.: Veterinary Dentistry. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa., 1985.
5. Holt.worlh, J. (cd.): Diseases of the Cat: Medl r.IM. & Surgery. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa., 1987.
6.Jones, B.D. (ed.): Conine and Feline Gostroenteruloyy. W.B. Saurxlers, Philadelphia, Pa., 1986.
7. Key to Dietary Management With Prescription Diet" PtiXltKis. Hill's Pt't Products, Topeka, Kan.
8. Kirk, R. W.; Bistner, S.l.: Vl'terinary Procedures & Emergency Treatment, 4th Ed. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, P� .• 1985.
9. Kirk, R.W. (ed.): Current Veterinary Therapy IX: Small Animal Proctice. W.B. Saunde;s, Philadelphia, � .• 1986.
10. Lew��. 1 .D. et al: Small An imal Clinical Nutrition Ill. Mark Morrls Associates, Topeka, Kan., 1987.
1 1 . Magrane, W.C.: Canine Ophthalmology, 3rd Fd. Lea & febiger, Philadelphia, Pa., 1977.
12. Managing Canine and Feline Urolithiasis. Veterinary Medicine Publishing, lenexa, Kan., 1989.
B. Managing Fli>Cr-Re;pomive Diseases. Veterinary Mt'dicine Publishing, Lenexa, K,m., 1988.
14.Morgan, R.V. (ed.): Handbook of Small Animo/ Practice. Churchill Uvingstone, New York, N.Y., 1987.
15. Muller, G. H.; Kirk, R. W.: Small Animal Dermatology, 2nd Ed. W.B. SaundM;\, Philadelphia, Pa., 1976.
16. Proc. Sth Ann. Vet. Med. Forum, ACVIM. San Diego, Calif., 1987.
17. Proc. 6th Ann. Vet. Med. Forum, ACVIM. Washington, D.C., 1988.
1 ll.f>roc. 7th Arm. Vet. Med. rorum, ACVIM. San Diego, Calif., 1989.
19.Rawlings, C.A.: Heartworm Disease in Dog.< and Cots. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa., 1986.
20. Sdentific Proceedings, 56th Arlrr. Mty., MHA, St. louis, Mo., 1989.
21.5herding, R.G. (ed.): Medical Emergencies. Churchill Livingstone, New York, N.Y., 1985.
22. Shcrding, R.G. (ed.): The Cat: Di<eo<P..I and Cfrniral Monogement. Churchill Uvingstone, New York. N.Y., 1989.
23.Siatter, D.H. (ed.): Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa., 1 985.
24.Soulsby, E.].l.: Helminths, Arthmpod< and Proto;oo of Dom�sticated Animols, 7th Ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, Pa., 1982.