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Greek and Barbarian Peoples on the Shores of the Black SeaAuthor(s): J. G. F. HindSource: Archaeological Reports, No. 30 (1983 - 1984), pp. 71-97Published by: The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies

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Archaeologicaleports 0, I983-84, 71-97. Printed n GreatBritain

GREEK AND BARBARIAN PEOPLES ON THE SHORES OFTHE BLACK SEAThe present survey is intended to be a continuation of thereportsby Boardman(AR 1962-63,34-51) and Gorbunova(AR1971-72,48-59). The formercoveredwork done since1945andup to 1962 in all the modem states which have a Black Seacoastline,while the latter surveyed work done in the SovietUnion only between 1965 and I970. Thus for Bulgaria,Rumania and Turkey this presentreport will include at leastsome finds and studiesof the I96os.The section on the SovietUnion will begin with 1971,but include some items found ordiscussedin I962-64 which fell outside the limits of Gor-bunova'sreport.The closing date is 1981for finds, but publi-cationsof I982and1983havebeenincludedwhereappropriate.A bibliographyexists for Russianwork between 1958 and1971 (BICS xi [1975] IO-3I) compiled by T. Sulimirski.Recently new chaptershave appeared n Englishon the periodof colonization and subsequentconsolidation within the areaof the Black Sea, one in J. Boardman, The GreeksOverseas3(1980) 238-64, 280-2, and one by A. J. Graham in CAH iii 3(1982) 122-30.There are four modem political states ranged around theBlack Sea,dividedby languageswhich arevery differentfromone another,and when the GeorgianandAbkhazianlanguagesare takeninto accountthe situation s even more complicated.Traditionally, archaeologicalstudies have been carried outindependently, f not in isolated ashion, n Bulgaria,Rumania,the Soviet Union and Turkey. At the same time scholarsengaged in archaeologicalactivitiesaround the shores of theBlack Seafrom the Neolithic periodonwardshave realized hePontic dimension of what they were doing, but to a largeextent it was the contribution of D. B. Shelov in Moscow

(AntichnoyeObschestvo[1967] 219) and Joseph BrashinskyinLeningrad (VDI 1968, 3, I5I and 1970, 2, 129-37) that theystressedthe Black Sea as a geographicaland economic unit,albeit one having differingbut complementarycoastlinesandhinterland(Fig. I). Since 1969-70 Brashinskycontinued todevelophis interest n the evidence for cross-Pontic rade(VDII973, 3, I24-33 on piracy; Tskhaltuboii, Pontos in Hellenistictimes); sadlyhe died in 1982. Shelov has addedto his studieson the Asiaticsideof the KimmerianBosporosby working onthe late Hellenistic 'Pontic Empire' of MithridatesEupator(VDI 1980, 3, 28-43; Tskhaltubo iii I02-5).In the latteryearsof the period underreview, two seriesofsymposiahavebegun to be held, one at Tskhaltubo n Georgia,and one in Sozopol (Apollonia)in Bulgaria. Tskhaltubo, heldin May 1977,was on the theme Problemsof GreekColonizationof the NorthandEastBlackSea Regions,and has been publishedin Tbilisi (Metsniereba,1979). Section I of these symposiumproceedingss ongeneralmattersofcolonizationpractice,andoncertainspecificproblemsrelated o theWestern Mediterranean.TskhaltuboItook place n May I979 and the proceedingswerepublished in Tbilisi, 1981, under the title, The DemographicSituation n the BlackSea Area in theperiodof theMain GreekColonizationMovement.The title clearlypointsto the contents,embracingall shoresof the BlackSea,andincluding,in sectionI again, papers on Emporion and Massalia. This time theemphasiswas on reciprocalrelations with the native people,not merely on Greek influence upon barbarians.A thirdsymposiumhas been held at Tskhaltubo n May 1982, but asyet thepapersareunpublished.However, the summariesof thereports (publishedin Tbilisi, 1982) give a good idea of the

Fig. I

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72 J. G. F. HINDgeneraltheme and the thrustof the individualpapers.The titlewas Hellenismnnd the Black Sea Area,and most paperswereconcernedwith aspectsof the Spartokidson the Bosporos,withHellenisticOlbia and Khersonesos, he coast of Kolkhisin theHellenisticperiod,and the archaeologicalandhistoricalaspectsof Mithridates' All-Pontos'policy. A fourthsymposiumin theTskhaltuboseries s promisedfor I985, devoted to the archaicand classicalperiods.The second seriesof symposia s less wide in its scope,but ofgreatinterestnevertheless.Since1979the Bulgarian nstituteofArchaeology and the Burgas District Committee have com-bined to host two symposiaat Sozopol under the title ThraciaPontica,both devoted to the history and archaeology of thewestern shore of the Black Sea. Thracia Pontica i (I979)appeared in 1982, and Thracia Pontica ii (1982) will appear inthe next year or two. In scope they range from coastallinksof the Black Sea settlementswith the Aegean in the EBA, tothe archaeologyand numismaticsof the Greek cities.Since this series of conferences a general book on Greekcolonization has appeared under the authorship of V. P.Yailenko, Greek Colonization in the VII-III Centuries B.C.(1982). Whilst themajorpartof the book is concernedwith re-lations between colony and mother city in areas outside theBlack Sea, thereis a long chapteron the historiographyof thesubject, and a discussion about the colonization process inKolkhis, as well as an extensive publication of graffitifromBerezan. All these last have reference to past and currentdebatesabout the development of the Greek colonial processwithin the Black Sea area.Before turningto the region-by-region descriptionof findsand researches,I should first mention recent studies in twofields, which throw considerablelight on the conditions ob-taining at the time of the first colonization and later. It nowappearsthat in the first millennium B.C. the Black Sea wasconsiderably ower in level (by I to Io m.). This was the so-calledPhanagorian egression K.K. Shilik, n Palaeogeographia:OtlozheniyePleistocenaYuzhnykhMoreiSSSR, 1977) and theunderwaterpartsof a numberof citiesare to be explainedthus(P. V. Feodorov, Pleistocene onto-Caspia,978). Recent workby Zolotaryev has tracedthe patternof majorcurrentswithinthe Black Sea. He estimatesthe aid obtainedby sailingshipsfrom the prevailingcurrents,which formed two systemsflow-ing anti-clockwise around the two halves of the Black Sea afew km. out to sea.Minor counter-currents lsoexist, immedi-atelyoff-shorefrom the Bulgarianand Rumaniancoasts, o aidthe knowledgeable pilot. (M. I. Zolotaryev, Tskhaltubo94-Ioo). Most recent on the changes in sea level is N. Panin(Dacia xxvii [1983] I75-I84).Going aroundthe Black Sea in a directionopposite to themajorcurrentsust mentioned,but following the precedentofBoardmanin the report for 1962-63, we startwith the westcoast of the Black Sea(Fig. 2).BULGARIAThe stretchof coast in modern Turkey-in-Europewas nearlyharbourless,and between the KyaneaiRocks, at the entranceof the Bosporos into the Pontos, and the siteat Ahtopol, therewas no significanttownship. Present-dayMidie and Igneadawere probably villages of Thracian 'wreckers', the Melino-phagoi of the notorious SalmydessianShore(Hdt. iv 93; Xen.Anab.vii 4.12). At Ahtopol (Aulaiouteikhos, laterAgatho-polis) the substantial emainingwallsareof the earlyByzantineperiod.The first site withsignificantGreekremains s Sozopol(Apollonia in Thrace). Here the Centre for Maritime

GREEKCITIES and the PEOPLES of the HINTERLANDof theWEST COAST of the BLACK SEA[/ / .ODNfST ^ P ION

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GREEK AND BARBARIAN PEOPLES ON THE SHORES OF THE BLACK SEAphoraehavebeen found beforeatApollonia (Apolonia,41), andarenot uncommon at Istros and Olbia.The minor township on the N shore of the Bay of Burgasat Pomorye (Ankhialos, a polikhnionof Apollonia) hasbeen subjected to underwater survey to find traces of theextensive ancient salt-workings (ThraciaPontica i 201-6).Nearby, and on land, a rich tumulus, with at least twocremationswithin was found in 1975 (Arkheologiaxi [I979]3, 23-32). Jewellery includesa necklacewith acorn pendants,and earrings n the form of sphinxes,one bearing an incisedThracianname (Izkusstvo,1976, 4, 28-32). Vasesand bronzesdated them to the Ist cents B.C.-A.D. Most recently, at theheadof the bay nearBurgas,excavations(by Damianov I980-82) have turned up early Greek imported pottery in anothernative cemetery.

Mesembria (Nesebar) is a classicpeninsula ite,now joinedto the mainlandby a very narrowisthmus,the whole peninsulabeing the siteof the ancient town (Fig. 4). Byzantinechurches

Fig. 3

peninsulasite at Attia, some km. to the W (ThraciaPontica40-56). Controversysmoulders as to whether they were usedby the Thracian,Getic or Scythian peoples behind the NWPontic coast(B. Grakov, VDI 1971, 3, I25; Dmitrov, Arkheo-logiaxviii [I974] 2, 43-7). Perhaps hey have something to dowith the Scythianking Ariantas'censusof his subjects,heldbydroppingarrow-heads(unfinished?)nto a huge cauldronkeptat the sacred site of Exampaios (Hdt. iv 81). For 'arrow-money' and Olbian 'dolphins' see V. Ruban, NAP (1982)I5-20, and, for a hoard from Kamenka, Zaginailo, NAP(1982)20-8.A settlementnearBurgasat Sladkite Kladentsi hasyieldeda fairamount of rf pottery (Izv. N.M. Burgas [1950] 24I-50).Inearlierwritingsthishas beeninterpretedas anemporionf theApolloniatai. Its charactermay become clearer with a fullpublicationof further finds of the I96os (excavationsof M.Lazarov).It clearlywas of some importanceas an outpost ofApollonia in the second half of the 5th cent. B.C., controllingthe route by the head of the Bay of Burgas.Relations between Apollonia andIstros,her Milesian sistercity situatedsouthof the Danube delta,havebeen discussedonthe basisof aninscriptionof the lattercity (Dacia1959,235-58),Over the period 1977-78 some 250 burials were excavatedinthe MarineParkareaof Sozopol, datingc. 550-275 B.C. SomedisplayThraciancharacteristics ith elementsfound also at thehill-top Thracian site at Malkoto Kale, 14 km. to the SW(Thraciaontica 197-200).Native settlementswerequitethicklyspread,perhapsthe Skyrmiadaiand Nipsaioi tribes in the 5thcent.,who latermergedinto the Astai.They are noted on Attiapeninsula,St. Kiriak island, Maslen Nos, Malkoto Kale andLobodovo Kale. In early 1982 an interestingfind was made,some 5 km. from Sozopol, where a tumulus was brokenopenby a bulldozer,and a rich4th cent. burialwas found. A strikingfeature was a double circle of amphorae surrounding themound, of which one part-circlewas upsidedown (to be pub-lished by Zaneva in ThraciaPonticaii). From burials in thesame areaat Kolokita Nos comes also a bg fish plate, with agraffito of ownership or dedication. Graves circled by am-

Fig. 4are the main present attraction, and the small tourist townleaves little room for excavation, except at the ends of thecauseway-isthmus.Settlement here by the Megarian Greekswas relatively late - at the turn of the 6th-5th cents B.C.,probablybecausea strong Thraciantownship precededthemon the site. The wreck of a shipfound at Ravdi nearNesebarcontaineda cargoof Chiot amphorae Vekove1975,3, 48). Thesmall silver coin issues of the 5th and 4th cents B.C. havebeen studied,so far as their weight standard s concerned,byZaginailo and placed in a scheme alongside the other WestPontic cities (Num. i Epig. xi [I9741 50-I). Jewellery ofHellenisticdate from the necropolishas been publishedby JiriFrel, (Acta AntiquaPhilippopolitana963, 61-9). Inscriptionsmentioning a temple of Dionysos of 3rd to 2nd cents B.C.(found in 1964), and another, somewhat later, mentioning atemple of Serapis(found in 1969) have been published byVelkov (Klio lii [1970]465-47I). The west Pontic coinage ofMithridatesEupatorwas discussed n 1968by M. Price,and hetentativelytakessome to have been minted at Mesembria(NCviii [1968] 7-9). Two monographs have appearedin recentyearson materialfound at Mesembria:Nessebre (Sofia, 1969)contains an account of inscriptions ound from 1954-63, andNessebreii (I980) contains amphora stamps, pottery andarchitecturalerracottas.

Perhaps hemost startling act aboutMesembria,drawn fromthe work of recent years, is that it was a fortified Thraciansite from the LBA, and already possessedtwo harbours.Themelon-shapedenceinte is found as far as 300 m. out into thesea,and to a depth of 4-7 m. Pottery of a type associatedwith

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74 J. G. F. HINDTroy VIIb2has also been found atMesembria ThraciaPontica69-81). The excavator,Ognenova, linksthesephenomenawiththe Thracian period of sea-power which is mentioned byDiodoros in his 'thalassocracyist'. About thirty stone anchorsof the period, a gold ingot discoveredin the sea off Cape KaliAkra n 1966,and a copper ingot of Mediterranean orm foundin the I970s near the Burgas copper mining area,all serve todraw interest back into the I2th-8th cents B.C. on this partof the Bulgarian coast. Finally, for the classicalperiod, anestimate of the population of Mesembria has been made at3,000-4,000 inhabitants (of whom about 700-800 might behoplites), disposing of a city areaof about 300 hectares,andwith a capabilityof launchingup to 50 ships (ThraciaPonticai 97-Io7). Dmitrov and Orichev discuss the harbours of theThracian coast (Arch. 1982.1, I-I2).

Odessos, the modern holiday town of Varna, had a namethat has recently been interpreted as 'waters' (Beschevlyev,IVAD 1979, 1980). Occupation levels up to 7 m. deep hinderthe study of wide areasof the earliest town. In the 'RomanBaths'area,however, a thin archaiclayer and three ritualpitsof the mid to late6th cent. have been found. Pottery, includingCorinthianand EastGreek,rosettebowls, Fikelluraware, andAttic bfskyphoi andlekythoi,has beenpublishedby Toncheva(IBAI xxx [1967] I57-60). Burials of a later period, c. 375-350B.C., containedAttic rf bell-kratersand aryballoidlekythoi,disprovingan earlier dea that Odessos was in decay in the 4thcent. B.C. (IBAI xxvii [1964] 111-29). There is also a frag-mentarydedicationinscriptionof the 5th cent. B.C. in honourof Apollo Delphinios - a chance find from Varna, andunpublished.In the 'Roman Bath' areaa possibleshrineand temenos of alocal variantof the Thracian rider god was found (Actesdupremier ongresdes etudesBalkaniques, 970, 353-6). It existedfrom the end of the 4th cent. down to the mid Ist cent. B.C.,perhaps being destroyed by the Dacians of King Burebistas.Fromhere came a votive to Heros Karabasmos(Fig. 5), and asecond to Phosphorosof the late 3rd or early 2nd cent. B.C.(VI Conferencent. desetudes lassiques espays socialistes[Sofia,1963] 7I-9). The iconography of the Thracian ridergod hasbeen studied on the basis of this votive, and also of the 14similarreliefsfound at a shrinenearGalata,a site in the regionof Odessosbut clearlyThracian I.N.M. Varna1968, 17-26). Itis probablyno accidentthat it is also from the 3rd cent. thatinscriptions tart o attestThraciannamesamong the citizensofOdessos; in the region of fifty are known (Bull. Soc. Arch.Varna [1956] 59). Some Alexandrian aiencepottery (5 frag-ments) is reported from Odessos, dating to the early 3rdcent. (IBAI 1972, 103-II). Over the last ten years about sixHellenisticburials have come to light at intervalsin or nearVara. Some are published (.N.M. Varnaxi [1975] 136-40; xiv[1978] A. Minchev) but the latest was found in Feb. 1983. Somesplendidgold jewellery has been found, the finest examplesbeing a necklace with bull-headpendantsand two beautifullyfashionedearrings n the shapeof Nikai (Muzei i Pametnitsi aKulturata971, 3, 4-9). Offshore,the cargo of a ship consistingof 300 amphoraewas found at LazurnyBereg off Varnain1964, allowing the study of whole amphorae, stamps andgraffiti (SA 1968, I, 233; I.N.M. Varna1963, 3-52; 1974, I9-58;1975, 46-103). For the Mithridatic period the article by Pricerefers to the Odessitan coinage of late Lysimacheantypes(NC 1968, 6-7).N of Varna the minor town of Krounoi/Dionysopolis(modernBalchik) hasproduced ittle thatispre-Roman. FromBizone (Kavarna) there arevery recentreportsof many frag-

Fig. 5

mentary amphorae, ncluding stamps,of Hellenisticdate foundon the plateauabove the town (apparently he contentsof a pitor pits).But these have yet to be sorted. There seem to be over350 Herakleiotstamps,but also some of Rhodes and Sinope(excav. A. Salkin).From Cape Kaliakra comes an inscriptionof Hellenistic date, to be published in ThraciaPontica i byLazarovandPopov. Beneatha pilastercapital s a dedicationtothe Dioskouroi Soteresby one Antigonos son of HerakleitosTubetaios.It was made on behalfof King Sariakes,a dynastofScythiaMinor of the 2nd or Ist cent. B.C. This Kaliakra s awell-researchedlate Roman and Byzantine town excavatedover a number of years (A. Balkanska,Klio Ixii [1980] 27-45;Arkheologia xvi [I974] 71-2).With Bizone the known coastaltownshipswithin Bulgariacome to an end. But there shouldbe mentioned here a seriesof articlesdealing with the economic ties between the westPontic cities(Brashinsky,Arkheologiaii [1970]i-II), with theimport of archaicpottery into the areain the archaicperiod(Lazarov, Tskhaltuboi, 61-8), or analysing the direction of

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GREEKAND BARBARIAN PEOPLES ON THE SHORES OF THE BLACK SEAtrade in Hellenistic amphorae (LN.M. Varna 1977, I, 1-47).The lasttwo collect materialrelatingalso to Istros,Tomis andKallatis, o which we shallshortlyturn.But first some generalworks on the Thracianpeople should be mentioned. Of theRussians,T. D. Zlatkovskayahas writtenon the emergence ofthe Thracianstate in a monographpublished n 1971(Voznik-novenie Gosudarstva TrakiitsevVII-V vekakhdo n.e.). C.Danov's Drevnya Trakia(Sofia, 1969) and A. Fol's TrakiaiBalkanite rez ranneelinisticheskataepokha,Sofia, 1975, are twoof the most fundamental Bulgarian works. Two books byR. F. Hoddinott have made Thracianmaterialmore readilyavailableto Englishreaders Bulgarian Antiquity 1975) esp.24-I08; and The Thracians(1981). To these should be addedThracianTreasuresfrom Bulgaria London, 1976), being theprinted catalogue (text by Venedikov) accompanying theThracianexhibition held in the British Museum.ForThracianart there is also the splendidvolume by I. Venedikov and T.Gerasimov, Trakiiskotozkustvo(1973), with its many platesdevoted to sculpture rom Apollonia,jewellery from Mesem-bria,aswell as the gold plateandhorse trappings rom hoardsandThracian ombs in the interior.Two Bulgarianworks haveappeared in the BritishArchaeological eports, SupplementarySeriesrecently, and may be familiar to English scholars Y.Youroukova, Coinsof theAncientThracians,BAR iv (1976);D. Dimitrov and M. Chichikova, The ThracianCity ofSeuthopolis, AR xxxviii (1978).This last is seen as one of thegreatestdiscoveriesof Bulgarianarchaeologyin the last thirtyyears,being the palaceof SeuthesIII,who maintainedan oftensuccessful independence from Lysimachus c. 325-280 B.C.Thraceand the Thracian3by A. Fol and I. Marazov (Cassel,1977)gives a well illustratedsurvey of Thracianreligion, art,and their'ideology of kingship'.Forthe fourth-centurycity ofKabyle see V. Velkov in AncientBulgariaNottingham, 1983;ed. A. Poulter)233-8.RUMANIAKallatis is the closest of the cities to the Bulgarianborder(Mangalia).Much of the ancienttown has fallen into the sea,which has risen relative to the land by over 2 m. Excavationhas been largely confined to the Hellenisticnecropolis to Nand NW of Mangalia (Dacia xvi [1972] 271-80; Pontica vii[I974] 167-89). The earliestmaterial s pottery of the early4thcent. B.C. This also appliesto that from the town, especiallyterracottasn greatabundance. t is still a common assumptionthat Kallatiswas founded c. 540-500 B.C. (in the time ofAmyntas I of Macedon). But the lack of archaeologicalevi-dence for this may suggest that its foundationfrom Herakleiawas actually n the early4th cent.B.C., duringaperiodof civilstrife in the mother city, and the actual date was during thereignof AmyntasIII,father of Philip (389-359 B.C.). It wouldthen be a somewhat younger sister city of Khersonesos(founded c. 422 B.C.).The town flourishedquickly,asinscriptionsof the 4th to istcents B.C. show. Kallatian silver coinage has recently beenstudied,and is said to be on the Aeginetanstandard n the 4thcent. (Num. i Epig. xi [1974] 50-I). Several hundred lateclassicaland Hellenisticterracottafigurinesarepublishedby V.Canarache(TanagraFigurinesmade n the Workshopsf Kallatis,1969). They come from a veritablemonte estaccioound nearthe Post Office; other lesser deposits, where moulds and apottery workshop were found, testify to local manufacture,especially n the 3rdcent.ImportedHellenisticamphorastampsfound at Kallatishave also been published in recent years -Thasian,Sinopian,Herakleian,Khersonesite ndKoan allfigure

(Dacia xiii [1969j 127-283; Istros i [1980] I37-55). Inscriptions,recently found, include a 4th cent. graffito on a bg vase(Epigraphica [Bucarest, 1977] 25-32, with corrections, Daciaxxiii [1979] 313), and decreesfor citizensof Paros and Tyrashave been published,the former of the 3rdcent. B.C. and thelatterdatingto the 4th (D. Pippidi, ScythicaMinora 1975]123-8). For the Roman period mention of T. Plautius Silvanus,(op. cit. 122 ff.), and of cives Romani consistentest Kallatis(SCIV 1962, 275) is of interest. A generalaccount is given byC. Preda,Callatis I968). The date of the Rome-Kallatistreatyhas beenplacedat the time of Lucullus'campaigns n 72/I B.C.(Pippidi, Polis and Imperium[i974, ed. Evans] 183-200). H. B.Mattingly now argues for c. 1I4-Io7 B.C. (AncientBulgaria[Nottingham, 1983] 243-6).Buildings recentlydiscovered ncludea lateHellenistichousefrom the southernpart of the town, which containeda two-colour mosaicwith thebackground n greenand white pebbles,and bordersof greenishtesserae.Leadcastingmouldshad beenleft in situ by those who laid the floor (C. Scorpan,Callatis[1976] 20). The Romano-Byzantine cemetery is published byC. Preda (Callatis NecropolaRomana-Byzantina1980]). Afemaleburial,very interesting or the stateof preservation f itsorganic contents, was found in 1970 at MangaliaNord. Thiswas in a marble sarcophagusof the 2nd cent. A.D. Clothes,pillows, leather objects, wood and even parts of body tissuesuch as thigh muscles and lungs were remarkablypreserved.There was also a gold wreath, bronze mirror, bone comb,sponge, musical instrument and pieces of myrrh (Scorpan,Callatis [1976] 23-4).The site of Tomis, Tomeus (Constanta) is now overlaidby the moder town, the presentname being a derivative ofConstantia, the late Roman name. A revised guide to theArchaeologicalMuseum was publishedin 1969 by Canarache(IIMuseoArcheologicoi Constanza), escribingmainly RomanandByzantinematerial,andarchitectural lementsandpotteryof the 4th and 5th cents A.D. were collected in the groundsofthe Orthodox cathedraln I971. From the earliestperiodthereis little, but Chiot wine amphoraeof the early 5th cent. B.C.take the archaeologicalrecord back, perhaps, to the first orsecondgenerationof settlers,and a sherdof Corinthianpotteryis reported (Ponticaviii 34). Between 1958 and I966 theHellenisticnecropoliswas excavated,andpublished hefollow-ing year(M. Bucovala,Necropolelenisticea Tomis,1967).Theearliestburialswere of the 4th cent. (Nos I-4); in No. 3 a silvercoin of Apollonia was found. Most were of the 3rd or 2ndcents, with 'Megarian bowls', lagynoi, bronze ladles, bal-samaria, amps and strigilsbeing the most characteristicgravegoods. Scorpanhaspublisheda study of reliefsculpturesof theThracianRider God or Hero, CavalerulTrac Constanta,1967).Most of his examplesareRoman, but the religious syncretisminvolved was alreadyoperatingin the Hellenisticperiod. Theglass vases from the Roman necropolis are published withillustrationsof some 300 items (Bucovala,VaseAnticedi Sticlala Tomis,1968). A summary of over a century of work onTomitan inscriptionswas given by Stoianin I967(Acta,FifthEpigraphical ongressCambridge1971] 336-9). A volume ofinscriptionswas publishedunder the title Tomitana Contri-butions l'histoire elacitede Tomis n 1962.Further temshaveappearednEpigraphicaConstanta,1977),mainlyof theRomanperiod, especially the 2nd and 3rd cents A.D. The mainmonument to be seen at present in Constanta is the greatRoman buildingwith mosaic floorsfound in I959-60,andthebath building found in 1964, belonging to the 4th cent. A.D.(Mareleedificiu oman umozaicde la Tomis I977]).The most outstandingfind from Tomis is againof the late

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76 J. G. F. HINDRomanperiod,but containstemswhich areclassicisingrHellenisticn tradition.This is a cacheof 24 piecesof pagansculpture, f varyingstylesanddatesdown to the 4th cent.A.D.,whichwasfound n 1962.A rangeof deitiessofferedGlykon, the sheep-headed nake-god of Alexander ofAbonouteikhos the only known representation), ykhe-Fortuna,Nemesis,the Dioskouroi,Hekate,IsisandKybele(StudiiClasicevi [1964] 155-78; Eirene v [I965] 67-79).The statue f Tykhe-Fortunas life-size nd saccompaniedbyasmallbeardedigure Pontus,whowearsamural rownwith five facetsand holdsa warshipprowwithhis left hand(Fig. 6). This statuegroupmay be the one representednTomitancoinsof theearly3rdcent. A.D. It is interestingosee for thefirst ime in sculpture nancientrepresentationfPontus, speciallynviewof therecentmoves o see he Ponticarea san economic ndculturalregion.ThepersonificationfPontus,perhaps,howsa similar wareness.

Fig. 6Istros, while taking its name from the R. Danube, is sitedsome 80 km. S of the S arm of the delta, and 65 km. N ofConstanta.It is a site(Karanasuf)ree of modem buildings,butwith heavy overlay of the late Roman and early Byzantinetown. Since 1914 it has been subjected to repeated, almostannual,excavations,at first of the impressivelater buildings.But in 19I5, in the 1950s, and again in 1970-79, interestingfinds have been made in layers of the archaic, classicalandHellenistic periods. In recent years, moreover, the pace ofpublicationof materials ound there has accelerated.Histria iappearedin 1964, edited by E. Condurachi. More recentlythematic monographshave been published;Histria ii (I973),

by C. Preda and H. Nubar, is a study of the coinage of Istros,andof coins of other cities foundthere between 1914and 1970.Histria iv (1978) by Alexandrescu,deals with the archaic andclassicalpottery from the secondhalf of the 7th to the 4th cent.B.C. Istros has the greatestamount of Wild Goat style potteryof any ancient settlement site in the Black Sea area exceptBerezan,from which much of the pottery is stillunpublished.The local pottery workshopsfound in excavationsup to 1977are the subjectof Histriav - Les ateliersceramiques1979, edd.M. Coia andP. Dupont). Futurevolumes in the seriesthat arepromised are on the Hellenistic pottery and Roman andByzantine pottery, and on the Baths Area etc.Work has gone apace on the inscriptionsfrom Istros, inwhich matter Pippidi, the doyen of Rumanian classicalarchaeologicalstudies, has been very active. Several articlesappeared n the collection ScythicaMinora(1975) on the cultsworshippedat Istros,on relationswith the Getai, on militaryorganizationand on worship of the gods of Samothrace.Onerefersto Istros'position in the west Pontic koinon,and dealswith the so-called 'second foundation' of the city, which isassigned o the periodafter the sackby the Getaiin the mid Istcent. B.C. A collectionof papersbyJ. Stoian Etudes istriennesCollectionLatomusciii [1972]) brings forward mainly epi-graphical studies (see review by Pippidi, Dacia xvii [1975]451-2), but alsooddly includesthe excavationof a late Romanhouse found at Istros. Of exceptional interestis an articlebyPippidi on the earliestinscriptions ound at Istros(Epigraphica1977,9-24). Somelate archaicdedicationsareconsidered, oundin the temenos areaand E of the Roman bath buildings.Thefamily-treeof the 5th cent. worthy Theoxenos, son of Hippo-lokhosand hisdedicationto Apollo Ietros s also re-considered.The autonomous silvercoinage of Istroshas been studiedbyC. Preda.He wishes to datethe earliest ssuefrom the early5thcent. B.C., and gives a distributionmap for the 5th and 4thcents within the Dobrudzha,Moldavia, and along the coastalstripbetween Istros and the Dniepr (Daciaxix [1975] 77-85).The coin-type with the two headsfull-face, one reversed,hasbeen discussedseparatelyby H. Hommel (Festschrift ltheim[1969]261-71), byJ. Hind(NC 1970,7-17) andby V. Alexeyev(NAP [1982] Io6-II4). The weight systemhas been treatedbyZaginailo(Num. i Epigr.xi [I974] 5I-4).The course of the campaignsof excavation was assessed ngeneral terms up to I969 by Pippidi. He also sketchedin themain periodsof construction,destructionandreconstructionc.657/6 B.C. or slightlylater- late 6th cent. B.C. - c. 55 B.C. -c. A.D. 240-50 (Klio lii [I970] 355-63). A fuller treatmentappeared a year later in D. M. Pippidi, I Greci nel BassoDanubio(Milan, I971).The most outstandingfinds made recentlyat Istros were inthe tenmenosrea n the NE point of the city overlooking LakeSinoe (Fig. 7). Here was excavated from 1965-66 until 1977a smalltempleof Aphrodite,to setbeside thoseof ZeusPolieusandTheos Megas.This new Aphrodite templewas a tetrastyleprostyle building, which was destroyed eventually, perhaps nthe Getic sackc. 55-48 B.C. (G. Bordenache,Studii Clasice x[1967] I43-7; D. Theodorescu,Daciaxii [1968] 26I-303; RA1970, 29-48). In 1977 the final corner (SE) was uncovered.The earliestdestructionof the temple proved to date to thelate6th or early5thcent. B.C. Partsof itsroof, foundcollapsedas a resultof fire(excav. 1976),sealeda graffito nscriptionwitha dedication to Aphrodite. Earlier,in 1972, to the E of thetemplewas found an 'altar'of the 6th cent. B.C., with the baseof an archaicvotive column on its platform, and the basesoffive Hellenistic votive stelai(Daciaxvi [I972]; xx [I976]). By1979it was realised hat the 'altar'was the crepidomaf a small

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