What were the M.A.I.N. causes of WWI?
Define Militarism
What was the spark that started WWI
Define Alliances
Assassination of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand
agreements between nations to aid and protect one another
Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism
– policy of building up strong military
forces to prepare for war
Define Imperialism
Who were the Allies
Define Nationalism
Who were the Central Powers?
pride in or devotion to one’s country
Austria-HungaryGermanyOttoman Empire
when one country takes over another country economically and politically
RussiaEnglandFrance
Define Isolationism in the US
Describe trench
warfare in WWI
Schlieffen Plan
No man’s land
• Invade western front 1st
• After defeating France concentrate on the Eastern front
• Avoid fighting a 2 front war
Area between trenches
• Trenches dug from English Channel to Switzerland
• 6,250 miles• 6 to 8 feet deep• Immobilized
both sides for 4 years
New weapons of
WWI
Zimmerman Letter
Lusitania and its impact on
WWI
Important people at the Paris Peace conference and what
they wanted
Ship with many Americans sunk by German U-boat
Angered Americans
David Lloyd George Prime Minister of England wanted revenge
George Clemenceau President of France wanted revenge
Woodrow Wilson President of US wanted an end to all war did not want the treat too harsh because it would
lead to revenge
Other leaders and future leaders wanted to build new nations
Machine guns
Poison Gas (mustard gas)
Hand grenades
Flame Throwers
Tanks
Airplanes
Subs/U-boats
Telegram allegedly sent by Germany to Mexico
encouraging Mexico help to
attack US to get its lands back
Wilson’s 14 Point plan
Impact of Versailles
Treaty
Treaty of Versailles
terms
Mandate System and
New Countries
Pay huge reparations$5 billion within 2 years$28 billion (after the damages
were tallied)Germany’s armed forces
100,000 soldiers6 warshipsno planesno submarinesNo Tanks
The area known as the Rhineland was to be de-militarised
The Allies were to occupy the west bank of the Rhine for fifteen years
War guilt clause German’s had to say they were to blame for war
Compromise over Wilson’s desire for no coloniesPowers would run are until peoples “were ready” to govern themselvesBritish and French mandates- Iraq, Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon
• End of secret treaties • Freedom of the seas• Free Trade • Reduced navies and
armies • Adjustment to colonial
claims to the benefit of those who were colonized
• League of Nations – an international body to negotiate peacefully solutions to world conflicts.
Germans were angry felt humiliatedBreak up of Austrian-Hungarian and Ottoman EmpiresNew Nations Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, YugoslaviaBritish and French mandates- Iraq, Palestine, Jordan, Syria, LebanonAfricans & Asians did not get freedomWorldwide depression
Self Determinism
Impact of WWI
League of Nations
Why was WWI called the War to
End all Wars
A place where nations could come together to discuss issues and problems
Also if one nation was bullying another to put pressure on the bullying nation to stop
Wilson and others believed that the war was so bad that people would never want
to go to war again
Belief that people should be able to determine who governs them
• It contributed to the rise of the Bolsheviks to power in Russia in 1917.
• It fanned the flames of revolts against colonialism in the Middle East and Southeast
Asia.
WWI devastated European economies, giving the U.S. the economic lead
Farmers, whose goods were less in demand than during the war, were hit hard
• The war killed 14 million people and left 7 million men disabled.
• The war drew more than a million women into the U.S. workforce, which helped them pass the Nineteenth Amendment to get the vote.
• It also encouraged African Americans to move to northern cities for factory work.
Causes of WWII
DefineAppeasement
Axis countries
Define Blitzkrieg
JapanItaly
Germany
lightening war” using tanks & aircraft
Attack with a combination of speed and overwhelming force
Treaty of Versailles bankrupted German economy and embarrassed them
Worldwide Depression made German’s debt even worse and desperate
people wanted a strong leader so they chose Adolf Hitler
Isolationism of major powers
Policy of England to allow Hitler to take land in the hope that he would be satisfied and give up
Define Maginot Line
Kristallnacht
Holocaust
Concentration Camps
The NAZI party and Adolf Hitler seized power in 1933 and slowly began their program against the Jews of Germany
In 1933 there were 566,000 Jews living in Germany.
Each new year in Germany led to harsher policies directed towards the Jews.
The Final Solution was Hitler’s attempt to kill all the Jews in the world he ended up enslaving torturing and then killing ½ of all the Jews in the world (6 million)
100 of these in Nazi-occupied Europe
prisoners used for forced labor
prisoners usually lasted less than 1/2 year
communists, homosexuals, criminals, social-democrats, artists.
• The Maginot line were bunkers built in protection against Germany
• Hitler simply went around the Maginot line and invaded through
the Netherlands, Belgium & Luxembourg
• France was caught by surprise leaving the French & British forces
trapped in Belgium
• Night of Broken Glass
• Jewish stores, shops and synagogues burned down
• Took place because a German official was killed in Paris by a
Jew
Causes of Russian
Revolution
Vladimir Lenin
Czar Nicholas II
Communism
Went to war even though the country was weak
Son was sick with hemophiliaRasputin
Economic system where the people (government ) controls the factors of
production
• Group who felt the industrial class of workers would eventually overthrow
the czar, then forming “a dictatorship of the proletariat,”
where the workers rule.
Hunger
WWI
Weakness of Czar Nicholas II
• Bloody Sunday Revolution of 1905 – On Jan. 22, 1905, 200,000 workers marched on czar’s winter palace in St. Petersburg carrying a petition
asking for reforms. Soldiers guarding the palace fire on the crowd killing
1,000 unarmed civilians
Germany actually arranges for Lenin to return to Russia in hopes he will overthrow the provisional government and remove Russia from the warBolshevik slogan- “Peace, Land, and Bread” Lenin begins to gain widespread appealNov. 1917 – Bolshevik Red Guards storm the palace in Petrograd, the Bolshevik Revolution was completed within a matter of hours July 1918- To prevent any chance of the monarchy coming back to power, the Communists execute the entire royal familyLenin set up a secret police force known as the Cheka. Cheka agents spied on the Russian people in factories and villages.Anyone suspected of being anti-Communist could be arrested, tortured and executed without a trial.When opponents tried to assassinate Lenin in 1918, he launched the Red Terror campaign against his enemies. It is said that 50,000 people were arrested and executed in this period.
Russian Civil War
Josef Stalin
Bolsheviks
Collectivization
• Bolsheviks (meaning “majority” in Russian)
supported more radical actions
• a. Vladimir Lenin – Leader of the Bolsheviks, fled to W. Europe in early 1900s to avoid arrest by the czar
In the late 1920s, Russia suffered a food crisis. To feed starving workers, Stalin ordered the seizure of grain from the farmers. But, the peasants hid
food or produced less. In 1929 Stalin announced the collectivisation of farms.Land was joined together and the former owners worked together and shared everything.
Stalin persuaded peasants to join by attacking the Kulaks, peasants that had grown as a result of the
NEP.Collectivisation had limited success and a terrible
human cost, between 10 to 15 million people died as a result. Between 1931 and 1932, there was a famine in Russia as not enough food was being produced. By 1939, Russia was producing the
same amount of food as it had in 1928. Collectivisation was clearly a disaster and
the problem was even worse as its population had increased by 20 million - all
of whom needed feeding.
• Red Army – Led by Leon Trotsky, formed the Bolshevik
resistance• White Army – Wanted to
restore a constitutional monarchy
• Over 3 years of fighting, 15 million Russians died– Red Army emerged victorious although they
faced many problems
Following Lenin’s death Josef Stalin took control of The USSR (Stalin means steel)Stalin was a dictator- leader with absolute power.
Developed the Five Year PlanGovernment controlled all aspects of life
– Ordered factories to be built (Not for consumer goods)
– Government determined what to produce, how to produce it, and who would get it.
(Command Economy)Developed collective farms-
– Government owned, employed large number of workers,& often farmers didn’t receive enough food to feed own families
• Used Secret Police to catch citizens he could not trust.
Stalin used the NKVD, the secret police, to undertake the ‘Great Terror’. Stalin purged: 90% of the army’s top officers,
every admiral in the navy, 1 million Communist Party members,
some 20 million ordinary Russians were killedStalin encouraged a cult of personality
Mikhail Gorbachev
Perestroika
Glasnost
Cold War
freedom of speech, openness
Following WWII, the US and the Soviet Union were known as superpowers.
There was much tension between these 2 countries from 1945-1991. This period was called the Cold War.
2 things caused this tension
– Soviets refused to leave the Eastern European countries they had freed during WWII.
– The Soviets tried to expand communism throughout Europe and the world.
After long period of stagnation he brought reforms to Soviet Union
and ended Cold War
economic restructuring such as private owned
businesses.
Worldwide Depression
Shell shock and other effects on soldiers
Conditions in the Trenches
WetHad to bend a lot
RatsSmell of dead
bodiesTrench footBoredom
After WWI there was a world-wide depression making Germany desperate
and other nations nervous about the costs of going to war
Numbed the brain
Many lost limbs