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7/18/2019 Hiscock ARCA1000 Wk 5 is She My Sister the Neanderthals in Europe V2(1)
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7/18/2019 Hiscock ARCA1000 Wk 5 is She My Sister the Neanderthals in Europe V2(1)
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Tom Austen Brown Professorof Australian Archaeology
Peter Hiscock
School of Philosophical and Historical Inquiry
ARCA1000
Week 5
Is she my sister?
The Neanderthals in Europe
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The first Neanderthal was identified in 1856. Hundreds of
Neanderthal skeletons have been found in western and
central Europe and the Middle East.
Neanderthals had:
• Bigger faces than us, and a
bigger brain.
• Heavy brow ridges and
massive sinuses, very large
noses, and square orbits set far
apart.
• Massive jaws, with a receding
chins.
• Short stature (max 1.6m) but
were very muscular.
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Thomas Berger and Erik
Trinkaus, notes that
Neanderthals had a high
number of injuries to their
heads and necks, about
the equivalent of among
modern rodeo riders.
This is thought to haveresulted from ambush
hunting, perhaps with
stabbing spears.
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Early depictions of
Neanderthals made
them look very ape-like.
Some portrayals of
Neanderthals have
emphasized the
similarities with us.
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Why is the Dordogne important?
The Dordogne contains a large number ofcave sites in which abundant prehistoric
archaeological material is preserved.
Bones, artefacts, hearths, ornaments and
skeletal remains are all preserved, giving
us a lot of detail about ancient lives.
Extraordinary painted and engraved rock
art is preserved in deep, tunnel-like
caves.
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This region contains the mostdetailed record of Neanderthal life,
and the transition from
Neanderthals to modern humans.
Why is the Dordogne important?
Provides a unique record of
the emergence of modern
culture in Europe.
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Ab ri de Cro-magnon
In 1863 Edouard Lartet
and Henri Christy
undertook the first
excavation in the region.
They showed that theartefacts were Palaeolithic
(Old Stone Age), but much
more sophisticated than
reported from many other
places.
They called this material:
Upper Palaeolithic .
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Ab ri de Cro-magnon
The human skeletons indicated
that these Upper Palaeolithicpeople were modern Homo
sapiens, very much like
ourselves.
Cro-magnon people were tallwith long faces and are thought
to be the creators of rock art.
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Le Moustier
Lartet and Christy were interested in
whether all sites contained the same
kind of material.
Later in 1863 Lartet and Christy
excavated beneath a cliff they found in anearby village, le Moustier, hidden
behind houses.
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This cliff was too large to empty and so in this case they dug a neat
trench from the cliff to the front of the deposit (truncated by a road).
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Lartet and Christy made two discoveries
at le Moustier.
First, the mammoth and cave bear bones
indicated an ancient period (more ancient
than the reindeer at Les Eyzies).
This was a cold period (the Ice age),
shown by the animals and by the
sediments in the deposit.
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Lartet and Christy made two discoveries
at le Moustier.
Second, they discovered that different
sorts of artefacts were made at this
earlier time. They labelled these tools
Mousterian or Middle Palaeolithic.
The skeletons they found indicated that
these tools were made by Neanderthals.
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Upper Palaeolithic – Solutrean point
Middle Palaeolithic - Denticulate Middle
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These discoveries led to the major questions that have been
examined in the Dordogne ever since:
* How & when did Cro-magnon people replace Mousterian people?* What kind of creatures were the Neanderthals?
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Homo ergaster (1.8 – 1.3 mya)Large hominid: 1.9 m
100kg. Brain 700- 900cm3.
Key example Turkana boy
Homo heidelbergensis (1.3/0.8 –
0.6 mya) Found in Europe and
Africa. Generated H.sapiens andH.neanderthalensis.
Large hominid: 1.75m
70kg. Brain 1,100 –
1,400cm3
. Key example Atapuerca
Homo neanderthalensis (0.6 – 0.03 mya) Found in Europe
Robust hominid: 1.65m
70kg. Brain 1,600cm3.
Originally described from
Mettmann in Germany.
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Homo ergaster (1.8 – 1.3 mya)Oldowan technology and
perhaps development of
discoid reduction such as
hand-axes.
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Homo ergaster (1.8 – 1.3 mya)Oldowan technology and
perhaps development of
discoid reduction such as
hand-axes.
Homo heidelbergensis (1.3/0.8 –
0.6 mya) Found in Europe and
Africa. Generated H.sapiens andH.neanderthalensis.
Using fire. Elaborate lithic
technologies producing
complex held artefactssuch as hand-axes.
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Homo ergaster (1.8 – 1.3 mya)Oldowan technology and
perhaps development of
discoid reduction such as
hand-axes.
Homo heidelbergensis (1.3/0.8 –
0.6 mya) Found in Europe and
Africa . Generated H.sapiens andH.neanderthalensis.
Using fire. Elaborate lithic
technologies producing
complex held artefactssuch as hand-axes.
Homo neanderthalensis (0.6 – 0.03 mya) Found in Europe
Spears used at: i) Gesher
Benot Ya’aqov, Israel, ii)
Schoningen in Germany.
Evidence for hafting from
0.5 mya at Kathu Pan in
South AfricaSchoningen spears
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Evidence for hafting from 0.5 mya at Kathu Pan in South Africa
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Neanderthal mitochondrial (mtDNA) and nuclear
DNA have been extracted from fossils and
sequenced. Most of the ancient DNA is from late
Neanderthals (<40kya).
The Neanderthals from El Sidrón (Sp.) and
Monte Lessini (It.) show a mutation on
melanocortin 1 receptor (MRC1) which most
likely results in red hair and pale skin.
Neanderthal mtDNA genomes differ from each other by 20.4 bases and
are only 1/3 as diverse as modern humans (Briggs et al. 2009). The
low diversity might signal a small population size
Main human mutation for red hair is different.
Neanderthals share two changes in FOXP2 genewith H.sapiens. FOXP2 is implicated/involved in
speech and language
Neanderthal eyes were never blue, they were
typically brown/green.
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It is now clear that Neanderthals were not
just a version of us, not a sub-species
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis.
Neanderthals were a separate species:
Homo neanderthalensis, separated from
H.sapiens by about 4-600,000 years of
evolution.
There is a developmental sequence of
skulls in Europe leading to Neanderthals
and a separate sequence in Africa
showing the emergence of sapiens.
Neanderthals shared a number of
common traits with us, inherited from
H.heidelbergensis: language, reliance on
lithic artefacts, elaborate social learning.
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The implication is that Neanderthals were on a
different evolutionary path to us, and yet at the same
time they seem familiar to us.
Can we understand the
Neanderthals?
How similar were theNeanderthals to us culturally?
Did Neanderthals have culture
at all?
Did they have language orart?
What kinds of lives did they
have?
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Minimal
culture
Developed
culture
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Archaeologists have tried to measure the level of
difference between H.sapiens and Neanderthals by
looking at traits in our own societies:
• Language
• Symbolism
• Ritual
• Style and planning
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Language
Two models of language development have been
proposed:
* Gradual increase in the complexity and structure
of language during the course of human evolution.
* Catastrophic transition of language from a
minimal ‘proto-language’ to a fully developed
modern form of language.
Complex languages have
been widely discussed as akey feature of modern
humans: the are central to
information exchange.
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The catastrophic model implies the sudden appearance at
one point in time, perhaps as a result of neurological changes
in the brain.
The question is ‘when’ did such a change happen?
One way archaeologists evaluated this question is through
biological evidence for speech: the shape of the vocal tract.
Initially the shape of the vocal tract, indicated by hyoid bone,
was thought to be different in modern Humans and
Neanderthals. Neanderthals might not make all our vowels.
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But the discovery of a hyoid bone from the Neanderthal at
Kebara suggests little different between Neanderthals and
ourselves.
Given the shared changes to FOXP2 Neanderthals most
likely had elaborate languages.
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Symbol ism
Since language doesn’t preserve directly
in the archaeological record an indirect
way of evaluating the presence of
complex language has been the presence
of symbolism.
This works for early scripts - even when
we cant translate them we know that they
are symbols used by people with
language.
We can employ the same principle with
any material symbolic code: it probably
reflects a complex vocal symbolic code.
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This logic has been applied to Upper Palaeolithic
evidence.
The abundance of artistic material, often showing similarstylistic patterns, is taken to indicate complex language
and a shared cultural expressions.
This probably reveals that the earliest Homo sapiens in
western Europe had elaborate languages.
Middle Palaeolithic levels have
some scratched bones and
many artefacts but not a single
rock painting or engraving.
Some archaeologists have said
this means Neanderthals didn’t
have language.
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BUT…
Perhaps it just means Neanderthals didn’t like art?
Or perhaps Neanderthals didn’t like art of that kind?
At Combe Grenal François Bordes recovered ochre
pallets, with multiple grinding surfaces, showing that
Neanderthals prepared ground minerals – presumably for their use as colouring agents.
Does the use of colouring materials perhaps indicate that
Neanderthals didn’t like permanent art, on rocks – perhapsthey coloured skins or painted on the ground.
Or did Neanderthals have some kind of colour symbolism -
but only a very simple form. What would that suggest about
language capacities?
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Furthermore…
the comparison of Middle Palaeolithic sites and Upper
Palaeolithic sites in western Europe is not a straight-forward
contrast between Neanderthals and modern humans!
In western Europe the difference
between Middle and Upper
Palaeolithic is not only thespecies of hominid living in the
region but also the time period in
which they are living.
In France Neanderthals may have lived until nearly 30,000
BP, but very few individuals are known after c.40,000.
Modern humans are increasingly common in the region
during the last 30-35,000 years.
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We might therefore say that in France the evidence for
symbolism is abundant in the last 40,000 years but rare or
absent before 40,000 BP.
Is this because modern humans replaced Neanderthals!
In the period before 40,000 both
Neanderthals and anatomically modern
humans lived in the Middle East.
This tells us that complex symbolic art is not linked simply to
moderns – it was developed only about 40,000 BP (+ 5000).
If French Neanderthals didn’t make art they would have been
the same as our ancestors at the same period.
Neither Neanderthals or modern
humans made art or discarded
sculptures during that early period.
“C
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What has been discovered in the last few years is that the
archaeological debris discarded in the latest Neanderthal levels,
about 40-35,000 years ago.
This final phase is called the “Chatelperronian” and it containsart works such as ornaments.
Chatelperronian ornaments from Grotte du Renne.
These “Chatelperronian” ornaments show that after 40,000 BP
even Neanderthals had symbolic paraphernalia.
One suggestion is that Neanderthals learned symbolism from
the migrating Homo sapiens, but that reveals Neanderthalcapacity.
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Ritual
A feature that is ubiquitous in human
societies of he historic period is the use
of ritual for a range of social purposes.
Archaeologically ritual is often seen in
dress, regalia and ritual objects.
For H.sapiens in western Europe of the
Upper Palaeolithic period we have
abundant evidence of what may beritually-related carved objects.
Such carved objects are not known
from the Middle Palaeolithic.
The question of Neanderthal
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The question of Neanderthal
rituals has concentrated on
whether Neanderthals buried
their dead and had burial rituals.
Some archaeologists, such as
Robert Gargett, have argued that
many Neanderthal bodies are notburied but are a result of
taphonomic processes.
We have looked at this problemwith the claims for ritual use of
flowers in the burials at Shanidar.
While some Neanderthal
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While some Neanderthal
bodies may not have been
buried it is not possible to
explain away all
Neanderthal bodies merely
as a result of taphonomy.
For example, at La
Chapelle-aux-Saints in theDordogne valley Marcelle
Boule excavated a
Neanderthal body in 1911.
He observed that this bodywas a complete flexed
burial in a well defined
grave.
This illustration of Boule’s section drawing of the La
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This illustration of Boule s section drawing of the La
Chapelle-aux-Saints burial shows that the body had been
placed in a steep-sided, rectangular pit that had clearly
been excavated – this cannot be attributed to natural
processes – Neanderthals dug this pit!
Other Neanderthal burials also show clear evidence of grave
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Other Neanderthal burials also show clear evidence of grave
goods; for example, the Skhul Neanderthal was buried with a
pig jaw.
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It seems unlikely
that all this was
simply a response
to disposing ofrotting.
Neanderthal burials are deliberate and indicate the existence
of social bonds, a kinship system and a view that bodies of kinshould be protected.
This suggests that Neanderthals had culture of some kind,
with social obligations and perhaps a system of informationstorage and transmission (language).
But how different was this Neanderthal culture?
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Style and Plann ing
Another trait that archaeologists have examined is
whether Neanderthal manufacturing activities indicatethe kinds of styles and planning that we see in the
technologies of modern humans.
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Style and Plann ing
The transportation of rocks around the landscape clearly
shows that Neanderthals were planning ahead, procuringresources for use in the future, and that their economy
was well organized …but did they have styles of tools?
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Style and Plann ing
The most abundant archaeological
materials left by Neanderthals are
stone artefacts. Some sites have
many hundreds of thousands of
stone artefacts.
Archaeologists have asked
whether these artefacts reveal the
same pattern of style and planning
that we can observe amongst
artefacts of the Upper Palaeolithic.
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Style and Plann ing
The Upper Palaeolithic has often
been characterized as having
many distinct and standardized tool
forms.
Did the Middle Palaeolithic tools of
the Neanderthals have the same
distinctive styles of tools?
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Style and Plann ing
In the 1950's François Bordes
developed a classification systemthat divided what he thought were
Neanderthal tools into 63 types.
He and other archaeologists
initially thought that each type was
specifically designed for a
particular function , and that this
revealed Neanderthals had styles
of tools equivalent to the styles wehave.
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These depictions of the artefact
assemblages were initially used to
indicate Neanderthals had both
planning depth and a modern systemof style.
If this was correct it would mean thatthere was little difference between the
structure and operation of technologies
of modern sapiens and of
Neanderthals.
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This interpretation of
Neanderthal artefacts
stood for a long time but
became replaced with an
interpretation based on
new understandings of
the technology gained
from experimentalarchaeology.
Archaeologists have
developed the skills tomake stone artefacts, and
in the process obtained a
new perspective on the
Mousterian assemblages.
Stone artefacts may not be
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Stone artefacts may not be
separate designs but part
of a continuum of tool
shapes that exist becausethese tools needed to be
resharpened frequently,
and as they were
resharpening each piece
they made it sharper byknocking flakes of it.
* Single Scraper light retouch.
* Transverse Scraper.
* Single Scraper heavy retouch.
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Another example of these new understandings isMcPherron’s model of notching being related to the size of
the specimen.
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Many of the different types that
Bordes classified may merely be
different stages in the retouching
of tools.
An implication of this finding is
that although Neanderthals
display great planning in theirtechnology there may be little or
no pre-determined styles being
employed.
This is unexpected, we don’t operate like this and so
Neanderthals are perhaps more different than we thought.
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Many of the different types that
Bordes classified may merely be
different stages in the retouching
of tools.
Some researchers have
suggested this may indicate a
primitiveness in Neanderthalculture – they hadn’t yet
developed standardized tool
concepts.
Alternatively it has been suggested that while Upper
Palaeolithic peoples 'imposed' forms on the artefacts the
Neanderthals may have created a 'negotiated' form in
consultation with their companions.
H d f d i f fl k i L 21 f
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However a recent study of reduction of flakes in Layer 21 of
Combe Grenal shows that specimens within each Bordes
implement type often retain their features during reduction.
Single
Scrapers
Double
Scrapers
Transverse
Scrapers
Convergent
Scrapers
Transverse
Scrapers
Single
Scrapers
Minimal ExtensiveReduction
Transverse
Scrapers
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1 MAT22 QUINA23 QUINA
43 TYPICAL44 TYPICAL
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2 MAT
3 MAT
4 MAT
5 MAT
6 MAT
7 TYPICAL
8 TYPICAL
9 TYPICAL
10 TYPICAL
11 DENTICULATE
12 DENTICULATE
13 DENTICULATE
14 DENTICULATE
15 DENTICULATE
16 DENTICULATE
17 QUINA
19 QUINA
20 DENTICULATE
21 QUINA
22 QUINA23 QUINA
24 QUINA
25 QUINA
26 QUINA
27 FERRASSIE
28 TYPICAL
29 TYPICAL
30 TYPICAL
31 TYPICAL
32 FERRASSIE
33 FERRASSIE
34 FERRASSIE
35 FERRASSIE
36 TYPICAL
37 TYPICAL
38 DENTICULATE
39 TYPICAL
40 TYPICAL
41 DENTICULATE
42 TYPICAL
43 TYPICAL44 TYPICAL
45 TYPICAL
46 TYPICAL
47 TYPICAL
48 TYPICAL
49 TYPICAL
50 TYPICAL
51 TYPICAL
52 TYPICAL
53 TYPICAL
54 TYPICAL
55 TYPICAL
56 ACHEULEAN
57 ACHEULEAN
58 ACHEULEAN
59 ACHEULEAN
60 ACHEULEAN
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LEVALLOIS REDUCTION
Bifacial flaking around the entireperimeter of a cobble, with the two
surfaces being treated differently
so that the flatter one contains a
radial pattern of scars that creates
a ridge for the removal of a large
flake.
Flakes usually have pronounced
thick bulbs, no cortex and are
covered with centripetal scars.
They have faceted platforms.
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DISCOID REDUCTION
Radial flaking of cores, on one orboth faces. This strategy
resembles Levallois but platforms
are maintained near the centre of
the piece and cycles of surface
preparation and Levallois flake
removal are absent.
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QUINA REDUCTION
A strategy of flaking in which large,thick, asymmetrical flakes were
systematically struck from cobbles
in a way that allowed cortex to be
retained on the dorsal surfaces of
many flakes, a process that has
sometimes been described as
‘clactonian’.
Basic strategy of
Quina core reduction
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The nd
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Tom Austen Brown Professor
of Australian Archaeology
Peter Hiscock
School of Philosophical and Historical Inquiry
ARCA1000
Week 2Is she my sister?
The Neanderthals in the East
What can we say about Neanderthals?
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What can we say about Neanderthals?
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Change over time
Last common ancestor of Neanderthal and H.sapiens is estimated to
have lived c. 400-700kya. Different estimates from different labs.
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Pech de l’Aze IV
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This site had been
excavated in the 1950s byFrançois Bordes.
He had dug out each layer
separately but had not
recorded individualfeatures within the layer.
Dibble’s excavations at
Pech de l’Aze IV
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In layer 8 Dibble and
McPherron identified anumber of very distinct
hearth lenses. Perhaps
these hearths represent
many repeated short-termvisits to Pech IV –
indicating that Neandertals
were highly mobile in their
settlement pattern.
What can we say about Neanderthals?
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y
Neanderthals probably had language, a complex social
organization, a sophisticated economic system, andelaborate planning for tool production.
What can we say about Neanderthals?
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y
Neanderthals worked hides
and may have had some kindsof clothing.
What can we say about Neanderthals?
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Neanderthals made fire and
cooked their food – we find
many hearths.
What can we say about Neanderthals?
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Neanderthals built shelters –
indicated by post-holes.
What can we say about Neanderthals?
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Neanderthals did not make permanent art,
although they did use colouring materials ontheir tools.
Neanderthals may not have made art but
they buried their dead occasionally, and
therefore had rituals of some kind.
Neanderthals had elaborate technologies
and they had patterns that might indicate
design of tools according to recognizablestyles.
Neanderthals may have had artistic and
symbolic capacities but they rarely used
them.
CONCLUSION
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Archaeological evidence has produced an
image of Neanderthals as very differenthumans, without some of the social activities
we take for granted, and perhaps with some
we find surprising.
What characterizes these scientific, archaeological
investigations is the process by which the conclusions are
reached and can be re-evaluated by others.
These interpretations emerge from examiningmultiple lines of evidence.
Interpretations of Neanderthals are constantly changing as
archaeologists seek to improve the quality and reliability of their
data and inferences.
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The End
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