Date post: | 10-Jul-2016 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | juanteacher2020 |
View: | 22 times |
Download: | 1 times |
Historical Lingustics
WS 2005/6
Topics
• Patterns of language change
• Explanations of lanaguae change
• Implications of language change
Grammatical changes
• Wegen des Wetters > wegen dem Wetter
• Käme > würde kommen
• Meinetwegen > wegen mir
• Meines Vater‘s Auto> mein Vater sein Auto
• Weil ich das nicht mag > weil ich mag das nicht
British newspapers
We seem to be moving … towards a social and linguistic situation in which nobody says or writes or probably knows anything more than an approximation to what he or she means.
[The Sunday Times 1999]
British newspapers
English used to be a language which foreigners couldn’t pronounce but could often understand. Today it is rapidly becoming a language which the English can’t pronounce and few foreigners can understand.
[The Daily Telegraph 1968]
British newspapers
We go out of our ways to promulgate incessantly … the very ugliest sounds and worst possible grammars.
[The Sunday Times 1986]
Recent changes in English
(1) The media is not objective.(2) These sort of things.(3) He is like: ‚….‘
Recent changes in English
(1) Fortunately, I have a spare fan belt.(2) Honestly, you have no taste in clothes.(3) Hopefully, we‘ll be there in time for lunch.
Recent changes in English
(1) My care is being broken.(2) My house is being painted.(3) This problem is being discussed in class.
(1) My car is repairing.(2) My house is painting.(3) This problem is discussing in class.
What linguists say
The history of all Aryan languages is nothing but a gradual process of decay.
[Max Müller 1886]
What linguists say
In the evolution of languages the discarding of old flexions goes hand in hand with the development of simpler and more regular expedients that are rather less liable than the old ones to produce misunderstandings.
[Otto Jespersen 1922]
What linguists say
Progress in the absolute sense is impossible, just as it is in morality or politics. It is simply that different states exist, succeeding each other, each dominated by certain general laws imposed by the equilibrium of the forces with which they are confronted. So it is with language.
[Joseph Vendryes 1923]
Readings
Aitchison, J. Language Change. Progress or Decay. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Croft, W. 2000. Explaining Language Change. An Evolutionary Approach. Harlow: Longman.
McMahon, A.M.S. 1995. Understanding Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hock, H.H. 1991. Principles of Historical Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Trask, R.L. 1996. Historical Linguistics. London: Arnold.
Course script
Digitale Bibliothek Thüringen
Search: History of the English language
Everything that students have always wanted to know about phonology (but where ashamed to ask )
Classification of consonants
• Voicing
• Manner of articulation
• Place of articulation
Voiced – voiceless consonants
[f] father[v] vase[s] salt[z] zoo[t] tree[d] door
Manner of articulation
Plosives
Fricatives
Affricates
Nasals
Liquids
Glides
[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] [?]
[c] [J] [q] [G]
[f] [v] [T] [D] [s] [z] [S] [Z][tS] [dZ][m] [n] [Î] [l] [r] [w] [y]
[C] [x] [q] [G][ts] [pf] [®] [R]
Place of articulation
Bilabial
Labiodental
Interdental
Alveolar
Pala-Alev.
Velar
Uvular
Pharyngeal
[p] [b] [m] [w] [f] [v][T] [D][t] [d] [s] [z] [n] [l] [r][S] [Z] [tS] [dZ] [y][k] [g] [Î] [w]
[c] [J][x] [æ] [q] [G][É] [¿]
English consonants
Bilabial Labio-dental
Inter-dental
Alveol. Alveol.-palatal
Velar
Stop p b t d k gAffricate tS
dZFricative f v T D s z S Z hNasal m n ÎLateral l/rGlide w y
Classification of vowels
• height
• advancement
• lip rounding
• tenseness
English vowel chart
English diphthongs
Phonemes and allophones
[thOt] top aspirated[stOp] stopplain
/p t k/ → [ph th kh] / #__, V'[p t k] elsewhere
Contrastive – complementary distribution
[l{k] lack [param] wind[r{k] rack [irim] name[lif] leaf [pal] foot[rif] reef [mal] horse
[l] → [r] / V __ V
[l] elsewhere[r] → [l] / __#
[r] elsewhere
Aspiration
[thOt] top aspirated[stOp] stopplain
/p t k/ → [ph th kh] / #__, V'[p t k] elsewhere
Nasalization
[kæn] can[kãm] come
/V/ → [V] / __N
[V] elsewhere
Vowel lengthening
[bE:d] bed[h{:v] have
/V/ → [V:] / __ [+voice]
[V] elsewhere
Flapping
[böQr] butter
[bEQr] better
/t/ → [Q] / after stressed syllables at thebeginning of an unstressed syllable
[t] elsewhere
Morphophomemics[k{ts] cats [kis@z]kisses[dOgs] dogs [dZ@r{fs]giraffes[bUS@z] bushes [garaZ@z] garages[karz] cars [m{tS@z] matches[laIts] lights [dETs]deaths
[b{Îks] banks[s] after voiceless speech sound[z] after voiced speech sounds[@z] after sibilants
Morphophonemics
[ImpOsIbl] impossible[InsEns@tIv] insensitive[IÎkOnsIst@nt] inconsistent
[m] before labials[n] before alveolars[Î] before velars
Exercise 1
Provide the phonetic symbol
a. High front tense unrounded vowel
b. Low back lax unrounded vowel
c. Voiced labiodental fricative
d. Voiceless palatal fricative
e. Voiced velar nasal
[i][a]
[v][S][Î]
Exercise 2
a. [z]
b. [dZ]c. [y]
d. [I]e. [U]
Voiced, alveolar, fricative
Voiced, palatal-alveolar, affricate Voiced, palatal, glide
High, front, lax, unrounded
Provide the articulatory features
High, back, lax rounded
Exercise 3
a. [k, Î, g, x]
b. [v, Z, z, D]c. [w, y]
d. [i, e, o, u]e. [e, o, O, E]
velar
voiced fricatives
glides
tense vowels
Identify the common articulatory features
mid vowels
Exercise 4
a. though
b. easy
c. knife
d. thought
e. contact
[D][i][n]
[T]
Provide the IPA symbol for the first speech sound
[k]
a. judge
b. Thomas
c. physics
d. civic
e. use
[dZ][t][f][s][y]
Exercise 5
a. [ritS]b. [rIdZ]c. [kaIt]d. [{ktSn]e. [T{Îks]f. [Sules]
reach
ridgekite
action
Write in ordinary English
thanks
shoelace
Exercise 5 (Italian)
[faÎgo] mud [tinta] dye
[tEnda] tent [tEÎgo] I keep
[tiÎgo]I dye [fuÎgo] mushroom[nero] black [byaÎka] shite[aÎke] also [dansa] dance[dZEnte] people [sapone]soap
Exercise 5 (Italian)
[faÎgo] mud [tinta] dye
[tEnda] tent [tEÎgo] I keep
[tiÎgo]I dye [fuÎgo] mushroom[nero] black [byaÎka] shite[aÎke] also [dansa] dance[dZEnte] people [sapone]soap
Exercise 6 (German)
[axt] eight [IC] I
[bux] book [ECt] real
[lOx] hole [sprIC] speak[ho:x] hoch [lEC@ln] smile[fluxt] flight [riC@n]
smell[lax@n] laugh [fECt@n] to fence
Exercise 6 (German)
[axt] eight [IC] I
[bux] book [ECt] real
[lOx] hole [sprIC] speak[ho:x] hoch [lEC@ln] smile[fluxt] flight [riC@n]
smell[lax@n] laugh [fECt@n] to fence
Exercise 7 (Old English)[briÎgan] to bring [lUvU] love
[driÎkan] to drink [mannes] mans
[f{st] fast [mo:na] moon[fi:fta] fifth [ni:xsta] next[fOlk] folk [Offrian] to offer
[fOnt] font [Ovans] oven[ha:t] hot [n:on] noon[hlo:T] troop [ru:x]rough[TUÎgEn] full grown [l@Îgan] to lengthen[nixt] night [hr{vn] raven
Exercise 7 (Old English)[briÎgan] to bring [lUvU] love
[driÎkan] to drink [mannes] mans
[f{st] fast [mo:na] moon[fi:fta] fifth [ni:xsta] next[fOlk] folk [Offrian] to offer
[fOnt] font [Ovans] oven[ha:t] hot [n:on] noon[hlo:T] troop [ru:x]rough[TUÎgEn] full grown [l@Îgan] to lengthen[nixt] night [hr{vn] raven
Exercise 7 (Old English)[briÎgan] to bring [lUvU] love
[driÎkan] to drink [mannes] mans
[f{st] fast [mo:na] moon[fi:fta] fifth [ni:xsta] next[fOlk] folk [Offrian] to offer
[fOnt] font [Ovans] oven[ha:t] hot [n:on] noon[hlo:T] troop [ru:x]rough[TUÎgEn] full grown [l@Îgan] to lengthen[nixt] night [hr{vn] raven
Exercise 7 (Old English)[briÎgan] to bring [lUvU] love
[driÎkan] to drink [mannes] mans
[f{st] fast [mo:na] moon[fi:fta] fifth [ni:xsta] next[fOlk] folk [Offrian] to offer
[fOnt] font [Ovans] oven[ha:t] hot [n:on] noon[hlo:T] troop [ru:x]rough[TUÎgEn] full grown [l@Îgan] to lengthen[nixt] night [hr{vn] raven
The Indo-European
Language Family
GermanicGermanic
West Germanic North Germanic East Germanic
English Swedish Gothic
Frisian Danish Vandal
German Norwegian Burgundian
Yiddish Icelandic
Dutch
Afrikaans
Romance
French CatalanItalian GalicianSpain SardinianPortuguese ProvencalRomanian Rhomansh
‘Old’ Languages
Indo-European (3500)SemiticChineseJapaneseArabicTurkishDravidianAfrican languagesNative American languages
Phonetic evidence
You spotted snakes with double tongue,Thorny hedge-hogs, be not seen;Newts, and blind-worms, do no wrong;Come not near our fairy queen.
(Shakespeare)
Phonetic evidence
‘cosul’ consul‘cesor’ censor(Latin inscriptions)
Phonetic evidence
‘We produce this letter by pressing the lower lip on the upper teeth. The tongue is turned back towards the roof of the mouth, and the sound is accompanied by a gentle puff of breath.’
(Roman grammarian)
700 English
500 Armenian400 Gothic
0
200 Latin
400 Classical Sanskrit
800 Greek
1000 Old Persian
1200 Hittite
1500 Vedic Sanskrit
3000 Proto Indo-European
Sound correspondences between Sanskrit, Latin and Greek
Sanskrit Latin Greekasmiasiastismassthasanti
sumesestsumusestissunt
einieiestiesmenesteeisi
English German Swedishsun Sonne sol house Haus huscat Katze katapple Apfel äpplefather Vater faderhand Hand handgo gehen garsee sehen sarhear hören hörarun rennen rännardream träumen drömar
English-German sound correspondences
time Zeittongue Zungeten zehntame zahmtent Zeltto zutwo zweitwins Zwillinge
Second Germanic sound shift
time Zeittongue Zungeten zehn
that dasthere dathrough durch
pan Pfannepath Pfadpole Pfahl
hat hasseneat essenlet lassen
grip greifendeep tiefsleep schlafen
English-German sound correspondences
cheesechildchin
cheerychurch
king
KäseKindKinnKirscheKirche
König
Sound correspondences in Romance
Italian Sardinian Romansh French SpanishHundredSkyStagWax
tSEntotSelotSErvotSera
kEntukElukErbukEra
tsjEnttsiltsErftsairaE
sa sjElsERsiR
tSjentSjelotSjerbotSera
Numerals in Indo-European
English Gothic Latin Greek Sanskrit
onetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnineten
ainstwaiTrijafidworfimfsaihssibunahtauniuntaihun
unusduotresquattuorquinquesexseptemoctonovembedecem
heisduotreistettarespenteheksheptaoktoenneadeka
ekasdvatrayascatvaraspancasatsaptaastanavadasa
PIE numbers
Proto-Indo-European English*sems, *oi- one*duwo / *dwo two*treyes three*kwetwores four*penkwe five*sweks / *seks six*septam seven*októ eight*newan nine*dekamt ten
Sound correspondences across unrelated languages
Arabic Urdu Turkish Swahili Malaynewstimebookservicebeggar
xabarwaqtkitabxidmatfaqir
xabarvaqtkitabxidmatgarifaqir
habervakitkitaphizmetfakir
habariwkatikitabuhudumafakiri
khabarwaktukitabkhidmatfakir
Latin Old English Gothic/p/ /f/
/t/ /θ/
/k/ /x/h/
/b/ /p/
/d/ /t/
/g/ /k/
pedumpiscis
trestu
cordemcentum
turba ‘crowd’
edodecem
agergenus
fotfisc
three [Tri]thou [TaU]
hearthundred
thorp ‘village’
eatten
acrekin
fotusfiskis
thrirthuUhairtohund
itantaihun
akrskuni
IE Old English Gothic
/bh/ /b//dh/ /d//dh/ /d/
*bhero*dhura*ghostis
berandurugasts
baíradaúrgiest
Grimm’s law
*p t k f T x/h
*b d g p t k
*bh dh gh b d g
Exceptions to Grimm’s law
[p t k]
[f T x] [b d g]
Sanskrit Old Englishvártate weorTanvarárta wearTvavrtimá wurdonvavrta:ná worden
Verner’s law
[p t k] [f T x] / [stressed syllable] __
[b d g] / [unstressed syllable] __
Neogrammarian Hypothesis
Every sound change takes place according to laws that admit no exceptions.
[Karl Brugmann]
Internal Reconstruction
[D] [T]father thinkmother thieffeather thickheather thinweather thighbother thank