RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FILIPINO AND AMERICAN LEADERSHIP

Collaboration and Compromise

It should be noted that some of the elite, or ilustrados, joined the revolution only when they saw the possibility of success.

Their participation also characterized by their willingness to compromise with the revolution especially to ensure their interests.

Collaboration and Compromise The ilustrados helped in reorganizing

the local government In November 1898, the Negros elite

organized themselves into a provincial government that was against the Aguinaldo government. In 1899, the American flag was raised in Bacolod

Accomodation

American colonial policy was designed to win the support of the Filipinos

Elite personalities were rewarded with important positions in the governmentWilliam H. Taft, adopted the “policy of attraction” (Philippines for the Filipinos)Philippine Bill of 1902 (Cooper Act) established the Philippine Assembly in 1907American officials allowed the establishment of the Federal Party whose platform was annexation

AccomodationAmerican also implemented Filipinization

The Supreme Court (1899) was composed of 9 judges, 6 of whom were Filipinos but was decreased into 3 after the Reorganization Act of 1901. However, the number of Filipinos in lower courts increased.Provincial and municipal governments were under Filipinos controlBy 1913, the Philippine Commission was FilipinizedDuring the term of Governor-General Francis B. Harisson (1913-1921), there was rapid FilipinizationThe Jones Law (1916), created a bicameral and an-all Filipino legislature

A group of Filipinos with Harrison

Accomodation Suffrage was granted suffrage but only to males (21

and above), the propertied, and those who could speak, read, and write in English and Spanish.

The Americans were also successful in co-opting the ruling elite in the cultural communities.

Min

dana

oAmerican teachers and missionaries provided social services and education with the assistance of Sultans and datus

Cord

illeraThey used their military firepower and goodwill to establish political structures

SuluUnder Bates

Treaty, Americans were allowed in trade and commerce but not to interfere with internal affairs

Min

dana

oCarpenter-Kiram Agreement in 1915, US extended total sovereignty over all territories of the sultanate

FILIPINO RESISTANCE TO AMERICAN RULE

Miguel Malvar

Batangas and Laguna

Luciano San Miguel

Rizal and Bulacan

Artemio Ricarte

Vicente Lucban

Samar

Resistance of Former Officials of the Revolutionary Army

Resistance with Nativistic Features

Many rebel leaders had the support of the peasants

Salvador Felipe (a.k.a Apo Ipe), who organized a movement called Santa Iglesia, or Holy Church and was regarded by peasants as their Robin Hood and Messiah

Ruperto Rios established a municipal government in Quezon who claimed to be the “Son of God” and gave his men amulets to make them invulnerable

Resistance with Nativistic FeaturesPapa Iso, in Negros, had a group

called babaylanes or pulahanes burned haciendas owned by pro-American elite

Pulahan movements emerged in Cebu, Panay, Leyte, and Samar (called Dios-dios)

Resistance of the Muslims and other cultural groups

American policy was to

neutralize Muslim

resistance through the

Bates Treaty of 1899

Resistance prevailed in Cotabato,

Maguindanao, and Lanao

Lumads, like Mandayas and

Subanons, also rose against

American government

COLONIAL POLITICS

Beginnings Americans suppressed the nationalist

political parties In 1906, the ban was lifted and the

Nacionalista Party was established who called for “immediate independence” while the Federalists, who later called their party “Partido Nacional Progresista” called for “eventual independence”

Osmeña-Quezon Rift With the creation of Senate under

Jones Law in 1916, Quezon became the Senate President

Quezon challenged the leadership of Osmeña (was called dictatorial), who since the time of Taft was the undisputed leader of the Filipinos

Osmeña defended that his style of leadership as representative in nature for the majority of the majority party represented public opinion.

Nature/Characteristics of Colonial Politics

Political parties emphasized independenceNo ideological differences among partiesThere were turncoatism, coalitions, and party splitsDiscrepancy existed• Americans warned Quezon, who was then the

majority floor leader, that his opposition to free trade would be “dangerous” to his career, thus, the Assembly privately agreed to support free trade

• On the question of independence, Filipinos leaders advocated it as gimmick to win voted

Nature/Characteristics of Colonial Politics

Senator Claro M. Recto hinted anomalies committed by the majority party (i.e Nacionalista Party)

In his book The Cornerstone of the Philippine Independence: A Narrative of Seven Years, Gov.Gen. Francis Harrsion Burton (1913-1921) enumerated the defects of the Philippine Legislature

THE CAMPAIGN FOR INDEPENDENCE

Historical Background

Americans wanted to duplicate in the Philippines the ideals of democratic self-rule

In 1901, the Americans allowed the Filipinos to assume positions in municipal and provincial governments

Establishment of the Philippine Assembly in 1907

Historical Background

The Jones Law of 1916 promised independence as soon as stable government can be established

The Filipino position on independence was not always clear.

Measures Employed by the Filipinos to Campaign for Independence

The Philippine Assembly (after 1916, Philippine

Legislature), passed resolutions advocating

independence

The Philippine Assembly created the

Commission of Independence

The Supreme Council was launched by

Quezon to bring all political parties

together for a more active campaign for

independence

The Philippine Legislature passed

the bill providing for a plebiscite on

immediate independence of

1925 but was vetoed by Gov. Gen Leonard

Wood

ResultsAmerican authorities consistently

rejected the appeal of Filipinos for independence in the belief

that Filipinos were not ready for self-government and that it was

not the real desire of their leaders

Quezon had the law rejected by the Philippine Legislature for several reasons:• It had unfavorable trade and immigration

provisions• It allowed the retention of American

military and naval reservations• It was politically motivated: Quezon

refused to acknowledge the leadership of Osmeña and Roxas

Results

Quezon secured another

independence law, the Tydings-

McDuffie Act, which was just a re-run of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act The Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act was

promoted by the American interest groups

Farm groups

affected by economic depression that hit the US in the

1930s

The American Federation of Labor

and other “patriotic” societies favored

granting of Philippine

Independence

The isolationsits

were worried that

the retention of Philippines

by US involvement in a war with Japan

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