3. THE ROLE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS Composed of Spanish and Chinese
mestizos and natives Looked down by the Spaniards, who belong to
peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain) and insulares (Spaniards
born in the Philippines) Prior to 1870s, Filipinos were the
insulares or creoles
4. THE ROLE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS The middle class began the
movement for reforms in their attempt to win a place in the sun and
to end the abuses and arrogance of colonial officials They were
looked upon with suspicion by the masses due to the perceived
arrogance and insolence of the latter. The middle class sided with
the masses.
5. THE NATURE OF THE REFORM MOVEMENT This propaganda aims to
exposed the evils of Spanish colonialism, particularly the abuses
of the friars and the guardia civil, in Madrid, Spain. Colonial
officials in the Philippines were reactionary There was no clamor
for independence at first. Reformists main goal was the
assimilation of the Philippines, which was to become a province of
Spain, in a peaceful manner
6. THE GREAT REFORMISTS Firstgroup Suspected Filibusteros
Included the creoles and Spanish mestizos in the wake of Cavite
Mutiny of 1872 Secondgroup Young men sent to Spain for studies like
Jose Rizal Thirdgroup Refugees who left the Phil. to escape
persecution Most prominent were Graciano Lopez-Jaena and Marcelo H.
del Pilar
7. THE RESULT AND SIGNIFICANCE OF PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
8. THE FAILURE OF THE MOVEMENT Spain was too preoccupied with
its own internal problems Friars were too powerful Reformists did
not have sufficient means and support from the public Lack of funds
which even jeopardized the publication of La Solidaridad
Propagandists were divided
9. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MOVEMENT Copies of La Solidaridad
and of Rizals novels reached the local ilustrados Propaganda
materials highlighted the very lack of freedom A feeling of empathy
grew among the people Led to the founding of the Katipunan
10. FACTORS LEADING TO THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION
11. Underlying Factors Influence of Reform Movements The Role
of Masonry La Liga Filipina The split Centuries of oppression,
exploitation, & land question
12. ROLE OF MASONRY Filipino propagandists in Spain were
affiliated with Masonic lodges in Spain Masonic movement were
anti-friar They were responsible for founding the Masonic lodges in
the Philippines and, in turn, helped to recruit members and to fund
propaganda work in Spain At the outbreak of the 1896 Revolution,
Masonry was already deeply entrenched in the Philippines
13. LA LIGA FILIPINA Organized by Jose Rizal upon his return in
the Philippines in July, 1892. Sought to involve the people
directly in the reform movement Andres Bonifacio became one of the
founders The primary aim was to unite the whole archipelago into
one compact, vigorous, and homogenous body. It was considered
dangerous by the Spanish authorities and Rizal was arrested on July
6, 1992.
14. THE SPLIT La Liga lay low after Rizal was arrested and
deportted Cuerpo de Compromisaros Conservative grouped which pledge
to continue supporting the La Solidaridad Katipunan The radicals
led by Bonifacio devoted to a new secret society
15. CENTURIES OF OPPRESSION, EXPLOITATION, AND THE LAND
QUESTION Colonial oppression caused common suffering among the
people. Since Bonifacios call for separatism was a simple and
direct solution, the peasants quickly rallied to the revolutionary
movement Greater awareness of common deprivation and oppression was
made possible by economic progress in Manila In the rural areas,
the economic progress of the 19th century depressed the living
standards of the masses.
16. IMMEDIATE CAUSES
17. The economic depression during the period of 1891- 1895 The
drought and locust infestation in Central Luzon in June and July
1896 The convergence of grievances between the middle class and the
masses The Katipunan Immediate causes
18. THE ECONOMIC DEPRESSION DURING THE PERIOD OF 1891-1895
Unstable currency and exchange fluctuations Prices of sugar and
hemp fell disastrously Scarcity and the higher cost of importation
raised the prices of rice
19. THE DROUGHT AND LOCUST INFESTATION IN CENTRAL LUZON IN JUNE
AND JULY 1896 Despite calamities, friar landowners refused to
condone even parts of the rent and in certain cases even demanded
an increase Misery and desperation drove the peasants of Luzon to
the cause of revolution
20. THE CONVERGENCE OF GRIEVANCES BETWEEN THE MIDDLE CLASS AND
THE MASSES It aggravated the unrest of Filipinos Filipino
professionals and university graduates were seldom appointed to
government positions. Finding employment was also difficult because
of racial discrimination
21. THE KATIPUNAN The three objective of the Katipunan
Political objective: to work for the separation of the Philippines
Moral objective: to teach good manners, hygiene, good morals, and
to attack obscurantism, religious fanaticism, and weakness of
character Civic aim: to develop self-help and concern for the
defense of the poor and the oppressed
22. THE KATIPUNAN Believing that only a united people could
achieve their own freedom, the Katipunan strove to lay the basis
for this unity by fostering a stronger love of country and
encouraging mutual aid.
23. PREPARATION FOR THE REVOLUTIONARY STRUGGLE
24. RECRUITMENT, PROPAGANDA, AND EXPANSION Their newspaper, the
Kalayaan, was edited by Emilio Jacinto and also the Kartilla ng
Katipunan, primer used to indoctrinate the members of the Katipunan
in its ideals Tried to enlist the aid of wealthy Filipinos but
failed
25. RECRUITMENT, PROPAGANDA, AND EXPANSION Womens chapter was
also established Attempted to seek the aid of the Japanese but also
failed Katipuneros stole rifles and pistols from the Spanish
maestranza (arsenal)
26. DISCOVERY OF THE KATIPUNAN AND THE START OF THE REVOLUTION
The betrayal of Teodoro Patio in August 1896 Arrest and
imprisonment of hundreds of Katipuneros and of those being
connected to the movement The Die is Cast the Cry of Pugadlawin
(August 23, 1896) or the Cry of Balintawak (August 26, 1896).
*Still subject to contention by scholars