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Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts...

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Historical Foundations Chapter 4
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Page 1: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

Historical Foundations

Chapter 4

Page 2: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for

physical education, exercise science, and sport’s growth.

Identify some of the outstanding leaders in the fields.

Discuss recent developments in physical education, exercise science, and sport.

Draw implications from history of our fields for the future of physical education, exercise science, and sport

Page 3: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

Sport History

Emerged as a subdiscipline in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

“… field of scholarly inquiry with multiple and often intersecting foci, including exercise, the body, play, games, athletics, sports, physical recreations, health, and leisure.” (Struna)

How has the past shaped sport and its experiences today?

1973: North American Society for Sport History held its first meeting.

Page 4: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

Sample Areas of Study...

How did urbanization influence the development of sports in America?

How did the sports activities of Native Americans influence the recreational pursuits of the early colonists?

How have Greek ideals influences the development of sportsmanship?

How did segregation impact sports opportunities for blacks?

What factors influenced the inclusion of physical education in the school curriculum?

Page 5: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

Greece

“Golden Age” of physical education and sport

Unity of the mind, body and spirit “Body beautiful” Arete – the pursuit of excellence Vital part of the education of every

Greek boy National festivals

Olympic Games

Page 6: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

Rome

Exercise for health and military purposes. Greek gymnastics were introduced to Rome

after the conquest of Greece but were not popular Rome did not believe in the “body beautiful” Preferred to be spectators rather than participants Preferred professionalism to amateurism.

Exciting “blood sports”: gladiatorial combats and chariot races. “Duel to the death” or satisfaction of spectators.

Page 7: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

Germany

Period of nationalism - focus on development of strong citizens through school and community programs of physical education

Physical education should be included in the school curriculum – programs emphasizes the development of strength

Jahn (1778-1852) – Turnverein movement to mold youth into strong, hardy citizens capable of overthrowing foreign control

Page 8: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

Sweden

Scientific study of physical education Use anatomy and physiology to study the effects

of physical education on the body Exercises use Swedish apparatus - Per Ling

(1776-1839) Design of gymnastic programs to meet specific

individual needs 3 Types: Educational gymnastics, military

gymnastics, and medical gymnastics Teachers of physical education must have

foundational knowledge of the effects of exercise on the human body.

Page 9: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

Great Britain

Home of outdoor sports Maclaren (1920-1884)

Eager to make physical training a science; a system that was adopted by the British Army

Health is more important than strength Exercise adapted to the individual Physical education essential in school curriculum

Muscular Christianity Sport contributes to the development of moral

character Reconciles sport and religion

Page 10: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

PE in the U.S.

Influenced by European ideals Systems of gymnastics (exercises) Philosophies of physical education

Growth of influence of Ancient Asian cultures Yoga Martial arts Relationships between the mind, body,

and spirit

Page 11: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

Colonial Period (1607-1783)

Colonists led an agrarian existence - physical activity through performing tasks essential to living and survival.

Colonists brought sports with them from their native lands.

Puritans denounced play as evil; recreational pursuits frowned upon.

Reading, writing, and arithmetic in schools, not physical education.

Page 12: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

National Period (1784-1861)

Growth of private schools for females Introduction of German gymnastics to schools 1852: First intercollegiate competition: a

crew race between Harvard and Yale. Catherine Beecher (1800-1878)

Calisthenics performed to music One of the first to advocate for daily physical

education Invention of baseball Horseracing, foot races, rowing, and

gambling on sport events popular

Page 13: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

Civil War Period until 1900

Turnverein societies continue to grow and include both girls and boys

Dio Lewis Programs for the “weak and feeble” in society Training school for teachers in Boston Inclusion of gymnastic programs in the schools

Nissen - Swedish Movement Cure grows in popularity and recognized for its inherent medical values

YMCA established; international training school at Springfield College

Page 14: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

Civil War Period until 1900 Growth of American sport in popularity

Tennis Golf Bowling Basketball (Naismith)

Founding of forerunner of Amateur Athletic Association (AAU)

Revival of Olympics in Athens Colleges and universities develop

departments and expand programs

Page 15: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

Civil War Period until 1900 Expansion of intercollegiate athletics

Abuses raise concerns Establishment of governing bodies

Emphasis on teacher preparation, scientific basis of PE, diagnosis and prescription of activity

Organized PE programs in elementary and secondary schools

1885 - Founding of the forerunner of AAHPERD “Battle of the Systems”

Page 16: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

Early Twentieth Century (1900s-1940s)

Extensive interscholastic programs - controversy over programs for girls

Growth of intramural programs and emphasis on games and sports in our programs

Increased concern for the physically underdeveloped in our society

Playground movement Higher standards for teacher training (4 year

preparation) NCAA established to monitor collegiate

athletics

Page 17: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

World War I (1916-1919) Physical educators developed

conditioning programs for armed forces .

After the war, health statistics revealed that the nation was in poor shape (1/3 of men were physically unfit for armed service).

Growth and upgrade of PE programs in schools following war due to legislation in some states.

Page 18: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

Golden Twenties (1920-1929)

Move away from formal systems of gymnastics toward games, sports, and valuable recreation and leisure time.

“New” physical education emphasized contribution to the total development of the individual; “education through the physical” vs. “education of the physical”.

Calls for reform of collegiate athletics due to increasing professionalism, public entertainment, and commercialization.

Women’s programs increase staff, activities, required participation, and facilities.

Page 19: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

Depression Years (1930-1939)

Economic forces lead to cutbacks in PE programs and growth of recreational programs.

Physical educators more involved in recreational programs for the unemployed.

Growth of interscholastic, intercollegiate and women’s programs.

Charles McCloy (1886-1959) – advocated “education of the physical” and stressed the importance documenting results and measuring progress of using scientific data

Page 20: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

Mid-twentieth Century (1940-

1970)

Impact of WW II physical training programs

Physical fitness movement President’s Council on Physical Fitness and

Sports

Athletics Increase opportunities for girls and women Increased interest in lifetime sports Sport programs below high school level increase Increased number of intramural programs

Page 21: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

Mid-twentieth Century (1940-1970)

Professional preparation Colleges and universities increase programs for

teachers American College of Sports Medicine (1954) National Athletic Trainers’ Association (1950)

Programs for individuals with disabilities Special Olympics (1968)

Research grows in importance and becomes increasingly specialized

Page 22: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

Significant Recent Developments Emergence of subdisciplines Disease prevention and health promotion

Healthy People Objectives for the Nation Surgeon General’s Report on Physical Activity and Health Healthy People 2000 Healthy People 2010

Legislation promoting opportunities for girls and women, and people with disabilities

Increased technology

Page 23: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

School Physical Education

Recognition of the critical role school PE in achieving national health goals

Fitness status and physical activity of children and youth is a concern

Congressional support for high-quality, daily physical education

Daily PE declines from 42% in 1991 to 28% in 2003.

Only one state, Illinois, requires daily PE for all students, K-12

National Content Standards offer a national framework

Emergence of new curricular models

Page 24: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

Physical Fitness and Participation in Physical Activity

Expansion of the fitness movement and involvement in physical activity

Shift from performance- to health-related fitness to an emphasis on moderate-intensity physical activity

Physical inactivity recognized as a major health problem

Page 25: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

The Growth of Sport

Phenomenal growth of participation in sports at all levels

Youth sports involve more than 25 million children

Interscholastic sports involve more than 6 million boys and girls Trend toward early specialization

Page 26: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

The Growth of Sport Intercollegiate sports involves nearly

400,000 athletes Growth of sport as “big business” in some

institutions Growth of recreational sport leagues and

amateur sports for adults of all ages Professional sports continue to expand

including professional leagues for women

Page 27: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

Girls and Women in Sport

Rapid growth since the passage of Title IX in 1972

Changes in governance of intercollegiate sports

Challenges to Title IX Changes in physical education

classes following passage of Title IX

Page 28: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

Programs for Individuals with Disabilities

Federal Legislation PL 93-122 Section 504 of the Rehabilitation

Act PL 94-142 Education of All Handicapped

Children Act of 1975 Amateur Sports Act of 1978 PL 101-336 Americans with Disabilities Act

Paralympics

Page 29: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

Olympics

Rebirth of the Olympics in 1896 Centennial Olympics celebrated in Atlanta

in 1996 Politicization of the Olympic Games Evolving definitions of amateurism “Fairness” issues in the Olympics Addition of non-traditional sports Commercialization of the Olympics

Page 30: Historical Foundations Chapter 4. Historical Foundations Identify events that served as catalysts for physical education, exercise science, and sports.

Technology

Computer technology and sophisticated research equipment

Has led to record-breaking achievements for elite athletes in nearly all sports

Facility improvement Fitness tests data available in schools

with addition of heart rate monitors


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