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Frisius Gemma's illustration of a camera obscura, 1544.Science and Society Museum/ Universal Images Group
Camera ObscuraCamera Obscura
Aristotle wrote about light that allows an upside down view of the world through a pin hole in one wall of a dark chamber, 1000 years
before the camera
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Device is a room or box with a hole in one side. Light from an external scene passes through the hole and strikes a surface inside, where it is reproduced, upside-down; color and perspective are preserved.
Can be projected onto paper, and then traced to produce an accurate representation
Painters used it to trace sketches of scenes on paper to be filled in later with paint
Camera ObscuraCamera Obscura
Joseph Niepce 1826 - HeliographyJoseph Niepce 1826 - Heliography
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The One and Only Heliograph: View from the Window at Le Gras –An 8-Hour Exposure
First permanent photograph that can still be viewed
Niepce combined the camera obscura with photosensitive Niepce combined the camera obscura with photosensitive paper and named the process Heliographypaper and named the process Heliography
Louis Daguerre 1839: DaguerreotypeLouis Daguerre 1839: Daguerreotype
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Daguerre built on work of Niepce – First practical photographic process using the Camera Obscura
Images on silver-plated copper, coated with silver iodide and "developed" with warmed mercury
1839 Daguerreotype: First Image of a Person
A Daguerreotype of Louis Daguerre
6Daguerreotype set upDaguerreotype set up
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Daguerreotype: Daguerreotype: Are We Done Yet?Are We Done Yet?
Subjects Looked miserable because it
wasn’t fun to be photographed sitting
still in the same pose for a long period of time
Henry Fox Talbot Henry Fox Talbot 1839: Calotype1839: Calotype
Introduced Negative/Positive Images images using paper soaked in silver chloride and fixed with salt solution.
Positive images by contact printing onto another sheet of paper Patented the process in 1841 under the name Calotype. Not as clear as Daguerreotypes but was first use of "positive" and "negative”.
8Calotype by Henry Fox Talbot
Frederick Archer 1851: Frederick Archer 1851: Wet CollodionWet Collodion
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Archer improved photographic resolution with Wet Collodion photography
Less Expensive than daguerreotypes
Negative/positive process permitted unlimited reproductions
Process was published but not patented so he didn’t profit
Mathew Brady used the Wet-Collodion Process
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Wet-Collodion, Frederick Archer, 1851Wet-Collodion, Frederick Archer, 1851
Before and After Battle Scenes
Shutter Speeds Were Still Too Long to Capture ActionCivil War Photographs Used the Wet Collodian Process
Photography: Halftone PrintingPhotography: Halftone Printing
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Canadian Illustrated News published in Montreal 1869 – 1883 was notable for its innovative use of half-tone photographs
Right is first halftone reproduction photo by William Notman of Queen Victoria's son, Prince Arthur.
Before halftone, pictures prepared by artists and engraved on plates (like line-art – see the picturesque scenes around the News's masthead above Prince Arthur's photo.
William Augustus Leggo
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Halftone printing process
The halftone printing process developed by William Augustus Leggo, a Quebec engraver, who used a screen to produce what he called a "granulated photograph”.
Image broken into dots of varying size that, at a distance, come together with all shades from white to grey to black.
James Clerk Maxwell, 1861: Colour PhotographyJames Clerk Maxwell, 1861: Colour Photography
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Maxwell demonstrated colour photography with 3 black and white photographs, each taken through a red, green, or blue filter.
Photos were turned into lantern slides and projected in registration with the same color filters.
The first colour slide.
This is the "colour separation" method
The first permanent colour photograph, by James Clerk Maxwell in 1861
14“Young Lady with an Umbrella,” 1907 by Louis Lumière
Colour MaterialsColour Materials
Lumiere BrothersLumiere Brothers
Autochrome, 1903
Autochrome Lumière an early colour photography process.
Principal colour photography process in use before the invention of subtractive color film in the mid-1930s.
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English doctor, proposed the use of an emulsion of gelatin and silver bromide on a glass plate; the "dry plate" process sparked invention of motion picture film
Process made amateur photography possible when George Eastman invented cameras with gelatin dry plate films in rolls
Gelatin-Bromide - Richard Maddox, 1871 Gelatin-Bromide - Richard Maddox, 1871
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Motion Studies by Eadweard MuybridgeMotion Studies by Eadweard Muybridge, , 18781878
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George Eastman, 1888George Eastman, 1888
Gelatin-BromideGelatin-Bromide
Eastman introduced $25 (about $500 today) Kodak camera. His jingle "You press the button and we do the rest" 100 pictures included,When photos taken, camera mailed for developing and reloading.
By 1900 cameras were $1 (about $20 today )
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George Eastman George Eastman 18881888
First Kodak Camera.
Left- so easy even a “girl” can use it.
A pretty girl will sell your product and its lifestyle
Holography came from an attempt to improve the electron microscope.
In 1964 after invention of laser holography became commercially available
CNN election coverage Nov 08 included holographic reporters
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First Mass Produced Hologram 1984 on National Geographic1988 National Geographic. The whole cover is a hologram
Holography: Dennis Gabor, 1947
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Early Polaroid Camera
Instant Photography: Edwin Land 1948Instant Photography: Edwin Land 1948
60 second instant photographyCo-founder of PolaroidLater Sony Mavica, 1984
See more on Digital Cameras at:
The 30 Most Important Digital Cameras of All Time
http://www.popphoto.com/gear/2013/10/30-most-important-digital-cameras
First Digital Camera 1975First Digital Camera 1975
Created by Steven Sasson at Eastman Kodak