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Reviewing the types of
historical vaults and Domes
Seccond Lecture
Masonry Construction
March 2013
Invention of masonry vaults and domes are might the most important improvement
in the history of architecture. These elements were important means to overcoming
of limitation of blocks or timbers in covering the wide spans.
One of the oldest example of masonry domes is The Treasure of Atreo also named
Agamemnon’s Tomb was built in in is In 1350 BC at Mycenae, Greece. a conical dome
with 14.6 m diameter and 13.5 m height.it was constructed with stone.
This type of construction was continuing until the industrial revolution which replaced
by the steel and concrete.
Entrance of Treasure of AtreoThe Dome of Treasure of Atreo The Section of Treasure of Atreo
Barrel Vault
Barrel vault is the extrusion of arch along the horizontal axes.
The arch can be semicircular arch or pointed arch.
Barrel Vault
Semi circular barrel vault
Lisbon-Cathedral, Portugal
Pointed barrel vault
Senanque Abbey, France
Tournus Abbey, France
Taq-i Kisra,Iraq
Cross Vault
Cross Vault Is composed of two barrel vaults
The diffusion of forces are along the principle axes of arch surfaces
Cross Vault
Basilica Palladiana, Italy
San Pietro Church, Italy
Peterborough cathedral , England
St. Agnes Church, Poland
Rib vault
The uses of ribs in groin vault were in thought of covering unpleasant finishing in
place of the groin but then they became the necessary element for stiffing the
weakness of the vault.
Ribbed vault is the intersection of two or more barrel vault, which the lines of
crossing thicken, in order to stabilize the connection lines.
different types of vaults with complex geometry are originated from ribs
Stellar vault (star shape pattern)
Force Diffusion cathedral saint John,
Poland
St. Maria Mercado-Spain
Examples of Complex Rib Vaults
Lincoln Cathedral-UkGloucester cathedral-ukHoly cross cathedral-
Germany
Examples of Complex Rib Vaults
Wells Cathedral UK
Fan Vaults
Fan vault is composed of curved ribs with same curvatures which are places
equidistantly, providing a curved shell surface or conoid shape. The ribs joint
together tangentially an form a flat surface between them. The forces
distributions are along the ribs and surface.
Fan Vaults
KING’S COLLEGE CHAPEL, UK Bath cathedral UK ELY CATHEDRAL,UK
Surface Dome
Surface dome: an arch rotates around its vertical ax to form a hemispherical shape .
The loads are transferred through the any vertical inter-section of the dome.
The plan of surface dome is a circle . additional arches, pendentives and squinches are
constructive device which permit the placing of surface domes over a rectangular
room.
Surface Dome Domus Aurea, Italy
Surface Dome Hagia Sophia, Turkey
Pendentive is the triangular segment of the sphere,
taper in end point and expands in top part, allows the
connection between circular part and rectangular base.
Masonry pendentives also are responsible of directing
the loads to the pillars.
Surface Dome Varamin Mosque,Iran
Squinch is the small arch, corbeling
built cross the interior angle between
two walls, filling the corner with vise
placed diagonally to make the square
space, covered by octagonal or
spherical dome.
Ribbed Dome
Consist of hemisphere and ribs which connect infill surface with each other. the loads
are directed along the ribs and infill surfaces.
Ribbed Dome Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza, Italy
Basically the stacked arch dome is composed of series of corbelled arches. The
chains of arches progress from the first line toward the apex. The arches form the
nested arch, which direct the loads along them to the keystone of beneath arch.
Stacked Arch Dome
Stacked Arch Dome Sindone Chapel , Italy
Some Examples of Geometrical Iranian Domes
Yazdi Bandi Dome
Aminodeleh Bazar, Iran Qom Bazar, Iran
Kase Sazi Dome
Emam Hosein Mosque, Iran
Muqarnas Dome
Esfehan Jame Mosque, Iran
Thank You...