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October 2019

HISTORICAL TRIPOS PART I PAPER 17

EUROPEAN HISTORY, 1715-1890

READING LIST 2019-20

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The following reading list covers the main topics of Paper 17 on which questions may be set in the exam. It is not meant to be comprehensive, even in English-language material. On the other hand, you are not expected to read every item on the list! Supervisors will often propose their own emphases and alternative readings, and lecturers may hand out more specialized reading lists at their lectures. Works which will help you to get a sense of the period and may be read in preparation include: Stefan Berger (ed.), A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Europe, 1789-1914 (Oxford, 2006) T. C. W. Blanning (ed.), The Short Oxford History of Europe: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 2000); The Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 2000) T. C. W. Blanning (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of Modern Europe (Oxford, 1997) Richard J. Evans, The Pursuit of Power: Europe 1815-1914 (London, 2016) Paul Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848 (Oxford, 1994) Chris Cook and John Stevenson (eds.), The Routledge Companion to European History since 1763 (Abingdon, 2005) William Doyle, The Old European Order, 2nd edn. (Oxford, 1992) John Merriman, A History of Modern Europe. From the Renaissance to the Present, 2 vols, 2nd edn. (London, 2004) Jonathan Sperber, Revolutionary Europe 1780-1850 (London, 2000) Please tell your lecturers or your supervisor of any suggestions you have for additional readings.

Michaelmas Term [Wednesdays and Fridays at 09:00]

Core Lectures

11 October The Old Regime versus Modernisation (Prof C Clark) 16 October Elites and Governance (Dr A Thompson) This lecture considers the varieties of state structures that existed in eighteenth-century Europe and explores the different ways in which they were governed and some of the mechanisms by which elites were able to retain control. It explores some of the threats to elite control and the contrasting strategies that were used, with varying degrees of success, to meet these challenges. *Jürgen Habermas, The structural transformation of the public sphere (1989) *T.C.W. Blanning, The culture of power and the power of culture (2002) *James Van Horn Melton, The rise of the public in Enlightenment Europe (2001) Peter Burke, The fabrication of Louis XIV (1992) Norbert Elias, The court society (1983) A.G. Dickens, ed., The courts of Europe (1977) Michael Schaich, ed., Monarchy and religion (2007) Andreas Gestrich, “The public sphere and the Habermas debate”, German History, 24 (2006) Anthony J. La Vopa, “Conceiving a public: ideas and society in eighteenth-century Europe”, Journal of Modern History, 64 (1992), pp. 79-116 Keith Michael Baker, “Public opinion as political invention”, in idem, Inventing the French revolution (1990)

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Charles Ingrao, The Habsburg Monarchy (2000) James Collins, The State in early modern France (2009) Simon Dixon, The modernisation of Russia (1999) W.R. Ward, Christianity under the Ancien Regiem (1999) 18 October Enlightenment and its Publics (Dr E Spary) Eighteenth-century authors did not write of “the Enlightenment” as an historical epoch or period, but rather of Enlightenment as a state of learning which commanded considerable credit. Not until the late nineteenth century do we find “the Enlightenment” being identified as a period, and even then, it took several important historical surveys, all in some way a response to the rise of twentieth-century Nazism, to place “the Enlightenment” on the historical map. More recent studies have developed the German historian Jürgen Habermas model of the “public sphere” to search for Enlightenment in many settings, including salons, coffee-houses and Masonic lodges, yielding a rich body of research into the spread of literacy, print, education and improvement around Europe. By following debates about what counted as an enlightened state, we might be able to explore how eighteenth-century readers and authors established credibility, how they sought to police the world of print, and how they aimed to transform society through the application of reason and order to nature and society. But we should not be looking for a single shared programme of Enlightenment across Europe, because definitions of reason, enlightenment and nature varied widely from place to place and individual to individual. What seemed enlightened might not be the same for women or peasants as it was for men or monarchs. i. Approaches Karen O’Brien, “The Return of the Enlightenment”, American Historical Review 115.5 (2010): 1426-35 Dorinda Outram, The Enlightenment, 2nd edn. (Cambridge, 2005) Dan Edelstein, The Enlightenment: A Genealogy (Chicago, 2010) E. C. Spary, Eating the Enlightenment (Chicago, 2012), introduction Michel Foucault, “What is Enlightenment?”, in Paul Rabinow (ed.), The Foucault Reader (London, 1991), pp. 32-50 Roy Porter and Mikulás Teich, eds., The Enlightenment in National Context (Cambridge, 1981) Thomas Broman, “The Habermasian Public Sphere and “Science in the Enlightenment”“, History of Science 36 (1998): 123-49 Richard Butterwick et al., eds., Peripheries of the Enlightenment (Oxford, 2008) Charles Withers, Placing the Enlightenment (Chicago and London, 2007), especially introduction L. W. B. Brockliss, Calvet Web: Enlightenment and the Republic of Letters in Eighteenth Century France (Oxford, 2002), introduction Jonathan Israel, Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1650-1750 (Oxford, 2001) Margaret C. Jacob, Living the Enlightenment: Freemasonry and Politics in Eighteenth- Century Europe (New York and Oxford, 1991) ii. Sourcebooks and readers Margaret C. Jacob, The Enlightenment: A Brief History with Documents (Boston, 2001) John Yolton et al. (eds.), The Blackwell Companion to the Enlightenment (Oxford, 1991) Paul Hyland, ed., The Enlightenment. A Sourcebook and Reader (London and New York, 2003) Isaac Kramnick, The Portable Enlightenment Reader (New York, 1995)

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iii. Canonical sources Ernst Cassirer, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment, new edn. (Princeton, 2009) Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno, Dialectic of Enlightenment, new edn. (Stanford, 2002) Peter Gay, The Enlightenment, 2 vols. (New York and London, 1995-1997) Franco Venturi, Italy and the Enlightenment: Studies in a Cosmopolitan Century (New York, 1972) Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Cambridge, 1989) 23 October Europe and its Colonies (Dr J Mulich) This lecture explores the relations between European states and their links to the colonised world from the early seventeenth century up to the early nineteenth century. Did all European states have the same reasons to colonise? What types of colonies or forms of colonisation existed during the period under study? In what ways did the reasons behind colonisation contribute to shaping the world and its population in specific ways? The lecture seeks to answer these questions by discussing world trade, Atlantic slavery, territorial disputes, and the political transformations influencing the interactions between Europe and the global south in the long eighteenth century. Adelman, Jeremy. “Mimesis and Rivalry: European Empires and Global Regimes,” Journal of Global History 10:1 (2015): 77-98. Armitage, David and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, eds. The Age of Revolutions in Global Context, c. 1760-1840. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Bayly, Christopher. The Birth of the Modern World, 1780-1914: Connections and Comparisons, Oxford: Blackwell, 2004. Beckert, Sven. Empire of Cotton: A Global History. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2014. Benton, Lauren. A Search for Sovereignty: Law and Geography in European Empires, 1400-1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Burbank, Jane and Frederick Cooper. Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010, esp. Chapters 1, 6, 8, 10-11. Bentley, Jerry and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, eds. The Cambridge World History, vol. VI, The construction of the global world, 1400-1800. part 1 (Foundations) and part 2 (Patterns of change). Bethencourt, Francisco and Diogo Ramada Curto, eds., Portuguese oceanic expansion, 1400-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Blackburn, Robin. The Making of New World Slavery: From the Baroque to the Modern, 1492-1800. London: Verso, 1998. Drayton, Richard. “The Globalisation of France: Provincial Cities and French Expansion c.1500-1800”, History of European Ideas, 34.4 (2008): 424-30. Dubois, Laurent, Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004. Ferrer, Ada. Freedom’s Mirror: Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolution. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014. Klooster, Wim and Gert Oostindie. Realm between Empires: The Second Dutch Atlantic, 1680-1815. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2018. Kuethe, Alan and Kenneth Andrien. The Spanish Atlantic World in the Eighteenth Century: War and the Bourbon Reforms, 1713-1796. Mintz, Sidney. Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History. New York: Penguin, 1986. Paquette, Gabriel. Imperial Portugal in the Age of the Atlantic Revolutions: The Luso Brazilian World, 1770-1850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

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Phillips, Carla Rahn. “Europe and the Atlantic”, in Jack P. Greene and Philip D. Morgan (eds.), Atlantic History A Critical Appraisal (Oxford, 2009) Smallwood, Stephanie. Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007. Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, “Holding the World in Balance: The connected histories of the Iberian overseas empires, 1500-1640,” American Historical Review, Dec 2007, Vol.112(5), pp.1359-1385. Ward, Kerry. Networks of Empire: Forced Migration in the Dutch East India Company. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 25 October Industrialisation (Dr N Mora Sitja) By 1900 most of Europe was much more populated and much richer than it had ever been. In the eighteenth and particularly the nineteenth centuries, several European countries underwent economic changes that had no historical precedent, such as demographic growth, urbanisation, industrialisation, and the mechanisation and transformation of the countryside. All these were expressions of a distinct economic epoch: the era of modern economic growth. This lecture will define and explore these transformations, will discuss how to explore the factors that facilitated them, and will evaluate their social, institutional, and political consequences. Aldcroft, D., and Ville, S. (eds.), The European Economy, 1750-1914: A Thematic Approach (Manchester, 1994) Broadberry, S., & O”Rourke, K.H. (eds), The Cambridge Economic History of Europe. Vols 1 and 2 (1700-1870 and 1870-present) (2010). Sylla, R., and Toniolo, G., Patterns of European Industrialization (1991) Berend, Ivan, An Economic History of Nineteenth-Century Europe. Diversity and Industrialization (2012) Pollard, S., “Industrialization and the European Economy”, Economic History Review, 26, 4 (1973), pp. 636-648 Pollard, S., Typology of Industrialization Processes in the Nineteenth Century (2002) Trebilcock, C., The Industrialization of the Continental Powers, 1780-1914 (1981) O”Brien, P.K (1986), “Do we have a typology for the study of European industrialisation in the XIXth century?”, Journal of European Economic History, 15, pp. 291-333. Landes, David, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present (London, 1969) Kander, A., Malanima, P., & Warde, P., Power to the people. Energy in Europe over the last five centuries (2013), Chapters 5-7 O”Brien, P. (ed.), Railways and the Economic Development of Western Europe, 1830-1914 (London, 1983) Teich, M., and Porter, R., (eds.), The Industrial Revolution in National Context: Europe and the USA (Cambridge, 1996) Cameron, R., (ed), Banking in the Early Stages of Industrialization: A Study in Comparative Economic History (New York, 1967) Zamagni, Vera, An Economic Hisotry of Europe since 1700 (2017), Chapters 5, 7, and 8 30 October Religion and Society in the Eighteenth Century (Prof C Clark) Religion has often been seen as increasingly irrelevant to eighteenth-century European life. At an intellectual level, the challenges posed by enlightened thinkers were profound, questioning the validity of sacred texts and the validity of miracles. Yet, arguably, Europe remained a continent where religion was vitally important at both local and political level. This lecture looks at the ways in which religious figures were able to meet enlightened challenges and also discusses the

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importance of religious revival. It looks at the ways in which Protestantism and Catholicism continued to shape identities and how useful the Church was for the state. By looking at the differing ways in which church-state relations worked in Josephine Austria and Georgian Britain, it is possible to think about questions of secularization. Finally, the lecture looks at how religious issues remained crucial during the 1790s and the impact that revolutionary ideas had on the church, both institutionally and intellectually. W. R. Ward, Christianity Under the Ancien Régime, 1648-1789 (Cambridge, 1999) R. Po-Chia Hsia, The World of Catholic Renewal 1540-1770 (Cambridge, 1998) W. R. Ward, The Protestant Evangelical Awakening (Cambridge, 1985) John McManners, Church and Society in 18th-Century France (Oxford, 1998) John McManners, Death and Enlightenment: Changing Attitudes to Death Among Christians and Unbelievers in Eighteenth-Century France (Oxford, 1985) R. Gawthrop, Pietism and the Making of 18th-Century Prussia (Cambridge, 1993) Hugh McLeod, Religion and the People of Western Europe, 2nd edn. (Oxford, 1997) T. C. W. Blanning, “The Role of Religion in Counter-Revolution 1789-1815” in D. E. D. Beales and G. Best (eds.), History, Society and the Churches (Cambridge, 1985), pp. 195-214 Hugh McLeod (ed.), European Religion in the Age of the Great Cities (London, 1994) Nigel Aston (ed.), Religious Change in Europe 1650-1914 (Oxford, 1997) Nigel Aston, Christianity and Revolutionary Europe, c.1750-1830 (Cambridge, 2002) Nigel Aston, Art and Religion in Eighteenth-Century Europe (London, 2009) Owen Chadwick, The Secularisation of the European Mind (reissue: Cambridge, 1990) H. McLeod, Secularisation in Western Europe, 1848-1914 (Houndmills, 2000) Michael Schaich (ed.), Monarchy and Religion. The Transformation of Royal Culture in Eighteenth-Century Europe (Oxford, 2007) Michael Burleigh, Earthly Powers. Religion and Politics in Europe From the French Revolution to the Great War (London, 2006) Michael J. Sauter, Visions of the Enlightenment. The Edict on Religion of 1788 and the Politics of the Public Sphere in Eighteenth-Century Prussia (Leiden, 2009) Christopher Clark and Wolfram Kaiser, Culture Wars. Catholic-Secular Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Europe (Cambridge, 2003) Owen Chadwick, A History of the Popes 1830-1914 (Oxford, 1998) 1 November Revolutions (Dr E Spary) Revolutions are a characteristic feature of the period covered by the course, from the French Revolutions of 1789 and 1830 via the pan-European 1848 revolutions to the Commune of 1871. The revolution as a form of modern political culture would continue into the 20th century with the Russian Revolution. Historians have also applied the name to designate any abrupt change of government in science, industry and the colonial world. Yet recent historiography has cast doubt on the large claims lying behind the rhetoric of revolution. This lecture examines why the concept of “a revolution” proved so useful to both historical actors and historians themselves, asking what differentiated a revolution from a revolt, uprising or coup. The French Revolution marked a sudden change in the very definition of a “revolution”, from a recurring historical phenomenon governed by fortune to an orchestrated and self-conscious replacement of one regime with another. Borrowing from the American Revolution of 1776-78, the 1789 revolution itself provided a symbolic template for subsequent attempts to overturn or seize political authority in the context of the emergence of nationalism and the middle classes across Europe.

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Mathieu Robitaille, “The French Revolution and the Discourse of Change in Restoration France and Post-1815 England”, Past Imperfect, 15 (2009): 399-441 Kurt Weyland, “The Diffusion of Revolution: “1848” in Europe and Latin America”, International Organization 63.3 (2009): 391-423 Keith Michael Baker, “Inventing the French Revolution”, in id., Inventing the French Revolution (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 203-223 Jonathan Sperber, Revolutionary Europe, 1780-1850 (Harlow, 2000) Roy Porter and Mikulas Teich, eds., Revolution in History (Cambridge, 1986) R. R. Palmer, The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760-1800, 2 vols (Princeton, 1959-1964) Jonathan Sperber, The European Revolutions, 1848-1851 (Cambridge, 1994) M. Rapport, “1848: European Revolutions”, in B. Isakhan and S. Stockwell (eds.), The Edinburgh Companion to the History of Democracy (Edinburgh, 2012), pp. 282-92 Dieter Dowe, et al., eds., Europe in 1848: Revolution and Reform (New York, 2001) Peter Browning, Revolutions and Nationalities: Europe, 1825-90. (Cambridge, 2000) E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution 1789-1848 (London, 1962) Albert Boime, Art in an Age of Counter-Revolution, 1815-1848 (Chicago, 2004), esp. chapters on the July Revolution

Franc ois Furet and Mona Ozouf, eds., The Transformation of Political Culture 1789-1848 (Oxford, 1989), pp. 489-503 Paul Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848 (Oxford, 1994) 6 November Disease, Deviance and Death (Dr H Jahn) Death, disease, and deviance have their own histories, they can be studied by historians and they help to reveal state policies as well as attitudes, values, world views and beliefs held by individual people, but also entire societies in the past. Death, disease and deviance are closely related to concepts of modernization, progress and power. For centuries they have served as gauges for defining levels of civilization, culture, and social order. This lecture will trace some of the changes in health care, state policing, social control and institution building that distinguished the 18th and 19th centuries from earlier periods. Philippe Ariès, The Hour of Our Death (New York, 1981) Philippe Ariès, Western Attitudes Toward Death (Baltimore, 1974) Laura Engelstein, The Keys to Happiness. Sex and the Search for Modernity in Fin-de-Siècle Russia (Ithaca and London, 1992) Richard Evans, Rituals of Retribution. Capital Punishment in Germany, 1600-1987 (Oxford, 1996) Arlette Farge, Fragile Lives. Violence, Power and Solidarity in Eighteenth-Century Paris (Cambridge, 1993) Stephen Frank, Crime, Cultural Conflict, and Justice in Rural Russia, 1856-1914 (Berkeley, 1999) Hubertus Jahn, Armes Russland: Bettler und Notleidende in der russischen Geschichte vom Mittelalter bis in die Gegenwart (Paderborn, 2010) Thomas Kselman, Death and Afterlife in Modern France (Princeton, 1993) Adele Lindenmeyr, Poverty is not a Vice. Charity, Society, and the State in Imperial Russia (Princeton, 1996) John Merriman, The Margins of City Life. Explorations on the French Urban Frontier, 1815-1851 (Oxford, 1991) Georges Minois, History of Suicide. Voluntary Death in Western Culture (Baltimore, 1999) Susan Morrissey, Suicide and the Body Politic in Imperial Russia (Cambridge, 2007)

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Joan Neuberger, Hooliganism. Crime, Culture, and Power in St. Petersburg, 1900-1914 (Berkeley, 1993) William Pencak, “Foucault Stoned: Reconsidering Insanity, and History”, Rethinking History 1 (1997): 34-55 Marc Raeff, The Well-Ordered Police State. Social and Institutional Change Through Law in the Germanies and Russia, 1600-1800 (Ithaca, 1983) David Ransel, Mothers of Misery. Child Abandonment in Russia (Princeton, 1988) Sandra Sherman, Imagining Poverty: Quantification and the Decline of Paternalism (Columbus, 2001)

Survey Lectures 8 November European Mobility (Prof W O’Reilly) Between 1500 and 1800, an estimated 1.5 million western and central Europeans departed the European continent to establish life overseas, predominantly in the Americas. While this number is relatively small when compared with the estimated 12 million Africans who crossed the Atlantic before 1866, some voluntarily and the vast majority in a state of enslavement, the demographic impact of this European migration was particularly profound in parts of western and central Europe just as it was in parts of continental America, where the population of European colonists quadrupled between 1700 and 1800 while the proportion of indigenous Americans decreased from 85 percent to 15 percent. The age of mass migrations of Europeans only started in the 18th century and had long-lasting effects on the continent thereafter, helping to set in train the steam-powered migrations of the 19th century. This bibliography is selective –literature on this subject is substantial– and will provide more recently published materials on migrations from and within Europe. More recent research on so-called religious diasporas or the migrations of specific ethnic groups makes evident that attributions such as ‘religious diaspora’ or ‘French migration’ can be problematic, as most of these migrating groups were more heterogeneous than previous scholarship might have suggested. This lecture will consider the causes and effects of emigration from Europe as well as migration within Europe in the 18th century. The question of mobility retains a central position in migration scholarship. In fact the so-called “mobility turn” had been keeping migration scholarship in its grip for more than a decade. As critical scholars of mobility underline, one of the main problems with the concept of mobility is that it is a slippery concept in analyzing migration and migrants’ dynamics. The nation-state often occupies a central role in defining and institutionalizing what counts as mobility and what kinds of mobilities are rendered invisible. Not every mobile person is designated as a “migrant” (e.g expatriots) and there are many people designated as migrants who had not moved from anywhere to anywhere (e.g the so-called third generation migrants). This lecture considers mobility both within and without continental Europe in the period before, and after, the advent of bureaucracy and the formalisation of passporting, considering further how states came to define strangers and citizens.

Ida Altman, and James Horn (eds.), “To Make America”: European Emigration in the Early Modern Period. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. A. Aronowitz, Human Trafficking, Human Misery: The Global Trade in Human Beings, (Praeger Publishers: Westport, CT), 2009. Jeff Bach, “The Ephrata Community in the Atlantic World.” In Protestant Communalism in the Trans-Atlantic World, 1650–1850. Edited by Philip Lockley, 39–66. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. Klaus J. Bade, Pieter C. Emmer, Leo Lucassen and Jochen Oltmer (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Migration and Minorities in Europe: From the 17th Century to the Present, Cambridge U.P., 2011.

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Bernard Bailyn, Voyagers to the West: A Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution. New York, Knopf, 1986. Ira Berlin, Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2003. Caroline Brettell, Anthropology and Migration. Essays on Transnationalism, Ethnicity, and Identity. Walnut Creek, CA, and Oxford, AltaMira, 2003. Nicholas Canny (ed.), Europeans on the Move: Studies on European Migration, 1500–1800, Oxford: Clarendon, 1994. Leslie Choquette, Frenchmen into Peasants: Modernity and Tradition in the Peopling of French Canada. Harvard Historical Studies. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1997. James Clifford “Diasporas.” Current Anthropology 9.3 (1994), pp.302–338. D’Maris Coffman, Adrian Leonard and William O’Reilly (eds.), Atlantic History, Routledge (2015). Robin Cohen, (ed.), The Cambridge Survey of World Migration. Cambridge, UK, and New York, Cambridge University Press, 1995. idem., Global Diasporas. An Introduction. Global Diasporas. Seattle, University of Washington Press, 1997. Horst Dippel, Horst. Germany and the American Revolution, 1770 1800: A Sociohistorical Investigation of Late Eighteenth Century Political Thinking. Translated by Bernhard A. Uhlendorf. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1977. P.C. Emmer and Magnus Mörner (eds.), European Expansion and Migration: Essays on the Intercontinental Migration from Africa, Asia and Europe, Berg, New York (1992). Idem., The Dutch in the Atlantic Economy, 1580–1880: Trade, Slavery and Emancipation. Variorum Collected Studies series. Aldershot, UK, and Brookfield, VT, Ashgate, 1998. Gil S. Epstein, “Herd and Network Effects in Migration Decision-Making” in Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 34:4 (2008) pp. 568-77. Aaron S. Fogleman, Hopeful Journeys: German Immigration, Settlement, and Political Culture in Colonial America, 1717–1775. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996. Donna R. Gabaccia, “Time and Temporality in Migration Studies” in Caroline Brettell, James Hollifield, (eds.), Migration Theory: Talking Across Disciplines Routledge, 2015, pp.37-65. Michelle Gillespie, and Robert Beachy (eds.), Pious Pursuits: German Moravians in the Atlantic World. Oxford, Berghahn Books, 2007. Hans Jürgen Grabbe, Vor der grossen Flut: die europäische Migration in die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, 1783-1820 Stuttgart, Steiner, 2001. Mark Häberlein, “Overseas Migration and Identity in the Early Modern Era: The Case of Central Europe.” In Global Encounters, European Identities. Edited by Mary N. Harris, Anna Agnarsdóttir, and Csaba Lévai, 107–117. Pisa, Italy: Edizioni Plus—Pisa University Press, 2010. Tim Hatton & Geoffrey Williamson, Migration & The International Labour Market London, Routledge, 1994. N. Van Hear, “Managing Mobility for Human Migration: The Growing Science of Mixed Migration” Human Development Research Paper, UNDP, New York, 2009. Dirk Hoerder, Cultures in Contact: World Migrations in the Second Millennium. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002. Jonathan I. Israel, Diasporas within a Diaspora: Jews, Crypto-Jews and the World Maritime Empires (1540–1740). Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston, Brill, 2002. John Fenwick Jones, The Georgia Dutch: From the Rhine and Danube to the Savannah, 1733–1783. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992. Richard L. Kagan, and Philip D. Morgan (eds.), Atlantic Diasporas. Jews, Conversos, and Crypto-Jews in the Age of Mercantilism, 1500–1800. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. Herbert S. Klein, Stanley L. Engerman, Robin Haines, and Ralph Shlomowitz. “Transoceanic Mortality: The Slave Trade in Comparative Perspective.” William and Mary Quarterly 53.1 (2001), pp.93–118.

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Anna Lindley (ed.), Crisis and Migration: Critical Perspectives, Routledge, 2014, esp. ch.1, Anna Lindley, “Exploring crisis and migration; concepts and issues”. Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen (eds.), Migration, Migration History, History: Old Paradigms and New Perspectives, International and Comparative Social History, Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang, 1997. Jürg Luterbacher, Daniel Dietrich, Elena Xoplaki, Martin Grosjean, Heinz Wanner, “European Seasonal and Annual Temperature Variability, Trends, and Extremes Since 1500” in Science 303:5663, Mar.2004. Douglas Massey, “Why does migration occur? A theoretical synthesis”, in Charles Hirschman, Josh DeWind, Philip Kasinitz, (eds.), The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience New York, Russell Sage, 1999, pp.43-52. Leslie Page Moch, Moving Europeans: Migration in Western Europe since 1650. 2d ed. Interdisciplinary Studies in History. Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 2003. William O’Reilly, William. “Emigration from the Habsburg Monarchy and Salzburg to the New World, 1700–1848.” Wiener Zeitschrift zur Geschichte der Neuzeit 5 (2005), pp.7–20. Idem., “The Movement of People in the Atlantic World: 1450-1850”, in Nicholas Canny and Philip Morgan (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Atlantic World, 1450-1850, Oxford University Press, 2012, pp. 305-23. Idem., “Non-Knowledge and Decision Making: The Challenge for the Historian”, in Cornel Zwierlein (ed.), The Dark Side of Knowledge. Histories of Ignorance, 1400-1800, Brill, Leiden (2016), pp. 397-420. Idem., “’Strangers come to Devour the Land’: Changing Views of Foreign Migrants in early Eighteenth-century England”, Journal of Early Modern History, vol. 21, n. 3 (2017), pp. 153-187. Idem., “Working for the Crown: German Migrants and Britain’s Commercial Success in the Early Eighteenth-Century American Colonies”, Journal of Modern European History, vol. 15, n. 1 (2017), pp. 130-156. Jan Stievermann and Oliver Scheiding (eds.), A Peculiar Mixture: German-Language Cultures and Identities in Eighteenth-Century North America, University Park, Pennsylvania State University Press, 2013. Alex Storozynski, The Peasant Prince: Thaddeus Kosciuszko and the Age of Revolution. New York, Thomas Dunne, 2009. Hubert Van Houtte, “American Commercial Conditions, and Negotiations with Austria, 1783–1786.” American Historical Review 16.3 (1911), pp.567–578. Bertrand Van Ruymbeke, From New Babylon to Eden: The Huguenots and Their Migration to Colonial South Carolina. Carolina Lowcountry and the Atlantic World. Columbia, University of South Carolina Press, 2006. Randolph Vigne, and Charles Littleton (eds.), From Strangers to Citizens: The Integration of Immigrant Communities in Britain, Ireland, and Colonial America, 1550–1750, Sussex Academic Press, 2001. Allan Williams and Vladimír Baláž, Migration, Risk, and Uncertainty: Theoretical Perspectives. Population, Space and Place, vol. 18, n. 2, (2012), pp. 167-180. Marianne Wokeck, “German Immigration to Colonial America: Prototype of a Transatlantic Mass Migration”, Frank Trommler, Joseph McVeigh, eds., America and the Germans an Assessment of a Three Hundred Year History [2 vols.] Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985, pp. 3-13. Eadem., Trade in Strangers: The Beginnings of Mass-Migration to North America Penn State University Press, Uni. Park, PA, 1999. Tara Zahra, The Great Departure: Mass Migration from Eastern Europe and the Making of the Free World, W.W. Norton, 2016.

In addition, publications in the following scholarly journals may prove useful: Atlantic Studies: Literary, Cultural and Historical Perspectives. Immigrants and Minorities.

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International Migration Review. Itinerario: International Journal on the History of European Expansion and Global Interaction. 13 November Russia and the West in the Eighteenth Century (Dr H Jahn) Russia relationship with the west has a long and protracted history, which goes well beyond diplomatic contacts, trade and wars. From the early eighteenth century, western cultural forms and institutions were introduced on a large scale. They became standards of civilization and precondition for state service in Russia and eventually served as focal points of a nascent national identity. This lecture discusses some of the key reforms and changes (and the reactions to them) from the times of Peter the Great to around 1800. It looks at the role of the nobility in these processes, the emergence of an educated elite who, under the influences of European romanticism and sentimentalism, began to shape a peculiar Russian national culture. John T. Alexander, Catherine the Great. Life and Legend (Oxford, 1989) Isaiah Berlin, Russian Thinkers (New York, 1978) Julie Buckler, Mapping St. Petersburg: Imperial Text and Cityshape (Princeton, 2005) James Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture (Chicago and London, 1988) James Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Culture (Cambridge, Mass., 2004) Lindsey Hughes, Russia in the Age of Peter the Great (New Haven and London, 1998)

Hans Lemberg, Die nationale Gedankenwelt der Dekabristen (Koln and Graz, 1963) Iurii Lotman, The Semiotics of Russian Cultural History (Ithaca 1985) Isabel de Madariaga, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great (London, 1981) Martin Malia, Alexander Herzen and the Birth of Russian Socialism (Cambridge, Mass., 1961) Anatole G. Mazour, The First Russian Revolution, 1825. The Decembrist Movement, 2nd edn. (Stanford, 1961) Catriona Kelly and David Shepherd (eds.), Constructing Russian Culture in the Age of Revolution: 1881-1940 (Oxford,1998) Marc Raeff, The Decembrist Movement (Englewood Cliffs, 1966) Marc Raeff, Origins of the Russian Intelligentsia. The Eighteenth-Century Nobility (New York, 1966) Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825-1855 (Berkeley, 1959) Hans Rogger, National Consciousness in Eighteenth-Century Russia (Cambridge, Mass.,1960) Theofanis Stavrou (ed.), Art and Culture in Nineteenth-Century Russia (Bloomington, 1983) Franco Venturi, Roots of Revolution (London, 1961) Andrzej Walicki, A History of Russian Thought. From the Enlightenment to Marxism (Stanford, 1979) Andrzej Walicki, The Slavophile Controversy. History of a Conservative Utopia in Nineteenth Century Russian Thought (Oxford, 1975) Richard Wortman, Scenarios of Power. Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, 2 vols. (Princeton, 2000) 15 November The End of the Old Regime in France (Dr E Spary) To talk about the “end” of an Old Regime is to see the French Revolution as an inevitable product of the failings of eighteenth-century French society. However, the factors that combined to bring about the events of the late 1780s were many, and their outcome never predetermined. Both the excitement of the successful American Revolution and the French Crown’s fiscal system since the 1720s played key roles. Many other factors appeared to destabilise monarchical authority, but in fact were experienced in other European states. In this lecture I argue that the end of the Old Regime and the collapse of monarchical authority were separate events; the calling of the Estates General was the accidental consequence of an attempt to circumvent parlementaire opposition to Royal revenue-raising in the wake of the American war, and that

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France, far from being a country mired in elite corruption and legitimate social grievance, was in fact one of the most successful industrial and colonial powers by the late 18th century, with an elite which was dominated by enterprising and articulate reformers. William Beik, A Social and Cultural History of Early Modern France (Cambridge, 2009) James B. Collins, The State in Early Modern France, 2nd edn. (Cambridge, 2009), Chapters 4-8 Keith Michael Baker, Inventing the French Revolution: Essays on French Political Culture in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, 1990) Colin Jones, The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon (London, 2003), Chapters 5-8 William Doyle, The Origins of the French Revolution, 3rd edn (Oxford, 1999), part II Daniel Roche, France in the Enlightenment (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1998) Roger Chartier, The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution (Durham and London, 1991) French Caricature and the French Revolution, 1789-1799 (Chicago, 1988) Henry C. Clark, Compass of Society: Commerce and Absolutism in Old-Regime France (2007). John F. Bosher, French Finances 1770-1795: From Business to Bureaucracy (Cambridge, 1970) Thomas E. Kaiser and Dale Van Kley, eds., From Deficit to Deluge: The Origins of the French Revolution (Stanford, 2011) William Doyle, Aristocracy and its Enemies in the Age of Revolution (Oxford, 2009), Chapters 1-2, 5-6 John Shovlin, The Political Economy of Virtue: Luxury, Patriotism, and the Origins of the French Revolution (Ithaca and London, 2006) Sarah Maza, The Myth of the French Bourgeoisie: An Essay on the Social Imaginary 1750-1850 (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 2003) Gail Bossenga, “A Divided Nobility: Status, Markets, and the Patrimonial State in the Old Regime”, in Jay M. Smith, ed., The French Nobility in the Eighteenth Century: Reassessments and New Approaches (University Park, Penn., 2006), pp. 43-76. Michael Kwass, “A Kingdom of Taxpayers: State Formation, Privilege, and Political Culture in Eighteenth-Century France”, Journal of Modern History, 70 (1998): 295-339 20 November Enlightened Absolutism (Dr W O’Reilly)

“Only one ruler in the world says: Argue as much as you like and about whatever you like, but obey!” – Immanuel Kant on Frederick the Great (1784).

The term “Enlightened Absolutism” was coined in the mid-nineteenth century by the historian Wilhelm Roscher to describe elements of the domestic policy pursued by a number of rulers of the major states between 1760 and 1790, notably Frederick II of Prussia, Joseph II of Austria and Catherine II of Russia, as well as several European monarchs. The concept of enlightened absolutism ascribes noble motives to a number of eighteenth-century monarchs who carried out (or at least attempted) major reforms in their territories. They are said to have been inspired by Enlightenment ideas about the dignity of man and natural law to rule in the interests of their subjects through the application of reason. However, some historians have argued that enlightened ideas were used as a smokescreen to hide the real reason for reform: the need to strengthen the military, often in order to wage wars of aggression. As we shall see, this interpretation is inexact; many of the most notable reforms were in areas that had little to do with military strength. It is important to note the influence of Cameralism, which encouraged reforms as a means of strengthening the state. While this eminently bureaucratic ideology demanded rulers should serve the state rather than vice versa, it also regarded happy and prosperous subjects as a means to an end, rather than an end in themselves.

i. Primary sources Immanuel Kant, Political Writings, ed. H.S. Reiss, 1991

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Immanuel Kant, “An answer to the question: “What is Enlightenment?””, in Kant, Political Writings, tr. H. B. Nisbet, ed. Hans Reiss, 2nd edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991) Voltaire, Ed. Williams, David, Political Writings, 1994

ii. Secondary Sources George Barany,“The Age of Royal Absolutism, 1790-1848” in A History of Hungary, Ed. Sugar, Peter F., Hanák, Péter and Frank, Tibor, 1994 Derek Beales, Enlightenment and Reform in Eighteenth Century Europe, 2005 Derek Beales, Philosophical Kingship and Enlightened Despotism in The Cambridge History of Eighteenth Century Political Thought, ed. Wokler, Robert and Goldie, Mark, 2006 T.C.W. Blanning, The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe, 1660-1789, 2002 T.C.W. Blanning, “Frederick the Great and Enlightened Absolutism” in Enlightened Absolutism: Reform and Reformers in Later Eighteenth Century Europe, 1990, pp. 267-270, 2006 T.C.W. Blanning, Revolution and Reform in Mainz, 1743-1803, 1974 R.J.W. Evans, Austria, Hungary and the Habsburgs: Essays on Central Europe, c. 1683-1867, 2006 R.J.W. Evans, “Joseph II and Nationality in the Habsburg Lands” in Enlightened Absolutism: Reform and Reformers in Later Eighteenth Century Europe, 1990 R.J.W. Evans, “Maria Theresa and Hungary” in Enlightened Absolutism: Reform and Reformers in Later Eighteenth Century Europe, 1990 Michel Foucault, “What is Enlightenment?”, trans. Porter, Catherine, in The Foucault Reader, ed. Paul Rabinow, 1984 Horst Haselsteiner, “Cooperation and Confrontation between Rulers and the Noble Estates, 1711-1790”, in A History of Hungary, Ed. Sugar, Peter F., Hanák, Péter and Frank, Tibor, 1994 Jonathan Israel, Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650-1750, 2001 Neil Kent, A Concise History of Sweden, 2008 Grete Klingenstein, “Revisions of enlightened absolutism: “The Austrian monarchy is like no other””, in The Historical Journal 33 A. Lentin, Enlightened Absolutism (1760-1790): A Documentary Sourcebook, 1985 Isabel de Madariaga, “Catherine the Great”, in Enlightened Absolutism: Reform and Reformers in Later 18th Century Europe, Ed. H.M. Scott, 1990 Thomas Munck, “The Danish Reformers”, in Enlightened Absolutism: Reform and Reformers in Later Eighteenth Century Europe, 1990 Kenneth Maxwell, Pombal: Paradox of the Enlightenment, 1995 D. Outram, The Enlightenment, 1995 Marie-Christine Skuncke, “Jean-Jacques Rousseau in Swedish eyes around 1760”, in Peripheries of the Enlightenment, Ed. Richard Butterick, Simon Davies, Gabriel Sánchez Espinosa, 2009 H.M. Scott, “A Habsburg for the New Century”, in The Historical Journal, 53:1 H.M. Scott, “The Problem of Enlightened Absolutism”, in Enlightened Absolutism: Reform and Reformers in Later Eighteenth Century Europe, 1990 Keith Tribe, “Cameralism and the sciences of the state”, in Enlightened Absolutism: Reform and Reformers in Later Eighteenth Century Europe, 1990 22 November Proto-industrialisation and Consumption (Dr E Spary) Louis XV inherited from his predecessor a form of royal sovereignty centred on display, ostentation and ritual, which stood out among early modern European court culture for its explicit deployment of courtly consumption to display royal power. By the 1770s, however, courtly ostentation was being attacked as a mark of corruption, and even the new monarch, Louis XVI, and his consort, Marie-Antoinette, embraced modest lifestyles and moderated the ritualised excesses associated with Versailles. Underlying this shift was a transformation in the relationship between luxury and power: formerly a mark of political authority, luxury increasingly

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signified only personal spending power and therefore social status. These changes accompanied the rise of fashions in dress, diet and other aspects of lifestyle which historians have described as a “consumer revolution” typical of 18th-century Europe as a whole, and demonstrable through studies of commerce and household possessions. The European programme of colonialism in the 18th and 19th centuries was partly driven by new fashions of consumption in European nations, although imported goods had different meanings in maritime and landlocked states, as the example of coffee shows. Mimi Hellman, “Furniture, sociability, and the work of leisure in eighteenth-century France”, Eighteenth-Century Studies 32 (1999): 415-45. Maxine Berg and Elizabeth Eger (eds.), Luxury in the Eighteenth Century: Debates, Desires and Delectable Goods (Basingstoke, 2003), especially introduction Daniel Roche, A History of Everyday Things. The Birth of Consumption in France, 1600-1800 (Cambridge, 2000) Sheryl Kroen, “A Political History of the Consumer”, Historical Journal, 47.3 (2004): 709-36 Anne Gerritsen, “Material Culture and the Other: European Encounters with Chinese Porcelain, ca. 1650-1800”, Journal of World History 23.1 (2012): 87-113 Cissie Fairchilds, “The Production and Marketing of Populuxe Goods in Eighteenth-Century Paris”, in John Brewer and Roy Porter (eds.), Consumption and the World of Goods (London and New York, 1992), pp. 228-48 Id., “Fashion and Freedom in the French Revolution”, Continuity and Change 15.3 (2000), 419-33. Natacha Coquery, “The Language of Success”, Journal of Design History, 17.1 (2004): 71-89 Aileen Ribeiro, The Art of Dress: Fashion in England and France, 1750 to 1820 (New Haven, 1995) Michael Kwass, “Big Hair: A Wig History of Consumption in Eighteenth-Century France”, American Historical Review, 111.3 (2006): 630-59 John Shovlin, “The Cultural Politics of Luxury in Eighteenth-Century France”, French Historical Studies 23.4 (2000): 577-606 Rebecca Lee Spang, The Invention of the Restaurant: Paris and Modern Gastronomic Culture (Cambridge , Mass. and London, 2000) Sara Pennell, “Consumption and Consumerism in Early Modern England”, Historical Journal, 42.2 (1999): 549-64 T. H. Breen, ““Baubles of Britain”: The American and Consumer Revolutions of the Eighteenth Century”, Past and Present, 119 (1988): 73-104 Paula Findlen, ed., Early Modern Things: Objects and Their Histories, 1500-1800 (London, 2012), especially Introduction, Chapters 4, 5, 13, and Epilogue Anne E. McCants, “Exotic Goods, Popular Consumption, and the Standard of Living: Thinking About Globalization in the Early Modern World”, Journal of World History, 18.4 (2007): 433-62 Id., “Poor Consumers as Global Consumers: The Diffusion of Tea and Coffee Drinking in the Eighteenth Century”, Economic History Review, 61 (2008): 172-200 Jennifer M. Jones, Sexing La Mode. Gender, Fashion and Commercial Culture in Old Regime France (Oxford, 2004) Shelagh Ogilvie, “Consumption, Social Capital, and the “Industrious Revolution” in Early Modern Germany”, Journal of Economic History, 70.2 (2010): 287-325 Michael North, “Material Delight and the Joy of Living”. Cultural Consumption in the Age of Enlightenment in Germany (Aldershot, 2008) Ragnhild Hutchison, “Bites, Nibbles, Sips and Puffs: New Exotic Goods in Norway in the 18th and the First Half of the 19th Century”, Scandinavian Journal of History, 36.2 (2011): 156-85 Klas Ronnback, “An Early Modern Consumer Revolution in the Baltic?”, Scandinavian Journal of History, 35.2 (2010): 177-97

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Jan Hein Furnée and Clé Lesger (eds.), The Landscape of Consumption: Shopping Streets and Cultures in Western Europe, 1600-1900 (Basingstoke, 2014), esp. Chapters 4-7 27 November The Invention of Ideology (Dr C Meckstroth) Classical and early modern political thought had largely ignored issues of economics and commerce. But by the eighteenth century it had become increasingly clear to many rulers that the success of modern states depended upon their ability to harness the power of commerce to finance their aims. This fuelled the rise of new schools of economic thought intimately bound up with the process of state-building and projects of enlightened reform, including the first school of selfproclaimed “economists”, the French Physiocrats, during the second half of the eighteenth century. But the French Revolution dramatically altered the stakes of these projects, and by the early nineteenth century economic theories were also appropriated by critics of existing states, such as Fourier and Saint-Simon, to offer up more radical reform projects of “socialism” and “industrialism”. These early French socialisms then went on to influence radical thinkers across Europe, including Karl Marx, who blended socialist ideas with post-Hegelian philosophy in his own unique contribution to the burgeoning, transnational radical-democratic movement of the 1840s that would crest and break with the revolutions of 1848. Political ideologies as disparate as Communism and laissez-faire liberalism all find their roots in this same train of developments, centered in Paris in the half-centuries on either side of the outbreak of the Revolution. i. Physiocracy T. J. Hochstrasser, “Physiocracy and the Politics of Laissez-faire,” in Mark Goldie and Robert Wokler (eds.), The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought (Cambridge, 2006), pp. 419-442 P. M. Jones, Reform and Revolution in France: The Politics of Transition, 1774–1791 (Cambridge, 1995), chapter 4: “Reformers and the Reform Constituency”, pp. 107-138 David McNally, Political Economy and the Rise of Capitalism: A Reinterpretation (Berkeley, 1988), chapter 3, “The Paradox of the Physiocrats: State-Building and Agrarian Capitalism in Eighteenth-Century France”, pp. 85-151 John Shovlin, The Political Economy of Virtue: Luxury, Patriotism, and the Origins of the French Revolution (Ithaca, NY, 2006), chapter 3, “Regenerating the Patrie: Agronomists, Tax Reformers, and Physiocrats,” pp. 80-117 Michael Sonenscher, Before the Deluge: Public Debt, Inequality, and the Intellectual Origins of the French Revolution (Princeton, NJ, 2007), “Physiocracy, or The Natural and Essential Order of Political Societies”, pp. 189-22, and “Turgot,” pp. 281-290 Richard Whatmore, Republicanism and the French Revolution: An Intellectual History of JeanBaptiste Say’s Political Economy (Oxford, 2000), “The Political Economy of French Decline”, pp. 37-60, and “Neo-Physiocracy” and “Turgot and L’Organisation Sociale”, pp. 61-65 ii. Early Socialism

Keith Michael Baker, “Closing the French Revolution: Saint-Simon and Comte”, in Francois Furet and Mona Ozouf (eds), The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture, volume III: The Transformation of Political Culture 1789-1848 (Oxford, 1989), pp. 323-39 Jonathan Beecher, Charles Fourier: The Visionary and his World (London, 1986) Gregory Claeys, “Non-Marxian Socialism 1815-1914”, in Gareth Stedman Jones and Gregory Claeys (eds.), The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Political Thought (Cambridge, 2011), pp. 521-555 David Leopold, “Education and Utopia: Robert Owen and Charles Fourier”, Oxford Review of Education 37 (2011), 619-635

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Gareth Stedman Jones, “Saint Simon and the Liberal Origins of the Socialist Critique of Political Economy” in Sylvie Aprile and Fabrice Bensimon (eds), La France et l’Angleterre au XIXe siècle. Échanges, représentations, comparaisons (Grâne, 2006), pp. 21-47 Keith Taylor, The Political Ideas of the Utopian Socialists (Milton Park, 1982) Robert Wokler, “Saint-Simon and the Passage from Political to Social Science”, in Anthony Pagden (ed.), The Languages of Political Theory in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 323-38 iii. Marx and Early Marxism Terrell Carver, “The Manifesto in Marx’s and Engels’s Lifetimes,” in Terrell Carver and James Farr (eds), The Cambridge Companion to the Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, 2015), pp. 6784 Lucio Coletti, “Introduction” to Karl Marx, Early Writings (London, 1975), pp. 7-56 David McLellan, Marx before Marxism (Harmondsworth, 1970), pp. 134-282 Gareth Stedman Jones, “Introduction” to The Communist Manifesto, ed. Gareth Stedman Jones (London, 2002) Gareth Stedman Jones, “The Young Hegelians, Marx and Engels”, in The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Political Thought (Cambridge, 2011), pp. 556-600 David Leopold, The Young Karl Marx: German Philosophy, Modern Politics, and Human Flourishing (Cambridge, 2007) 29 November French Revolutionary Politics 1789-99 (Dr E Spary) Despite covering only a few years, the French Revolution of 1789 has generated a huge historiographical literature, in part because of its sensational events, the decapitation of the king and experimentation with democratic forms of government being only the best-known. Historians have respectively portrayed the Revolution as the birth of modern political culture, or as a class revolution. Marxist historians saw in the Revolution a legitimate social response to elite corruption, repression and greed. Since the 1980s, revisionists have reinterpreted it as a symbolic event which made little difference to the social structure of the nation, but rather instituted a new political culture which would survive into the 19th century and be replicated in many other countries. Although never unified, revolutionaries did agree on their role as innovators and founders of a new state centred on the Nation as an abstract universal. They sought to wipe away history with all its errors and use Nature as a guide to establishing the ideal polity founded on equality, liberty and fraternity. Historians have also been divided over whether the Terror was a betrayal of the true Revolution or an integral part of its mythology of progress and purification, as well as when the Revolution ended: with the fall of Robespierre, or five years later with the military coup that brought Napoleon Bonaparte to power? The answer to this question depends on actors” categories, but also on what we understand the Revolution’s goals and achievements

to have been; perhaps we could even agree, with Franc ois Furet, that it has never ended... Peter Davies, The French Revolution: A Beginner’s Guide (Oxford, 2010) William Doyle, The French Revolution. A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2001) William Doyle, The Origins of the French Revolution, 3rd edn. (Oxford, 1999), parts I and III Julian Swann, “The French Revolution”, in P. Pilbeam (ed.), Themes in Modern European History (London and New York, 1995), pp. 12-39. Peter McPhee, Living the French Revolution, 1789-99 (Houndmills, 2006) Jack R. Censer and Lynn Hunt, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution (University Park, Pa., 2001) Paul R. Hanson, Contesting the French Revolution (Chichester, 2009) Alan Forrest and Peter Jones (eds.), Reshaping France: Town, Country and Region During the French Revolution (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1991)

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Simon Schama, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution (London, 1996) Hugh Gough, The Terror in the French Revolution (London, 1998) Emmet Kennedy, A Cultural History of the French Revolution (New Haven and London, 1989) Colin Jones (ed.), The Longman Companion to the French Revolution (London, 1999) Philip G. Dwyer and Peter McPhee (eds.), The French Revolution and Napoleon: A Sourcebook (London, 2002) 4 December The Napoleonic Empire (Dr E Spary) Picking up the story of French politics from the three coups of the late 1790s, the lecture examines the interplay between power, self-presentation, technology and war in Napoleon’s empire. Rather than treating him as the only historical actor, I will show how dependent he was, both on the burst of innovations and transformations that occurred with the clearing away of Old Regime legislation, and on a tight-knit network of meritocratic administrators which expanded along with the Empire itself. I consider Napoleon’s appropriation of Hellenistic and Egyptian motifs for self-fashioning, his abandonment of colonial empire-building in favour of consolidating Continental gains, and his construction of a brand new European dynasty to rule over the new Empire. If many new policies and institutions for education, science, law and the press were produced in the Revolutionary decade, the successful implementation or activation of these reforms and institutions often took place under Napoleon. The Emperor himself oversaw the codification of laws and administrative reforms which would survive for over a century. The story can be told both in terms of Napoleon’s military, economic and industrial successes and failures, but also from the standpoint of those who experienced French rule, as middle-class administrators, conscripted soldiers and their families or reluctant subjects. If Napoleon’s conquests engulfed vast areas of Europe, the state of “total war” which reigned for fifteen years had devastating effects even for those areas not absorbed into the Empire. Geoffrey Ellis, The Napoleonic Empire, 2nd edn.(Houndmills, 2003) Alexander Grab, Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe (Houndmills, 2003) Philip G. Dwyer, ed., Napoleon and Europe (Harlow, 2001) Philip G. Dwyer, Napoleon: The Path to Power (London, 2007). (Read with Thomas J. Daly, “Dwyer’s Antichrist”, Open Letters Monthly, http://www.openlettersmonthly.com/sept08-napoleon-dwyer/) Howard G. Brown and Judith A. Miller, eds., Taking Liberties: Problems of a New Order from the French Revolution to Napoleon (Manchester, 2002) Martyn Lyons, Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution (Basingstoke, 1994) Alan Forrest and Peter H. Wilson (eds.), The Bee and the Eagle: Napoleonic France and the End of the Holy Roman Empire, 1806 (Basingstoke, 2008) Charles Esdaile, Napoleon’s Wars. An International History, 1803-1815 (London, 2007) Donald Sutherland, The French Revolution and Empire: The Quest for a Civic Order (Oxford, 2003) Rafe Blaufarb, Napoleon: Symbol for an Age. A Brief History with Documents (Boston, 2008) Philip G. Dwyer, “Napoleon and the Foundation of the Empire”, Historical Journal 53.2 (2010): 339-58 Stuart Woolf, Napoleon’s Integration of Europe (London and New York, 1991), especially Chapters 3-5 Michael Broers, Europe under Napoleon 1799-1815 (London, 1996). John Davis, Naples and Napoleon. Southern Italy and the European Revolutions, 1780-1860 (London, 2006)

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Lent Term [Wednesdays and Fridays at 09:00]

Survey Lectures (contd.) 17 January Habsburg Europe (Dr W O’Reilly) The House of Habsburg is Europe most enduring and important ruling house and this lecture considers the changing nature and efficacy of dynastic governance in Europe, and beyond, through a study of that rule. For over 500 years, the family ruled an empire that encompassed much of Europe, and at times reached as far as China. Building their power on strategic alliances and dynastic marriages, the Habsburgs played a key role in both global politics and European culture. i The Austrian Habsburg monarchy; the Danubian monarchy R.J.W. Evans, The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1550–1700 (1980). C. Ingrao, The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1715, (1994). R.J.W. Evans and T.V. Thomas (eds.), Crown, Church and Estates: Central European Politics in the 16th and 17th centuries (1991). R.J.W. Evans, “The Habsburg Monarchy and Bohemia, 1600–1848”, in M. Greengrass (ed.) Conquest and Coalescence: The shaping of the state in Early Modern Europe (1991). Pieter M. Judson, The Habsburg Empire. A New History (2016). C. Ingrao, (ed.), State and Society in Early Modern Austria (1994) [esp essays by Evans, Bireley]. J. Spielman, Leopold I of Austria (1977). J. Bérenger, “The Austrian Lands: Habsburg Absolutism under Leopold I”, in J. H. Schwarz, The Imperial Privy Council in the Seventeenth Century (1943). P.H. Wilson, Absolutism in Central Europe (2000). J. Bérenger, Finances et absolutisme autrichienne dans la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle (1975). T.M. Barker, Army, Aristocracy, Monarchy: Essays on War, Society and Government in Austria, 1618–1780 (1982). Joachim Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, vol. II, The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of the Reich 1648-1806 (2012). ii The Holy Roman Empire P.H. Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806 (1999). J. Gagliargo, Germany under the Old Regime, 1600–1790 (1991). R. Vierhaus, Germany in the Age of Absolutism, 1648–1763 (1988). H. Gross, “The Holy Roman Empire: constitutional reality and legal theory”, in J.A. Vann and S.W. Rowan (eds), The Old Reich. Essays in German Political Institutions 1495–1806 (1975). T.C.W. Blanning, “Empire and State in Germany, 1648–1848” (review article), German History (1994). R.G. Asch, “Estates and princes after 1648: the consequences of the Thirty Years” War”, German History (1988). G. Strauss, “The Holy Roman Empire revisited”, review article in Central European History (1978). H. Gross, Empire and Sovereignty: A history of the Public Law Literature in the Holy Roman Empire, 1599–1804 (1973). P. Wilson, German Armies. War and German Politics, 1648–1806 (1998). R. Wines, “The imperial circles. Princely diplomacy and imperial reform, 1681– 1714”, Journal of Modern History (1967). P.S. Fichtner, Protestantism and Primogeniture in Early Modern Germany (1989).

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T. Robisheaux Rural Society and the Search for Order in Early Modern Germany (1989). iii Individual German States M. Raeff, The Well-Ordered Police State. Social and Institutional Change through Law in the Germanies and Russia, 1600–1800 (1983). M. Fulbrook, Piety and Politics: Religion and the Rise of Absolutism in England, Württemberg and Prussia (1983). J.A. Vann, The Making of a State: Württemberg, 1593–1793 (1984). P. Wilson, War, State and Society in Württemberg, 1677–1793 (1995). 22 January Romanticism (Prof C Clark) The Napoleonic regime gave rise, indirectly, to Romanticism. Groups of writers in German cities like Jena and Berlin, either occupied or threatened by the imposition of the bureaucratic rational order that characterised the French Empire, adopted a new approach to learning and creativity. Addressing new domains of enquiry, including the intricacies of the psyche (phrenology, dreams, nightmares, inspiration) and the homogeneity of the physical universe (the polarity of forces, embryology, Naturphilosophie), the new movement, which quickly spread around Europe, offered a promising way for emerging middle-class men and women of letters to distance themselves not only from the Napoleonic regime but also from the rapid commercialisation of knowledge as Old Regime patronage crumbled. Among the Romantics we find a deep concern with interiority, unity and origins. Unlike their predecessors, Romantics emphasised the oneness of man with nature and denied that abstract rational knowledge of nature by an objective enquirer, separate from nature, was possible. These preoccupations would change the course of many disciplines, from art and poetry to science and history. They also contributed to crafting personae of artists, writers and scientists as uniquely gifted individuals, rising above everyday, pragmatic and financial concerns. Indeed, the figure of “the genius” is one we owe to Romantic concerns with creativity, exceptionalism and originality. i. General and primary sources Fichte Studies, trans. Jane Kneller (Cambridge, 2003) Jay Bernstein, Classic and Romantic German Aesthetics (New York and Cambridge, 2003) [For a representative cross-section of “Romantic” views, try Châteaubriand, de Staël, Hegel, Herder, Novalis, and Schiller] Friedrich von Schiller, “The Nature and Value of Universal History”, History & Theory 11.3 (1972): 321-334. Warren Breckman, European Romanticism: A Brief History with Documents (Bedford, 2007) R. Porter and M. Teich (eds.), Romanticism in National Context (Cambridge, 1988) Hugh Honour, Romanticism (1979) Michael Ferber, ed., A Companion to European Romanticism (Oxford, 2005), Introduction and chapters 4, 5, 10, 16, 17. ii. Historical circumstances Michael Broers, Europe After Napoleon. Revolution, Reaction and Romanticism (Manchester, 1996) Colin Campbell, The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism (Oxford, 1987) Timothy Morton, Shelley and the Revolution in Taste: The Body and the Natural World (Cambridge, 1994) Anne Vincent-Buffault, The History of Tears: Sensibility and Sentimentality in France (Basingstoke, 1991)

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iii. The arts and literature T. C. W. Blanning, “The Commercialisation and Sacralisation of Culture”, in id. (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of Modern Europe (Oxford, 1996) T. C. W. Blanning, The Romantic Revolution (London, 2011) John Sweetman, The Enlightenment and the Age of Revolution 1700-1850 (London, 1998) Gabriel Lanyi, “Debates on the Definition of Romanticism in Literary France (1820-30)”, Journal of the History of Ideas 41 (1980): 141-150 J. S. Allen, “French Romanticism and the Origins of Modern Popular Literature in Paris, 1820-1840”, Journal of Popular Culture 15 (1981): 132-143 Thomas Nipperdey, The Rise of the Arts in Modern Society (London, 1990) Alfred Boime, Art in an Age of Bonapartism 1800-1815 (Chicago, 1987), Chapters 5-6 David Wakefield, The French Romantics: Literature and the Visual Arts 1800-1840 (London, 2007) iv. Reinventing science Andrew Cunningham and Nicholas Jardine, eds., Romanticism and the Sciences (1990), especially the chapter by Schaffer. Sharon Ruston, Creating Romanticism. Case Studies in the Literature, Science and Medicine of the 1790s (Basingstoke, 2013) Malcolm Nicolson, “Alexander von Humboldt, Humboldtian Science, and the Origins of the Study of Vegetation”, History of Science, 25.2 (1987): 167-94 Robert Richards, The Romantic Conception of Life: Science and Philosophy in the Age of Goethe (Chicago, 2002) Michael Dettelbach, “Humboldtian Science”, in E. C. Spary, N. Jardine and J. A. Secord (eds.), Cultures of Natural History (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 287-304 Joan Steigerwald, “Goethe’s Morphology: “Urphänomene” and Aesthetic Appraisal”, Journal of the History of Biology 35.2 (2002): 291-328 v. Rewriting history and belief

Goran Blix, From Paris to Pompeii: French Romanticism and the Cultural Politics of Archaeology (Philadelphia, 2009) Elizabeth Fay, Romantic Medievalism: History and the Romantic Literary Ideal (Basingstoke and New York, 2002) Frederick Beiser, German Idealism (Cambridge, 2002) Bernard Reardon, Religion in the Age of Romanticism (New York, 1985). vi. Nationalism and politics J.C. Eade (ed.), Romantic Nationalism in Europe (Canberra, 1983), especially essay by Nipperdey, pp. 1-15. D. A. Keiser, Romanticism, Aesthetics and Nationalism (Cambridge, 1999), Introduction, Chapter 1. Maurice Cranston, “Romanticism and Revolution”, History of European Ideas 17.1 (1993): 19-30 Christopher M. Greene, “Romanticism, Cultural Nationalism and Politics in the July Monarchy”, French History, 4.4 (1990): 487-509 Paul Sweet, “Sir Isaiah Berlin, Fichte, and German Romanticism”, German Studies Review, 23.2 (2000): 245-56 24 January The Struggle for Mastery in Europe (Dr A Thompson) The course of international relations in the eighteenth century can often seem complicated and uncertain. Most works adopt an essentially narrative approach to the various wars and changing alliance systems. The framework of events can be easily garnered from these. However, the more

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interesting questions turn around the sources of conflict and the changing nature of the international system. How stable was the eighteenth-century international system? Did balance of power ideas limit or promote conflict between the powers? What impact did the rise of Russian and Prussia have on the existing powers? Paul Schroeder is sceptical about balance of power ideas but his views should be contrasted with the essays in the special issue of International History Review, 16 (1994), produced to mark the publication of The Transformation of European Politics. The lecture concentrates less on events and more on understanding the international system of the period. General overviews (entire period) i. Derek McKay and H.M. Scott, The Rise of the Great Powers, 1648-1815 (London, 1983) H.M. Scott, The Birth of a Great Power System (London, 2005), Chapters 1-8 Andrew C. Thompson, “Diplomacy and the Great Powers”, in Peter Wilson (ed.), A Companion to Eighteenth-Century Europe (Oxford, 2008) T. C. W. Blanning, The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture (Oxford, 2002) Christopher Clark, Iron Kingdom. The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600-1947 (Harvard, 2006) Dennis Showalter, The Wars of Frederick the Great (London, 1996) Theodor Schieder, Frederick the Great (London, 2000) Peter Wilson, German Armies. War and German Politics, 1648-1806 (London, 1998) Peter Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire 1495-1806 (Basingstoke, 1999) Michael Hochedlinger, Austria’s Wars of Emergence. War, State and Society in the Habsburg Monarchy 1683-1797 (London, 2003) Christopher Duffy, Russia’s Military Way to the West. Origins and Nature of Russian Military Power, 1700-1800 (New York and London, 1981) International History Review, 16 (1994) ii. Earlier eighteenth century M.S. Anderson, The War of the Austrian Succession (1995) Walther Mediger, “Great Britain, Hanover and the Rise of Prussia”, in R. M. Hatton and M. S. Hatton, eds., Studies in Diplomatic History (London, 1970), pp. 199-213 Franz A.J. Szabo, The Seven Years War in Europe, 1756-1763 (Harlow, 2008) Matt Schumann and Karl Schweizer, The Seven Years War. A Transatlantic History (London, 2008) iii. Later eighteenth century Paul Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848 (Oxford, 1994) T.C.W. Blanning, The Origins of the French Revolutionary Wars (London, 1986) T.C.W. Blanning, The French Revolutionary Wars (London, 1996) T.C.W. Blanning, Joseph II (London and New York, 1994) 29 January Realism (Prof C Clark) A turn towards Realism in European culture can be detected across a wide range of different art forms by the mid-nineteenth century. It has also been studied in a variety of different ways: as a rhetorical tool; as an outgrowth of Romanticism; as an expression of new technologies of representation; and as a passionate response to urban change and the plight of the poor. The history of Realism is closely entwined with the hopes and disappointments of 1848, as well as with the crisis afflicting traditional artistic institutions. Section i lists the most useful general works to help situate the subject, and clarify how the movement was understood by its champions and its detractors. Section ii examines Realism in literature, theatre and public life, while section iii gives readings for painting and visual culture.

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i. General introductions and background Linda Nochlin, Realism (1971) Linda Nochlin (ed.), Realism and Tradition in Art: Sources and Documents (Englewood Cliffs, 1966) C. Rosen and H. Zerner, Romanticism and Realism: The Mythology of Nineteenth-Century Art (New York, 1984) Jan Matlock, “Censoring the Realist Gaze”, in Christopher Prendergast and Margaret Cohen (eds.), Spectacles of Realism. Body, Gender, Genre (Minneapolis, 1995), pp. 28-65. Robert Rosenblum and H. W. Janson, Art of the Nineteenth Century. Painting and Sculpture (Upper Saddle River, 2004) Stephen F. Eisenman (ed.), Nineteenth Century Art. A Critical History (London, 1994) Albert Boime, Art in an Age of Civil Struggle, 1848-71 (Chicago, 2007) J. W. Burrow, The Crisis of Reason. European Thought 1848-1914 (New Haven, 2002) ii. Literature and spectacle Erich Auerbach, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature (1956, new edn. 2003) Stephen Bann, The Clothing of Clio: A Study of the Representation of History in Nineteenth-Century Britain and France (New York, 1984) Kate Flint, The Victorians and the Visual Imagination (Cambridge, 2000) Catherine Gallagher, The Industrial Reformation of English Fiction: Social Discourse and Narrative from 1832 to 1867 (Chicago, 1988) F. W. J. Hemmings, Culture and Society in France, 1848-1898: Dissidents and Philistines (Leicester, 1987) Frederic Jameson, The Antinomies of Realism (2013) Todd Kontje (ed.), A Companion to German Realism, 1848-1900 (Rochester, N.Y., 2002)

Gyorgy Lukacs, Studies in European Realism (London, 1962) Christopher Prendergast, The Order of Mimesis. Balzac, Stendhal, Nerval, Flaubert (Cambridge,1986) Maurice Samuels, The Spectacular Past. Popular History and the Novel in Nineteenth-Century France (Ithaca, 2002) Kathleen Tillotson, Novels of the Eighteen-Forties (Oxford, 1954) Martha Vicinus, The Industrial Muse. A Study of Nineteenth-Century Working Class Literature (London, 1974) Dennis Walder (ed.), The Realist Novel (London, 1996) Ioan Williams, The Realist Novel in England. A Study of its Development (London, 1974) iii. Visual arts Maurice Agulhon, Marianne into Battle. Republican Imagery and Symbolism in France 1789-1880 (Cambridge, 1981) Albert Boime, The Academy and French Painting in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1971) Michel F. Braive, The Era of the Photograph. A Social History (New York, 1966) Timothy J. Clark, The Painting of Modern Life. Paris in the Art of Manet and his Followers (Princeton, 1985) Timothy J. Clark, The Image of the People. Gustave Courbet and the 1848 Revolution (Berkeley, 1973) Timothy J. Clark, The Absolute Bourgeois. Artists and Politics in France 1848-51 (London, 1973) Laurence Des Cars, The Pre-Raphaelites: Romance and Realism (London, 2000) Michael Fried, Courbet's Realism (Chicago, 1990) Michael Fried, Menzel’s Realism: Art and Embodiment in Nineteenth-Century Berlin (New Haven, 2002) Francis D. Klingender, Art and the Industrial Revolution (London, 1966) Patricia Mainardi, Art and Politics of the Second Empire. The Universal Exhibitions of 1855 and 1867 (New Haven, 1987) Peter Paret, “The German Revolution of 1848 and Rethel’s Dance of Death”, Journal of

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Interdisciplinary History, 17.1 (1986): 233-55. P. ten-Doesschate Chu and G. Weisberg (eds.), The Popularisation of Images. Visual Culture under the July Monarchy (Princeton, 1994) Judith Wechsler, A Human Comedy: Physiognomy and Caricature in Nineteenth-Century Paris (Chicago, 1982) 31 January Women and Gender in the Eighteenth Century (Dr M Calaresu) In the eighteenth century, changes in the nature of political thought and education radically changed the lives of men, but did they also change the lives of women? Section i. explores the role of women in eighteenth-century Europe; the increasing interest in elaborating the differences between the sexes; and the ways in which women opportunities were at some times expanded and at others constrained. Section ii. considers the impact of two important developments –the Enlightenment and the French Revolution on the rights and duties of women: did they change women status? How did the new philosophical discourse change women behaviour? Did the new political order offer opportunities for women involvement in the public sphere and politics? Section iii. looks at women as workers in the decades prior to industrialisation, and should serve as a key comparative background to the more dramatic changes witnessed during the nineteenth century. i. General reading and primary sources Mary Seidman Trouille, Sexual Politics in the Enlightenment. Women Writers Read Rousseau (Albany, 1997) Olwen Hufton, The Prospect Before Her. A History of Women in Western Europe, 1500-1800 (Chicago, 1995) Natalie Zemon Davis and Arlette Farge (eds.), A History of Women in the West, vol III, Renaissance and Enlightenment Paradoxes (Harvard, 1993) Genevieve Fraisse (ed.), A History of Women in the West, vol IV, Emerging Feminism from Revolution to World War (Harvard, 1995) Merry Wiesner, Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1993) Bonnie Smith, Changing Lives: Women in European History since 1700 (Toronto, 1989) Renate Bridenthal, Claudia Koonz and Susan Stuard (eds.), Becoming Visible. Women in European History (Boston, 1987) Susan Bell and Karen Offen (eds.), Women, the Family & Freedom. The Debate in Documents, vol.1, 1750-1880 (Stanford, 1983) Darlene Levy et al (eds.), Women in Revolutionary Paris, 1789-1795 (Urbana, 1979) Anne Larsen and Colette Vinn (eds.), Writings by Pre-Revolutionary French Women (New York and London, 2000) Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile, or On Education [originally published 1762] ii. The Enlightenment and the French Revolution Anthony LaVopa, “Women, Gender, and the Enlightenment: A Historical Turn”, The Journal of Modern History, 80. 2 (2008): 332-57 Barbara Taylor and Sarah Knott (eds.), Women, Gender and Enlightenment (Houndmills, 2005) Monica Bolufer Peruga and Isabel Morant Deusa, “On Women Reason, Education and Love. Women and Men of the Enlightenment in Spain and France”, Gender and History, 10:2 (1998): 183-216 Olwen Hufton, Women and the Limits of Citizenship in the French Revolution (Toronto, 1992) Dena Goodman, “The Enlightenment Salons. The Convergence of Female and Philosophic Ambitions”, Eighteenth-Century Studies, 22 (1989): 329-50 Joan Landes, Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution (Ithaca, 1989)

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Dominique Godineau, The Women of Paris and their French Revolution (Berkeley and London, 1998) Leonora Cohen Rosenfield, “The Rights of Women in the French Revolution”, Studies in Eighteenth Century Culture, 17 (1987): 117-38. Sylvana Tomaselli, “The Enlightenment Debate on Women”, History Workshop Journal, 20.1 (1985):101-24. Jane Abray, “Feminism in the French Revolution”, American Historical Review, 80.1 (1975): 43-62 iii. Society, work and the family Deborah Simonton, A History of European Women’s Work: 1700 to the Present (London, 1998) Isabel Hull, Sexuality, State, and Civil Society in Germany, 1700-1815 (Ithaca, 1996) Katrina Honeyman and Jordan Goodman, “Women’s Work, Gender Conflict and Labour Markets in Europe, 1500-1900”, Economic History Review, 44.4 (1991): 608-28 Susan P. Conner, “Politics, Prostitution, and the Pox in Revolutionary Paris, 1789-1799”, Journal of Social History, 22.4 (1989): 714-34 Gay Gullickson, Spinners and Weavers of Auffay. Rural Industry and the Sexual Division of Labour in a French Village, 1750-1850 (Cambridge, 1986) Olwen Hufton, “Women Without Men: Widows and Spinsters in Britain and France in the Eighteenth Century”, Journal of Family History, 9.4 (1984): 355-76 5 February Barricades and Cultures of Insurrection (Dr A Asseraf) The defeat of the French Revolution, the establishment or reestablishment of conservative governments across Europe, the onset of economic and social change, and the appearance of “Romantic” ideas and culture contributed to a characteristic form of political action in several parts of Europe during roughly two generations between the late 1820s and the Paris Commune of 1871. It was marked by a belief in the efficacy of spontaneous armed popular revolt, in the possibility of sudden and complete social and political transformations, and in the role of a torch-bearing intellectual and political elite. It was also generally predicated on the centrality of France, and particularly Paris, as the heartland of revolution. The barricade, associated with Parisian popular revolt, became both the method and the symbol of this political action across Europe, and the generator of a ritualized form of political behaviour and of artistic and literary representation. i. Introduction and background Mark Traugott, The Insurgent Barricade (Berkeley, 2010) Charles Tilly, The Rebellious Century, 1830-1930 (Harvard, 1975) Jill Harsin, Barricades, The War of the Streets in Revolutionary Paris, 1830-1848 (Basingstoke, 2002) ii. European spinoffs Jonathan Sperber, The European Revolutions, 1848-1851 (Cambridge, 1994) Dieter Dowe et al., Europe in 1848: Revolution and Reform (Oxford, 2001) iii. The other side of the barricade: states, armies and repression Dieter Dowe et al., Europe in 1848, chapter 28, “The role of the military” Jonathan M. House, Controlling Paris: Armed Forces and Counter-Revolution, 1789-1848 (New York, 2014), esp. chapters 4-9 Mark Traugott, Armies of the Poor: Determinants of Working-Class Participation in the Parisian Insurrection of June 1848 (Princeton, 1985) pp 34-113 Robert Tombs, The War against Paris, 1871 (Cambridge, 1981) pp 91-123, 194-200

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iv. The end of the barricade: from the June Days to the Paris Commune Robert Tombs, The Paris Commune 1871 (London, 1999) Robert Tombs, The War against Paris, chapters 8-9 Gay Gullickson, Unruly Women of Paris (Cornell, 1996) chapters 1 and 4 Patrick H. Hutton, The Cult of the Revolutionary Tradition: The Blanquists in French Politics, 1864-1893 (Berkeley, 1981) pp 11-99 v. The face in the crowd: participation and motivation Mark Traugott, The Insurgent Barricade, chapters 7 and 8 Charles Tilly and Lynn Rees, “The People of June 1848”, in Roger Price, Revolution and Reaction: 1848 and the Second French Republic (London, 1975) Roger V. Gould, Insurgent Identities: Class, Community and Protest in Paris from 1848 to the Commune (Chicago, 1995), chapter 6 and Conclusion Robert Tombs, The Paris Commune 1871, chapter 4 vi. The age of the barricades in art and literature: selected examples Delacroix, “The Barricades in Art and Literature”, discussed in Marcia Pointon, Naked Authority: The Body in Western Painting 1830-1908 (Cambridge, 1990), pp 59-82 Victor Hugo, The Wretched (Penguin, 2013), pp xx-xxiii, 1051-1125 Edgar Degas, “La Place de la Concorde”, discussed in Hollis Clayson, Paris in Despair : Art and Everyday Life under Siege (Chicago, 2002) pp 329-42 7 February Gender in the Nineteenth Century (Dr N Mora Sitja) During the nineteenth century, European women experienced enduring changes in their working, political and family lives. Section ii. explores the distinctive contribution of women to the industrial process -the types of work they performedand how industrialization altered women status and function in the family structure. Section iii. looks at women struggles to overcome the divide between the public and the private sphere through participation in protests and politics, and eventually through the consolidation of feminist movements. i. General reading and primary sources Linda L. Clark, Women and Achievement in Nineteenth-Century Europe (New York, 2008) Rachel Fuchs and Victoria Thompson, Women in Nineteenth-Century Europe (Basingstoke, 2004) Genevieve Fraisse (ed.), A History of Women in the West, vol IV, Emerging Feminism from Revolution to World War (Harvard, 1995) Bonnie Smith, Changing Lives. Women in European History Since 1700 (Toronto, 1989) Renate Bridenthal, Claudia Koonz and Susan Stuard (eds.), Becoming Visible. Women in European History (Boston, 1987) Susan Bell and Karen Offen (eds.), Women, the Family & Freedom. The Debate in Documents, 2 vols (Stanford, 1983) Miriam Schneir (ed.), Feminism. The Essential Historical Writings (London, 1972) ii. Society, work and the family Robert Beachy, Beatrice Craig and Alastair Owens (eds.), Women, Business and Finance in Nineteenth-Century Europe. Rethinking Separate Spheres (New York and Oxford, 2006) D. G. Troyanski, ““I Was Wife and Mother”: French Widows Present Themselves to the Ministry of Justice in the Early Nineteenth Century”, Journal of Family History, 25.2 (2000): 202-10

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Deborah Simonton, A History of European Women’s Work, 1700 to the Present (London, 1998) Angelique Janssens, “The Rise and Decline of the Male Breadwinner Family? An Overview of the Debate”, International Review of Social History, 42 (1997), Supplement: 1-23 Angélique Janssens, “The Rise and Decline of the Male Breadwinner Family: Definitions and Debates During the Revolution of 1848”, French Historical Studies, 20.1 (1997): 31-47 B. A. Engel, Between the Fields and the City. Women, Work , and Family in Russia, 1861-1914 (Cambridge, 1996) Kathleen Canning, Languages of Labor and Gender: Female Factory Work in Germany, 1850-1914 (Ithaca, 1996) M. J. Boxser, “Protective Legislation and Home Industry. The Marginalization of Women Workers in Late Nineteenth-Early Twentieth-Century France”, Journal of Social History, 20.1 (1986): 4565. Karin Hausen, “Technical Progress and Women Labour in the Nineteenth Century: The Social History of the Sewing Machine”, in G. Iggers (ed.), The Social History of Politics (Leamington, 1985), pp. 259-81 Karin Hausen, “Family and Role-Division: The Polarisation of Sexual Stereotypes in the Nineteenth Century –an Aspect of the Dissociation of Work and Family Life”, in Richard Evans and W. R. Lee (eds.), The German Family: Essays on the Social History of the Family in Nineteenth and Twentieth-Century Germany (London, 1981), pp. 51-83 R. Dasey, “Women, Work and the Family: Women Garment Workers in Berlin and Hamburg Before the First World War”, in Richard Evans and W. R. Lee (eds.), The German Family. Essays on the Social History of the Family in Nineteenth and Twentieth-Century Germany (London, 1981), pp. 221-55 Bonnie Smith, Ladies of the Leisure Class. The Bourgeoises of Northern France in the Nineteenth Century (Princeton, 1981) T. McBride, “The Modernisation of Women’s Work”, Journal of Modern History, 49.2 (1977): 231-245 Edward Shorter, “Women’s Work: What Difference did Capitalism Make?”, Theory and Society, 3.4 (1976): 513-29 Louise Tilly and Joan Scott, Women, Work, and Family (New York, 1978) iii. Women, politics and the public sphere Ann T. Allen, Feminism and Motherhood in Germany, 1800-1914 (New York, 1991) Mills, H., “Negotiating the Divide: Women, Philanthropy and the “Public Sphere” in Nineteenth-Century France”, in F. Tallett & N. Atkin, Religion, Society and Politics in France Since 1789 (London, 1991), pp. 29-54. Richard Evans, Comrades & Sisters. Feminism, Socialism, Pacifism in Europe 1870-1915 (New York, 1987) Jane Rendall, The Origins of Modern Feminism. Women in Britain, France and the United States, 1780-1860 (New York, 1985) Claire Goldberg Moses, French Feminism in the Nineteenth Century (New York, 1984) 12 February The Peasant World in Nineteenth-Century Europe (Dr N Mora Sitja) The great majority of European inhabitants in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were peasants, and yet the rural world does not often feature in the accounts of political and cultural transformations that these centuries witnessed. This session will explore living conditions in the rural world and the rules that governed rural communities. Rural working patterns and household structures were dictated by land tenure laws, which eventually also had a broader impact by dictating the pattern of agricultural specialization and growth. It is therefore not

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surprising that the abolition of serfdom and the many land reforms passed in this period had a profound impact on peasant life and work, as well as on the rural economy, and this is explored in section ii. i. General reading and primary sources Richard Rudolph (ed.), The European Peasant Family and Society. Historical Studies (Liverpool, 1995) W. Rosener, The Peasantry of Europe (Oxford, 1994) Annie Moulin, Peasantry and Society in France Since 1789 (Cambridge, 1991), Chapters 1-3 Roger Price, A Social History of Nineteenth Century France (New York, 1987), Chapter 5 R. G. Moeller, Peasants and Lords in Modern Germany (London, 1986) Richard Evans and W. R. Lee (eds.), The German Peasantry. Conflict and Community in Rural Society from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Centuries (London, 1986) David Blackbourn, “Peasants and Politics in Germany, 1871-1914”, European History Quarterly, 14.1 (1984): 47-75 Wayne Vucinich (ed.), The Peasant in Nineteenth-Century Russia (Stanford, 1968) A. V. Chaianov, The Theory of Peasant Economy (Irwin, 1966) Theodore Schultz, Transforming Traditional Agriculture (New Haven, 1964) ii. Land reform James Simpson, Spanish Agriculture. The Long Siesta, 1765-1965 (Cambridge, 2003), part II John Markoff, The Abolition of Feudalism. Peasants, Lords and Legislators in the French Revolution (Philadelphia, 1996) Jerome Blum, The End of the Old Order in Rural Europe (Princeton, 1978) Jerome Blum, “The Condition of the European Peasantry on the Eve of Emancipation”, Journal of Modern History, 46 (1974): 395-424 Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen. The Modernization of Rural France, 1870-1914 (Stanford, 1977). 14 February The Revolutions of 1848-9 (Prof C Clark) The events of 1848, “the springtime of the peoples”, remain the greatest ever example of rapid spontaneous international mass political action in European history, comparable only with the collapse of the Communist bloc in 1989 and less happily by the “Arab spring” of 2011. As this suggests, they have to be approached transnationally and comparatively, looking at Continent-wide social, economic and political conditions, and also at the mechanisms by which revolution spread from its core in Paris, who the revolutionaries were, why they got involved, and the similar “repertoire” of actions that they adopted. Their failure in the face of conservative regrouping and military action is not the least important aspect of the episode, and connects with the following lecture on Europe after 1848. i. General studies Jonathan Sperber, The European Revolutions of 1848 (Cambridge, 1994) Mark Traugott, The Insurgent Barricade (Berkeley, 2010), esp. Chapters 6 and 8 - a study of popular action Dieter Dowe, ed., Europe in 1848: Revolution and Reform (Oxford, 2001) - an encyclopaedic study, for reference Wolfram Siemann, “The Revolutions of 1848-1850”, in Mary Fulbrook (ed.), German History Since 1800 (London and New York, 1997), pp. 106-123 ii. Thematic studies

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Jonathan M. House, Controlling Paris: Armed Forces and Counter-Revolution 1789-1848 (New York, 2014) - esp. chapters 2 and 9 Mark Traugott, Armies of the Poor: Determinants of Working-Class Participation in the Parisian Insurrection of June 1848 (Princeton, 1985) - esp. chapter 6 iii. National studies Maurice Agulhon, The Republican Experiment, 1848-1852 (Cambridge, 1883) Wolfram Siemann, The German Revolution of 1848-1849 (London, 1998) Jonathan Sperber, Rhineland Radicals. The Democratic Movement and the Revolution of 1848 (Princeton,

1991) Paul Ginsborg, Daniele Manin and the Venetian Revolution (Cambridge, 1979) Stanley Z. Pech, The Czech Revolution of 1848 (London, 1969) Reuben J. Rath, The Viennese Revolution of 1848 (New York, 1969) Istvan Déak, Lajos Kossuth and the Lawful Revolution (New York, 1979) Wolfram Siemann, The German Revolution of 1848-1849 (London, 1998) 19 February Europe after 1848 (Prof C Clark) The reactionary backlash that followed the revolutionary wave of 1848 has often been characterised as a lost decade for reform in Europe. The demise of the Second Republic and the advent of the Second Empire in France, the apparent miscarriage of national unifications in Italy and Germany, Costa Cabral’s return from exile in Portugal, continuing Carlist and Miguelist agitation in the iberian peninsula all seemed to signal a temporary victory of reaction over reform. These national narratives need, however, to be reconsidered in the light of the fact that the 1850s were also a key moment in the social, economic and even political modernisation of Europe, a moment that paved the way to the major political re-configurations of the last third of the century. This lecture will look at the shifting alliances between political parties in Europe, the new role of the state and the primacy of economic development and the emergence of a new European public sphere. All these phenomena illustrate the commonality and affinities between European societies in the mid-nineteenth century.

David Barclay, Friedrich Wilhelm IV and the Prussian Monarchy 1840-1861 (Oxford, 1995) Alain Plessis, The Rise and Fall of the Second Empire, 1852-1871 (Cambridge, 1979)

Gyorgy Szabad, Hungarian Political Trends between the Revolution and the Compromise (Budapest, 1977) R. J. W. Evans, “From Confederation to Compromise: The Austrian Experiment, 1849-1867”, Proceedings of the British Academy, 87 (1994): 135-67 James M. Brophy, Capitalism, Politics and Railroads in Prussia 1830-1870 (Columbus, 1998), pp. 1-18 Roger Price, The French Second Empire. An Anatomy of Political Power (Cambridge, 2001) Richard Tilly, “The Political Economy of Public Finance and the Industrialization of Prussia 1815- 1866”, Journal of Economic History, 26 (1966), pp. 484-97 Abigail Green, Fatherlands. State-Building and Nationhood in Nineteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge, 2001)

21 February Race in Nineteenth-Century Europe (Dr A Asseraf) From a relatively nebulous concept in the eighteenth century, race came to be one of the main organising categories of nineteenth-century thinking. This shift profoundly transformed social relations within Europe as well as Europe position within the world. This lecture offers a survey of shifting concepts of race, starting with the emancipatory promise of the French Revolution and continuing through to the emergence of scientific racism. We will look at two particular case-studies: the treatment of Jews and of slaves of African descent. By looking at race not just as an intellectual concept but also as a social reality with multiple forms, the importance of the new scientific racism will be reconsidered. While race took on a new, central importance, what

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this meant to different populations varied considerably. i. General George M. Fredrickson, Racism: A Short History (Princeton, 2002), ch.2. Hannah Franziska Augstein, Race: The Origins of an Idea, 1760-1850 (Bristol, 1996). Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze (ed.), Race and the Enlightenment: A Reader, (New York, 1997). Colin Kidd, The Forging of Races: Race and Scripture in the Atlantic World, 1600-2000 (Cambridge, 2006) ii. Racial theories and scientific racism Nicholas Hudson, “From “Nation” to “Race”: The Origin of Racial Classification in Eighteenth-

Century Thought”, Eighteenth Century Studies 29 (1996), 247-64. Sankar Muthu, Enlightenment against Empire, (Princeton 2003). Michael Biddiss, Father of Racist Ideology. The Social and Political Thought of Count Gobineau, (London, 1970). Mike Hawkins, Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860-1945 (Cambridge, 1997), 123-148. Gustav Jahoda, “Intra-European Racism in Nineteenth-Century European Anthropology”, History and Anthropology, 20:1, 2009, 37-56 Mary Gibson, Born to Crime: Cesare Lombroso and the Origins of Biological Criminology, (Westport, 2002). iii. Anti-Semitism Léon Poliakov, History of antisemitism vol. 3: From Voltaire to Wagner, (Philadelphia, 2003) 213-254, 309-322 Jacob Katz, Out of the Ghetto: The Social Background of Jewish Emancipation 1770-1870, (Cambridge, MA, 1973). Paula Hyman, The Emancipation of the Jews of Alsace: Acculturation and Tradition in the Nineteenth-Century, (New Haven, 1991) Eugene M. Avrutin, “Ritual Murder in a Russian Border Town”, Jewish History, 26:3-4, 2012, 309-326. iv. Slavery, anti-slavery and anti-Black racism CLR James, The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L’Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution, (London, 1938). Laurent Dubois, Colony of Citizens: Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1787-1804, (Chapel Hill, 2004). Lawrence C. Jennings, French Anti-Slavery: The Movement for the Abolition of slavery in France 1802-1848, (Cambridge, 2000). Christopher Schmidt-Nowara, Empire and Anti-Slavery: Spain, Cuba and Puerto Rico, 1833-1874, (Pittsburgh, 1999). 26 February The French Second Empire (Dr A Asseraf) The French Second Empire might seem at first like an anomaly, a strange attempt to create a new dynastic regime with full pomp and ceremony in the midst of 19th century Europe. Yet Napoleon III was experimenting with a new kind of politics arising from the chaos of the 1848 revolution: called “Caesarism” at the time, it has been defined as “illiberal democracy”, as “active authority and passive democracy” based on a combination of charismatic leadership, authoritarian methods, and populist inducements. Examining this regime synthesis of popular

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sovereignty, dynastic rule, mass media, economic growth and imperial expansion allows us a way into the contradictions of European political power in the aftermath of 1848. i. General reading Robert Tombs, France 1814-1914 (London, 1996) – esp. pp 80-3, 385-431 Alain Plessis, The Rise and Fall of the Second Empire, 1852-1871 (Cambridge, 1979) Roger Price, The French Second Empire: An Anatomy of Political Power, (Cambridge, 2001). Sudhir Hazareesingh, The Legend of Napoleon (London, 2004) esp. Chapters 6-9 Quentin Deluermoz, Le crépuscule des révolutions (Paris, 2012) – esp. Chapters 3 and 8, for the latest reconsideration ii. Domestic policy, propaganda and popularity David M. Pinckney, Napoleon III and the Rebuilding of Paris (Princeton, 1958) Matthew Truesdell, Spectacular Politics: Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte and the Fête Impériale (New York, 1997) Chloé Gaboriaux, La république en quête de citoyens: les républicains français face au bonapartisme rural 1848-1880, (Paris, 2010). (for a summary in English see: https://booksandideas.net/IMG/pdf/20131205_the_other_people.pdf) Sudhir Hazareesingh, From Subject to Citizen, The Second Empire and the emergence of modern French democracy, Princeton University Press, 1998 Alain Corbin, The Village of Cannibals (Harvard, 1992), Chapter 1 iii. Foreign policy David Todd, “A French Imperial Meridian, 1814-1870”, Past and Present, 210:1, 2011, 155-186. Lynn M. Case, French Opinion on War and Diplomacy during the Second Empire (Philadelphia, 1954) Christina Carroll, “Imperial Ideologies in the Second Empire: The Mexican Expedition and the Royaume Arabe”, French Historical Studies, 42:1, 2019 iv. War, collapse and aftermath, 1870-71 Dennis Showalter, The Wars of German Unification (London, 2004), Chapters 6-9 Robert Tombs, The Paris Commune 1871 (London, 1999) Primary sources *Karl Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, (1852) Online resource: Paris, Capital of the 19th century by Brown University https://library.brown.edu/cds/paris/ 28 February Italian and German Unification (Prof C Clark) Lucy Riall, The Italian Risorgimento. State, Society and National Unification (London, 1994)*** Derek Beales and Eugenio Biagini, The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy (Harlow, 2002) Harry Hearder, Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento 1790-1870, new edn. (London, 2013) John Davis, “Remapping Italy Path to the 20th Century”, The Journal of Modern History 66.2 (1994):

291-320 Frank J. Coppa, The Origins of the Italian Wars of Independence (London, 1992) John Breuilly, The Formation of the First German Nation-State 1800-1870 (Basingstoke, 1996)*** Otto Pflanze, Bismarck and the Development of Germany, vol. 1: The Period of Unification (Princeton,

1990) Hagen Schulze, The Course of German Nationalism (Cambridge, 1991) William Carr, The Origins of the German Wars of Unification (London, 1991) Dennis Showalter, The Wars of German Unification (London, 2004)

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Geoffrey Wawro, The Austro-Prussian War: Austria War with Prussia and Italy in 1866 (Cambridge, 1996)

Michael Howard, The Franco-Prussian War (London, 1967) 4 March Russia and the West in the Nineteenth Century (Dr H Jahn) This lecture picks up the story of Russia and the west from around 1800. It discusses the experiences of the Napoleonic Wars and various revolutions in Europe from a Russian perspective, including the rise of liberal and national ideas and, under the influence of German idealism, various other philosophical trends that became associated with Slavophile and westernizing groups among Russia educated elites. Yet concepts of individual freedom, the rule of law or national identity did not sit well with an autocratic, multi-ethnic empire and its long tradition of serfdom and suppression, contributing considerably to the emergence of a radical intelligentsia, which became a key factor in political and ideological developments in Russia. John T. Alexander, Catherine the Great. Life and Legend (Oxford, 1989) Isaiah Berlin, Russian Thinkers (New York, 1978) Julie Buckler, Mapping St. Petersburg. Imperial Text and Cityshape (Princeton, 2005) James Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture (Chicago and London, 1988) James Cracraft, The Petrine Revolution in Russian Culture (Cambridge, Mass., 2004) Lindsey Hughes, Russia in the Age of Peter the Great (New Haven and London, 1998)

Hans Lemberg, Die nationale Gedankenwelt der Dekabristen (Koln and Graz, 1963) Iurii Lotman, The Semiotics of Russian Cultural History (Ithaca, 1985) Isabel de Madariaga, Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great (London, 1981) Martin Malia, Alexander Herzen and the Birth of Russian Socialism (Cambridge, Mass.,1961) Anatole G. Mazour, The First Russian Revolution, 1825. The Decembrist Movement, 2nd edn. (Stanford 1961) Catriona Kelly and David Shepherd (eds.), Constructing Russian Culture in the Age of Revolution, 1881-1940 (Oxford, 1998) Marc Raeff, The Decembrist Movement (Englewood Cliffs, 1966) Marc Raeff, Origins of the Russian Intelligentsia. The Eighteenth-Century Nobility (New York, 1966) Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, Nicholas I and Official Nationality in Russia, 1825-1855 (Berkeley, 1959) Hans Rogger, National Consciousness in Eighteenth-Century Russia (Cambridge, Mass., 1960) Theofanis Stavrou (ed.), Art and Culture in Nineteenth-Century Russia (Bloomington, 1983) Franco Venturi, Roots of Revolution (London, 1961) Andrzej Walicki, A History of Russian Thought. From the Enlightenment to Marxism (Stanford, 1979) Andrzej Walicki, The Slavophile Controversy. History of a Conservative Utopia in Nineteenth-Century Russian Thought (Oxford, 1975) Richard Wortman, Scenarios of Power. Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, 2 vols. (Princeton, 2000) 6 March Mass Media and the Transformation of the Public Sphere (Dr A Asseraf) This lecture investigates the emergence of new communication systems and how they transformed political and social relations in the nineteenth century. While the public sphere described by Jürgen Habermas was very much an elitist phenomenon, providing opportunities for opposition against absolutist states, numerous types of mass media developed over the 19th century, broadening the base of political participation. Nineteenth-century Europe became the

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world first mass media society, a place where information was ever faster and widespread but also indirect, with huge consequences on economic, cultural, and political life. Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (Cambridge, 1989) For a summary see: Habermas, “The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article”, New German Critique, (1974), pp.49-55 Craig Calhoun (ed.), Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1992) Hannah Barker and Simon Burrows (eds), Press, Politics, and the Public Sphere in Europe and North America, 1760-1820 (Cambridge, 2002) Jean Chalaby, The Invention of Journalism (New York, 1998) Dean de la Motte and Jeannene M. Przyblyski (eds.), Making the News. Modernity and the Mass Press in Nineteenth-Century France (Boston, 1999) Jeffrey Brooks, When Russia Learned to Read. Literacy and Popular Literature, 1861-1917 (Princeton, 1985) Louise McReynolds, The News under Russia Old Regime. The Development of a Mass-Circulation Press (Princeton, 1991) Louise McReynolds, Russia at Play. Leisure Activities at the End of the Tsarist Era (Ithaca, 2003) Jeremy D. Popkin, Revolutionary News: The Press in France, 1789-1799, 1990 Jeremy D. Popkin, Press, Revolution, and Social Identities in France, 1830-1835 (Philadelphia, 2001) Abigail Green, Fatherlands. State-Building and Nationhood in Nineteenth-Century Germany (Cambridge, 2001), Chapter 6. 11 March Church and State in the Nineteenth Century (Prof C Clark) The later nineteenth century saw the rise in Europe of avowedly secular forms of politics, most importantly liberalism and socialism. Yet it was also a period of heightened conflict over the place of religion in public life. This lecture suggests that the two things were connected. Processes of secularisation stimulated and were driven by processes of mass religious revival. The sharpening of national identities was mirrored in the mobilisation of trans-national religious commitments. As a result, the conflicts that broke out in this era were genuine “culture wars” that embraced many spheres of modern life, from education and welfare provision to gender identities and the control of public space. Hugh McLeod, Secularisation in Western Europe, 1848-1914 (New York, 2000) Hugh McLeod, Piety and Poverty. Working-Class Religion in Berlin (New York, 1996) John McManners, Church and State in France, 1870-1914 (New York, 1972) Ralph Gibson, A Social History of French Catholicism, 1789-1914 (London, 1989) Claude Langlois, “Catholics and Seculars”, in Pierre Nora, Realms of Memory: The Construction of the French Past (New York, 1996), vol. 1, pp. 109-43 Frank Tallett and Nicholas Atkin, Religion, Society and Politics in France since 1789 (London, 1991), Chapters 6-8 Maurice Larkin, Church and State in France after the Dreyfus Affair (London, 1974) Adrian Lyttelton, “An Old Church and a New State: Italian Anticlericalism 1876-1914”, European Studies Review, 13.2 (1983): 225-248 Christopher Clark and Wolfram Kaiser, Culture Wars. Catholic-Secular Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Europe (Cambridge, 2003)