1. 17A: Lecture 1

2. Peoples of Pre-Contact Americas: The First Americans Migrants from Asia First migration: Land bridge between Siberia and Alaska during Ice Age Second migration: Bering Strait- water passage brought ancestors of Navajos and Apaches Third migration: EskimosAleut and Inuit peoples Migrations were followed by 300 generations in which the Western Hemisphere was largely cut off from the rest of the world. 3. Map of Bering Land Bridge 4. Map of western Alaska and eastern Siberia present-day 5. Pre-Columbian Indian Cultures of the Americas 110-112 million people in western hemisphere, 10% in North The story of pre-Columbian Middle America is one of successive people who built great empire and a monumental architecture, supported by large-scale agriculture and far-flung commerce. Olmecs, Mayas, Toltecs, Aztecs, Incas and others. These cultures passed through the different stages of development Lithic: Early cultural stage (lasted until 5000 BC) Archaic 8000 B.C. to 1000 B.C. (hunting/gathering) Formative Stage 1000 BC to AD 500 (farming/pottery) Classic Stage AD 500 to 1200: (craft specialization, metallurgyaka craft of metal working, urbanization) Post-Classic Stage (developed metallurgy, complex urban centers, militarism and social stratification) 6. Mayas and Aztecs: Civilizations of Mesoamerica Maya: Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico and rain forest of Guatemala Mexica/Aztec: Central and Southern of present day Mexico Inca : (Peru) South America 7. Indians of the North Indians of North less complex than those of the South Lacked occupational diversity, social hierarchy and strong state institutions Most lived in self-governing tribes made up of clans Most complex cultures of the North: Hopewell Indians (present-day Ohio) Pueblo people of Southwest Hohokam [ho-HO-kam]: present-day Arizona and New Mexico Mogollon [mo-ge-Yon]: eastern New Mexico Anasazi [-n-s-z ]: Northern New Mexico 8. Indians of the North Mississipian Indian Culture: used farming technology of Mesoamericans in Mississippi River Valley At the time of European intrusion into North America, the strong Indian city-states of the Southwest and Mississippi River Valley had vanished 9. Indians of the North Tribes of the Pacific Northwest: fishing and gathering societies (permanent settled communities) Great Plains: some nomadic tribes, but also many permanent settlements who engaged in sedentary farming (corn and other grains) East: Woodland Indians engaged in hunting, farming, gathering and fishing Northeast: more nomadic, land less fertile and so tribes had to combine farming (clearing land by burning) and hunting to survive 10. Tribal Culture Increasingly becoming stationary societies Result of increase in agricultural production Resulted in development of elaborate social customs and rituals Experiencing population growth in period prior to European contact Although there is some exceptions, most societies believed in many gods and their religion was often closely tied to the natural world (polytheistic-multiple gods) Social Structure: -Societies tended to divide jobs by gender -Matrilineal (meaning inheriting or determining descent through the female line) 11. Europe: Leading up to the Age of Exploration What changed in Europe? What led to the growth of exploration? Centralization of state power and emergence of strong monarchies Growth of trade, commerce, and strong, centralized nation-states Trade grew with East Mercantilism 12. The Afroeurasian Trade World Before Columbus Indian Ocean Trade Like Silk Roadsbut on water! Not a single route, but a network 13. Why does Europe Start to Explore? Who controls the spice trade? Muslim Traders Italian City- States Who were the Losers?. Or were they? 14. The European Voyages of Discovery Causes of European Expansion 1. Luxury goods: such as spices 2. Royal Competition 3. Note: Europeans entering into an established trade system! 15. The European Voyages of Discovery Causes of European Expansion 3. Religious fervor 4. Inquisitive minds Prester John and his mythical Christian Kingdom in the East King Mansa Musa; Map 1375 Commissioned by Charles V of Fran 16. The European Voyages of Discovery Why Portugal and then Spain? Losers? Geography Unified Government Leadership Long traditions of seafaring Wanted wealth/power FIRST PORTUGAL FOLLOWED BY SPAIN 17. The European Voyages of Discovery Technology and the Rise of Exploration 1. Ptolemys Geography Ptolemys Map 2. Magnetic compass (Chinese invention) 3. Astrolabe 18. Navigation Technology Compass allows you to tell what direction you are going in But that isn't much use if you don't know where you are! astrolabe measures how high the north star is above the horizon to determine latitude (you can try it at home) But they had no way to determine longitude More accurate maps were therefore very important sail north or south to the right latitude then sail east or west until you hit land That plus knowing the wind patterns was the approach to navigation on which early exploration was based 19. Portuguese Exploration Early 1400s Where do they explore? Africa! Why? Northern Africa well known (even the Romans knew it!) Portuguese Empire?? empire knitted together by strategic ports Power not in land, but in trade and wealth to 20. Portuguese Empire 21. The European Voyages of Discovery: Columbus One small step for a manone giant leap for mankind? Who was he? Genoese merchant, sailor Wanted to trading routes by sailing West Looking for sponsors Portugal, NO! France, NO! England, NO! Spain, NOthen YES! Lesson: Pestering pays off! Columbus sets sailwith 3 ships and a shoestring budget! Darn Naysayers! Waitwere they right? 22. The European Voyages of Discovery: Columbus New Ideas often credited to Columbus The World is Round (okactually slightly egg shaped ;) He discovered the New World? Map of the world by German mapmaker Henricus Martellus Germanus 1489: -influenced by Ptolemy -represents what educated Europeans understood the world to look like -Whats missing? 23. The European Voyages of Discovery: Columbus 3,000 miles to Asia? Hmmtry 12,000 Spain Gambling on the 3rd Best (aka the worst) option for a trade route! 24. Treaty of Tordesillas [tor-d-s-ys] 25. The European Voyages of Discovery Later Explorers Magellan Cabot Cartier 26. The European Voyages of Discovery Spanish Conquest in the New World The Mexica Empire Montezuma The Inca Empire Francisco Pizarro Cuzco 27. Cortss Conquest of the Mexica (Aztecs) Religious justification? 28. Francisco Pizarro and the Inca Empire One of the main events in the conquest of the Incan Empire was the death of Atahualpa, the last Sapa Inca on 29 August 1533 29. Aztecs: Destruction of a Great Empire Inca Empire Francisco Pizarro 1532: gains permission from Queen of Spain to conquer Peru and become its Governor Inca Civil War Atahualpa v Huscar Atahualpa victorious Atahualpa v Pizarro Meeting at Cajamarca Atahualpa taken prisoner Atahualpa promises Pizarro silver and gold in return for his freedom Pizarro has Atahualpa killed Other factors? Portrait of Atahualpa, 1533 Pizarro 30. The Impact of Conquest Colonial Administration 1. Viceroyalties 2. New World court system The Impact of European Settlement on the Lives of Indigenous Peoples 1. Encomienda system 2. Disease 31. The Impact of Conquest The Columbian Exchange 1. Corn 2. Potatoes Sugar and Early Transatlantic Slavery 1. Sugar cane 2. Plantation system 3. Exploitation of labor 32. The Impact of Conquest The Birth of the Global Economy 1. Global sea routes 2. Commodities 3. Rise and fall of economic empires 33. The Conquering of the New World 1500s the Spanish conquered some parts of the New World By1580 the Spanish Empire included the Caribbean Islands, Mexico, the southern part of North America, Chile, Argentina, and Peru. How were the Spanish able to conquer the great empire of the West? Ecological imperialism Playing various warring societies against one another Superior weapons (to a lesser degree)