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HISTORY 20/30
UNIT 3:NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY AND COLLECTIVE SECURITY
Aggression in Europe
League of Nations
The League was developed with 2 goals keep peace ensure more international cooperation (make the
world a better place) When countries joined, they agreed to:
not go to war to gain land Help any other country that was attacked
These ideas seemed reasonable – but what needed to happen to it to work? Lots of countries had to join (if not, trading sanctions
wouldn’t matter)
League of Nations
Initial successes Settled dispute between Finland and Sweden Stopped war between Greece and Bulgaria
So…what went wrong Many major countries did not join (like the USA!!!)
Germany – not allowed to join until 1926- left in 1934 Russia – did not join until 1934
1931 – Japan invaded Manchuria League ordered Japan to leave Manchuria - they didn’t Japan left the League No sanctions imposed
Lesson learned by other countries – League had no real power So they were ignored in future
Mussolini and Italy
Italy joined the Allies in WWI in 1915 They were disappointed/bitter at the Treaty of Versailles (not
enough land given to them)Post-war period
Economic issues like unemployment and inflationItalians were left looking for a solution
Like elsewhere – some turned to communism/socialism Others – fascism
Mussolini started the Fascist party Supported by the army and the rich
Mussolini was elected as member of parliament in 1921 Claimed he would be the strong leader needed to make Italy
great again
Mussolini was elected as member of parliament in 1921 Claimed he would be the strong leader needed to
make Italy great again
Mussolini – led Fascist march on Rome Overthrew government Four years later
Other parties banned Mussolini – had total power (Dictator)
Italy attacks Abyssinia
Mussolini was jealous of British Empire Wanted to develop Italy’s empire – but little land left Turned to Abyssinia (Ethiopia)
Attacked and overtook Abyssinia
League of Nations imposed economic sanctions on Italy But other countries went on trading with Italy Did not ban the trading of oil Britain and France would never side with Italy again
Civil War in Spain (mini Euro war)
1936 – Civil War broke out in Spain Republican government took land away from church and rich
landowners Violent opposition
General Franco – led rebellion against the government Has support of the army, the church and the Spanish Fascist party Opposed by the communists and the socialists
League of Nations refused to get involved Britain and France – not involved Italy and Germany jumped in to support Franco (the Nationalists)
Hitler used it as opportunity to test aeroplanes and pilots Mussolini sent guns and aeroplanes Russia jumped in to support the government – but not nearly enough
support This war – fascist vs communist Franco (Fascist) was victorious (and remained in power
until his death in 1975)
Japan
Japan: The only independent Asian power with colonial empire Asia’s greatest industrial and trading power (lots of manufacturing)
Economy hit hard Earthquake killing over 100,000 Great depression
Decline of international trade Rise of tariff barriers
As a result Invaded Manchuria (northern province of China) for coal and iron ore
deposits and soya beans The effects?
Showed powerlessness of League of Nations Raised prestige of Japanese army – dominated by nationalist
extremists Increased desire of army to make imperialistic expansions Japan needed even more markets to sell goods (maintain flow of cash)
Britain and France
Policy of appeasement – avoid war at all costs Appease Hitler (give him whatever he wanted so he
wouldn’t start another massive war) The hope – Hitler would eventually be satisfied and
war would be avoided
Policy of appeasement – very popular in Britian and France Only right to give Germany back what they lost in
Treaty of Versailles
United States
Came out of WWI with increased economic strength Expanded heavy industry – to meet allied war effort
After Treaty of Versailles – retreated into an isolationist stance Wanted to focus on internal advancement Dawes Plan of 1924 – loans to Germany to re-establish
German mark Mainly avoid political entanglements
In 1935, Roosevelt passed the Neutrality Act – to prevent USA from being dragged back into international conflict