Chapter 16: Post-Reformation Science and CultureI. II. The Rise of Modern Sciencea. The Founders of Modern Sciencei. Return to the Scriptures1. Natural philosophersa. Scientists during this erab. Scientists wasnt used till 18402. Philosophera. Greek lover of truthii. Nicolaus Copernicus1. 1543 one of the first important breakthroughs for modern science2. Polish astronomer3. Proposed a new way of understanding the universe4. Revolutions of the Celestial Spheresa. Planets including the earth revolve around the sunb. The earth is not a motionless body about which everything else in the universe moves5. Heliocentrica. Sun-centeredb. Todays approach6. Geocentrica. Earth-centeredb. Believed to be the universe in Copernicuss dayiii. Johannes Kepler1. German Lutheran astronomer2. Dedicated his life to finding the mathematical harmonies in the mind of the Creator3. Retained the idea that the orbits of the planets are circular4. Calculated that the orbits of the planets could not be perfect circles5. 1609 discovered the three laws of planetary motiona. Planets orbit the sun in oval-shaped paths called ellipsesb. Planets moves faster when it is closer to the sunc. Relation between the time it takes a planet to orbit the sun and its distance from the suniv. Galileo Galilei1. Great Italian philosopher2. 1597 wrote a letter heliocentric view of the universe is true3. 1610 built a telescope4. Mathematics language of science5. Discovered the law of uniform accelerationa. Speed of a body falling in a vacuumany body, regardless of weightaccelerates (increases) uniformly with time6. Calculated the laws of the penduluma. Relationship between the time it takes a freely swinging mass to travel in its arc and the distance between the mass and its connecting pointb. Genesis 1:14 precision: Creationv. Isaac Newton1. English philosopher2. 1666 observed an apple fall from a tree began to think of gravity extending to the orb of the moon3. 1687 published Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (principia)a. universal law of gravitation every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle of matter with a force directly proportional to its quantity of matter, decreasing as the distance increasesb. three laws of motioni. inertia resistance to change in motionii. accelerations relationship to physical forceiii. action and reaction to force4. Father of Modern Science5. 1704 published Opticks nature of lightb. The Progress of Modern Sciencei. Pioneers of science1. Andreas Vesaliusa. Flemishb. Father of Anatomyc. Published the first description of the human body in the 1540s2. William Gilberta. 1600 published De Magneta first great English science book3. John Napiera. Scottish mathematician and Bible scholarb. Bet. 1614 and 1617 invented logarithms and decimal notation4. Francis Bacona. English philosopherb. 1620 Formulated the modern scientific method5. William Harveya. English physicianb. 1628 discovered the circulation of blood in the human body6. Pierre Varniera. French mathematicianb. 1631 invented an accurate scale for measuring lines and angles7. Ren Descartesa. Frenchmanb. Father of Modern Philosophyc. 1637 developed analytical geometryd. Worked in several other scientific fields8. Blaise Pascala. French mathematician and philosopherb. 1641 invented a calculating device that was a predecessor to modern calculatorsc. Perfected the barometer and helped develop the science of hydrostatics9. Robert Boylea. English scientist and Christianb. 1662 formulated his laws of gasesc. Father of Modern Chemistry10. Robert Hookea. English astronomer, mathematician, and experimental philosopherb. 1665 first to observe microscopic cells (term by Hooke)11. Anton van Leeuwenhoeka. Dutch naturalistb. 1675 designed and built simple microscopes and observed protozoa and anatomical functionsc. Father of Microbiology12. Edmund Halleya. Englishmanb. 1682 correctly predicted the appearance of the comet which bears his name Halleys Cometc. One of the greatest astronomers of his day13. John Raya. Englishmanb. Puritan clergyman and naturalistc. 1682 pioneered the science of taxonomy (classification) and originated the idea of species (distinct kinds of animals or plants--- Carolus Linnaeus Devout Christian from Sweden Expanded Rays work and established the modern system of biological classification14. Gabriel Fahrenheita. Germanb. 1714 invented the mercury thermometer and developed the temperature scale that bears his nameii. The scientific societies1. John Wilkinsa. Puritan clergymanb. 1645 led in the formation of the Philosophical Collegec. 1662 Royal Society for the improvement of Natural Knowledge was formed in London first permanent scientific society of the Modern Age2. French Academy of Sciencea. Founded in Paris in 1666b. Supported largely by the Protestant Huguenots and Jansenists 9 a group of French Catholics who believed in salvation by Gods grace and followed several Calvinist teachingsIII. New Achievements in Music and Arta. What Is a Classic?i. The test of time1. Classic a work of superior excellence that has stood the test of time a work for all people of all agesii. Evaluating works of art1. Word of God greatest classic of allb. The New World of Musici. Reformation music1. Martin Luthera. Leader of the Protestant Reformationb. Music is a gift from God, not a gift of menc. Chorales his hymns2. Post-reformation musica. Germany musical center of the world and produced many of the worlds greatest musiciansb. Heinrich Schtz (1585-1672)i. Most important composer before Bachii. Wrote a collection of madrigals (elaborate songs bassed on poemsiii. Church music greatest contributionc. Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750)i. One of historys greatest composersii. Born into a family known for musical talent (about 60 Bachs became musicians)iii. Some famous works1. The Christmas Oratorio2. St. Matthew Passion3. The Well-Tempered Clavier4. Brandenburg Concertosd. George Frederick Handel (1685-1759)i. Oratorio a sacred choral work often using a biblical textii. The Messiah1. Written in 24 days2. The Hallelujah Chorus3. Best known choral piece in the worlde. Isaac Watts (1674-1748)i. Father of English Hymnii. Hymns spiritual songs of praiseiii. Wrote more than 600 hymnsiv. Some hymns1. When I Survey the Wondrous Cross2. Joy to the World3. O God Our Help in Ages Past4. Alas, and Did My Savior Bleed3. 18th-century classical musica. Classical styleb. Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)i. wrote about 100 symphonies including1. Surprise Symphony2. The Creation3. The Seasonsc. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)i. Child prodigy child of unusual talent of geniusii. 3 y.o. amused himself at the pianoiii. 4 y.o. began music lessonsiv. 5 y.o. composed his first piecesv. 7 y.o. grand tour in Europevi. 9 y.o. wrote his first symphonyvii. 11 y.o. wrote his first operaviii. 13 y.o. mastered all musical formsix. Died at 35 y.o.x. Composed 600 works1. 48 symphonies2. Several operasa. The Magic Fluteb. Don Giovannic. The Marriage of Figaro3. Piano concertos4. Sonatas4. Beethovena. Climax of classical musicb. 19th centuryc. Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)i. Wrote concertos and piano sonatas (long piano solos)1. Moonlight Sonataii. Orchestral symphonies mark the highest point in the development of the symphony form1. Fifth Symphony2. Ninth Symphony (Ode to Joy)ii. The New World of Art1. 16th-century art from Germanya. Began with Albrecht Drer (1471-1528)i. Nuremberg, Germanyii. First trained as a goldsmith like his fatheriii. Apprenticed to a painter and woodcutter from whom he learned to use the pen and brush, to work with watercolor and oils, and to develop the art of woodcutting (making prints by engraving designs on wooden blocksiv. Paintings1. The Prodigal Son

2. Praying Hands

b. Hans Holbein the Younger (1497-1543)i. One of the greatest portrait painters of all timesii. Henry VIII and his wivesc. Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669)i. Great works1. Sacrifice of Isaac

2. The Prodigal Son

3. Descent from the Cross

Chapter 17: France: A Road to RevolutionI. France under Louis XIVa. The Sun Kingi. Louis XIV1. Son of Louis XIII died when Louis SIV was 52. Longest reigns of any king in history over 70 years (1643-1715)3. Known for his display of pomp and splendor4. Chose the sun as his symbol5. Epitome of an absolute ruler6. Letat, cest moi I am the stateii. Mazarin1. Ruled for the child-king2. Died in 1661; Louis XIV was 23b. Government Policy and Organizationi. Bureaucratic governments established by Louis XIV, one of the first modern governmentsii. Bureaucracy1. bureau French desk2. government by men who sit at desksiii. Intendant1. Headed each council2. Represented Louis3. All local matters were handled by agent of the centralized governmentiv. Bourgeoisie1. French middle class2. Great majority of the populationv. Palace of Versailles1. Constructed by Louis XIV2. Housed by many government offices (bureaus)3. Offered much entertainment to keep the aristocracy occupieda. Versailles to keep an eye on themb. Exempted to pay taxesc. The Age of Absolutismi. Authoritarian kings1. Expected unconditional obedience to their authority2. Ruled the majority of the worlds peopleii. Age of Absolutism1. 17th and 18th centuries2. Several monarchs aspired to have absolute (unlimited) power3. Totalitarian rulers did not have total powerd. Economics and Financei. Jean Baptiste Colbert1. Louiss minister of FranceRESOURCES

90%Aristocracy

10%Bourgeoisie/peasants

TAXES

~10%Aristocracy

~100%Bourgeoisie/peasants

e. New World Exploration and Colonizationi. Samuel de Champlain (1608)1. Father of New France2. Founded Quebec Canadaa. 1st permanent French colony in Americaii. Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet (1673)1. JM Jesuit missionary2. LJ fur trader3. Explored the Mississippi Riveriii. Robert Cavalier de la Salle (1673)1. Sailed down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico2. Claimed the entire Mississippi Valley in Franceiv. New France1. Claimeda. Canadab. Great lakes regionc. Mississippi Valleyf. Toward One Religioni. Louis officially revoked the Edict of Nantes1. All Huguenot church buildings to be destroyed2. All Huguenot services nor allowed3. Ministers who would not convert to Romanism had to leave the country within 10 days or put to death4. Children born to Huguenot parents were to be baptized by Romanist priests and to be raise as Catholics5. Huguenots (except ministers) were forbidden to leave the countryg. Military Expeditionsi. League of Augsburg (1686)1. Coalition against France formed by several European nations2. Consists ofa. England Frances arch enemyb. Dutch Republicc. Holy Roman Empired. Several other German statesii. War of the League of Augsburg (1688)1. French won several battles but could not defeat enemies at onceiii. Treaty of Ryswick (1697)1. Signed by Louis XIV2. Established status quo ante bellum the existing state before the wariv. War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713)1. Most costly war of Louis XIVs reignv. Battle of Blenheim (1704)1. Led by two generalsa. Prince Eugene of Savoyb. English general John Churchilli. Duke of Marlboroughii. Ancestor of the famous Winston Churchillvi. Treaty of Utrecht (1713)1. Ended War of Spanish Succession2. Series of agreements among the warring nationsa. Philip of Anjoui. King of Spainii. Thrones of Spain and France = never unitedb. Spain ceded to Austria several Italian territories and the remainder of the Spanish Netherlands (Belgium)c. Spain cede to Gibraltard. France ceded to England to control of New-foundland, Nova Scotia, and the Hudson Bay territory3. Established among the nations of Europe the balance of power concept no nation should be strong or weakII.