AHISTORYOFARCHITECTURE:SETTINGSANDRITUALSSPIROKOSTOF

BOOKREVIEWPRESENTATIONREVIEWEDBYMADHUMALUKANI(SA1103)

KOSTOFSAPPROACH

Kostofemphasizesonthestudyofarchitectureasawholeandsaid,"Allbuildingsofthepast,regardlessofsizeorstatusorconsequence,shouldideallybedeemedworthyofstudy."Hisapproachtoarchitecturalhistorystressesonurbanismalongwitharchitecturalworksandshowshowbuildingsareembeddedintheirphysicalandsocialcontexts.KostofsbookAHistoryofArchitecture:Settingsandritualsembodiestheseideasandillustrateshisnewperspectivestowardsarchitecturalstudy.

Kostofsharesfourpointswhichhehasfollowedinhisstudy.Theonenessofarchitecture whereinheregardsstructureandaestheticsasinseparable;f g pThesettingofarchitecture buildingscannotbestudiedinisolationfromimmediatecontext;Thecommunityofarchitectureculturalvaluesofthesocietywhichpreventarchitecturefrombeingmerelyabuildform;Themeaningofarchitecture whereinhediscussesthereason,timeandpurposebehindthebuildingbeingwhatitis.

ABOUTTHEBOOK

Thebookisdividedintothreesegments:ThefirstrevealstheoriginanddevelopmentofearlycitieswithreferencetoMesopotamia,Egypt,Greece,Romeandotherrelevantcivilizations.Thesecondpartdiscussesthemedievalperiod,studyingtheurbanizationofEuropeancountriesuntilthe18th centuryandthethirdpartdiscussestheinfluencesofmodernism.

Kostofhasnotfollowedastrictchronologicalpatterninhisdepiction.Thesequenceismerelyonthedegreeofevolution,yet,attimes,hehaslaidparallelstocomparethetimeframe.ForinstancehehaslinkedtheemergenceofSumerwiththethirdrearrangementoftheStonehenge.Thisgivesthereadertheclearideaoftimeframeofvariousg g gevents andtherebycomparisonsbetweenvariouscivilizationscanbeestablished.Whileexplainingtheculturalandreligiousaspectsinrelationtothecity,Kostofhasnotneglectedotherdetailssuchasconstructiontechniquesandmaterialsandtheiravailability,hencegivingacompleteoverviewofthecivilization.

IhavefocusedmystudyonthefirstfewchapterswhichdiscusstheNeolithiceraandtheearlysettlementswhichsetthefoundationsofurbanrevolutionandthecitiesofMesopotamiaandEgypt.

THE RISE OF THE CITY : ARCHITECTURE IN WESTERN ASIATHERISEOFTHECITY:ARCHITECTUREINWESTERNASIA

THEURBANREVOLUTION BEFORE THE CITIES NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENTSBEFORETHECITIES NEOLITHICSETTLEMENTS

JERICHO,KHIROKITIAANDCATALHOYUK

CITIES OF MESOPOTAMIACITIESOFMESOPOTAMIA

URBANREVOLUTION

NearEast TheCradleOfCivilizationThisdatesbacktothesecondmillenniumB.C.,thetimeofthethirdrearrangementoftheStonehenge. WhileNeolithicEuropecarriedonastoneusingpeasanteconomy,intwospotsofneareast,MesopotamiaandEgypt,therewerecontemporaryliterateculturesthatknewhowtoworkmetal,ororganizefoodproduction,andkeepwrittenrecordsoftheirtransactionsandbeliefs.

BeingCivilizedThewordcivilizationderivesfromtheLatinwordcivitas,whichmeanscity.Thisgivesustheotheracceptedcharacterof, y g pcivilizedhumanity thatithasforitstheatreofactivitiesanintricateartifact,thecity.ButKostofquestionsthefactthatcivilizedlifecannotexistoutsideofcities andsays,incorrelatingurbanismandcivilizedhistory,wehaveimbuedthecitywithpositivequalitiestheabsenceofwhichhastendedtodowngradeothersocialorganisms.Hevalidatesthiswithillustrations of three settlements which qualify as a town: Jericho, Khirokitia and Catalhoyuk.illustrationsofthreesettlementswhichqualifyasatown:Jericho,KhirokitiaandCatalhoyuk.

BEFORETHECITIES:NEOLITHICSETTLEMENTS

MAP: WESTERN ASIA,8000 700 B C8000700 B.C.

JERICHO,(ISRAEL),7500B.C.

Theearliestsurvivingtown.

Thestorybeginswiththelifegivingsourceoffreshwater(nowcalledElishasfountain)wherehunterssettledforagriculture.agriculture.

Theearliesthousesdatingbackto7500B.C.haddomedhousesofmudbrickwithanentranceporchandcurvedwalls,probablyan imitationofroundtentsofthenomadichunters.

Thelaterhouses(6500B.C.)wererectangularwithroundedcorners,arrangedaroundcourtyardswhichwereusedforcooking.Severalpublicbuildingssetasidewithforworshipwere interwoven withthehouses.

The cluster pattern was dominant and hence the streets were missingTheclusterpatternwasdominantandhencethestreetsweremissing.

Themostimportantfeatureofthissettlementwasfortification.

Thesettlementcoveredabout3hectaresandoncehavingreacheditsoptimumspread,was fortifiedbyastonewall.Thisdatesbacksto7500B.C.Thefortwasoverseenbyamassiveroundtower,whichwasintimatewithaseriesofmudbrickenclosures,thathavebeeninterpretedaswatercisterns,probablyactingascurtainofdefense.

JERICHO,TOWERBUILTAGAINSTSIDEOFSETTLEMENTWALL(FORTIFICATION),7500B.C.

KHIROKITIA,(CYPRUS),5500B.C.

Thissettlementshowsthepresenceoffirsttruestreet.Thestreetrunningfromtheriverbank,uphill,formsthemainspine.

UnlikeJerichowhichwasaclosedtown,Khirokita hadanopencompositionwithhousesoneithersideofthestreet.Hencegrowthwasnotrestricted.

Thestreetalsoshowedapresenceofhaltingplaceintheformofawidenedplatformwhichcanbeconsideredanantecedenttoacitysquare.

KHIROKITIA, NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT, ca. 5500 B.C., PLANSHOWING STREET SPINE AND HOUSES

Thestreetwasbuiltoflimestoneandraisedconsiderablyabovegroundlevel,hencepreventederosionandalsocontributedstabilitytothehouses.

Presenceofsuchathoroughfarehadbothorganizationalandsocialbenefits.Therewasasenseofcommonbelongingandhenceasocialmaturityconcerningitsmaintenance.

KHIROKITIA , VILLAGE SQUARE, ANOBLIQUE VIEW OF THE AREAMARKED AS AN INSET.

CATALHOYUK,(TURKEY),7000B.C.

Besideshuntingandagriculture,thisNeolithicsettlementrestsonanewrationaletrade. Obsidian(blackvolcanicglass)wasthemainarticlefortrade.ObsidiantoolswereprobablytradedforseashellsandflintfromSyria.

Anotherimportantskilltheypossessedwasworkingwithmetal. Thiswastooearlyforsuchtechnicalknowledge,asmetallurgywasnotfullypracticeduntiltheculturesofMesopotamiaandEgypt.

Thesettlementisbelievedtobeenrichedwithshopsofmerchantsofleatherandfur,smithsmakingornamentsandtoolsandpublicmarketsinthemidstofurbanfabric.p

EXCAVATIONS AT CATALHOYUK IMAGE OF GODDESS POTTERYEXCAVATIONS AT CATALHOYUK, IMAGE OF GODDESS, POTTERY

Thesettlementwasneitheropennorclosed.Thebuildingsweregroupedintotightquartersandwhichopenedupanoccasionalcourtyard.Acontinuousblankwallfacedthecountryside.y

Streetswereabsent.Entryofthehouseswasthroughaholeintheflatroofreachedbyawoodenladder.Italsoactedasasmokestack.

Theshrineswerelaidonthesameschemeashouses.Plasterreliefsofmothergoddessresemblingtoimageryof old stone age formed the surface decorofoldstoneage formedthesurfacedecor.

CATALHOYUK, NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT, ca. 7000 B.C.,RECONSTRUCTION VIEW OF RESIDENTIAL AREARECONSTRUCTION VIEW OF RESIDENTIAL AREA

THE CITIES OF MESOPOTAMIATHECITIESOFMESOPOTAMIA

LAYOUTOFCITIES TEMPLES AND ZIGGURATSTEMPLESANDZIGGURATS PALACES

THECITIESOFMESOPOTAMIA

MAP: MESOPOTAMIA

Mesopotamia(fromthefourthmillenniumB.C.)wasthefirstsettlementqualifiedasacity andthefirsttoexhibitthewritingtradition.

Itshistoryisdividedintofourbroadsegmentsofchronology.

Protoliterate Period(3500 3000B.C.)BattlementsofringwallsTempleandzigguratbegantogainarchitecturaldefinitionFirstwrittendocument

EarlyDynasticPeriod(30002350B.C.)y y ( )KingshipandestablishmentofhereditarykingshipMonumentalpalaceasanadministrativecentreRaisingthedefensivesystemofthecity

LaterSumerianPeriod(upto 1600B.C.)Riseofempire,collectiveruleofcitystatesHighpointofbuildingtypeofziggurat(zigguratofUr Nammu)

TheAssyrianPeriod(1350 612B.C.)ThenorthernregionflourishedattheexpenseoflowerMesopotamiaimposingstatereliefsandpalacesaccompaniedbydeclineinpositionofziggurat

LAYOUTOFCITIES

HistorybeforetheEarlyDynasticperiodisstillblurred.b h b d h d fl h dHoweverbythenaboutadozencitieshadflourishedin

SumerandtowardsnorthinBabylon.

Thecitieswereenclosedbyawallandsurroundedbysuburbanvillagesandhamlets.

Thetwomonumentalcenterswerethezigguratcomplexoverseenbythepalace.Theurbanfabricwasapromiscuousblendofresidentialandcommercialbuildings.AtUr,anexampleofabazaarwasfound:aconcentrationoflittleboothsalonganarrowpassagewithdoorsateitherends.

Amplesquaresandpublicgardenswererare.

UR (IRAQ), SCHEMATIC PLAN OF THE CITY, ca. 2000 B.C.

Streetwidthforprinciplethoroughfareswasnotmorethan3meters.Theseledtopublicbuildingsandwereborderedwiththehousesoftherich.Trafficwasmostlypedestrian,howeverservicecartsandchariotshavealsobeenexcavated.

Housesweregroupedintocongestedblockssharingpartywalls,againsttheorthogonalneatdesignofarchitects.Evenwhilereplacement,theplanoftheolderhousehadadirectbearingastheruinswereusedasfoundation.

Thearchitecturalmetabolismconstantlytransformedthemakeupofthecityscapewhichwasheldtogetherbystifferskeletonofstreets.fThelevelofthestreetsroseduetothedumpingofrefuseleadingtosinkingfloorlevels.Whenthegroundlevelgotburiedconsiderably,thehousewasraisedtotheceilingusingthe ground as service vault.thegroundasservicevault.

Therewerenowindowstowardstheoutsideandeverythingopenedintothecourtyard.

UR, PLAN OF RESIDENTIAL AREA, 2000 B.C.

LEFT: UR, RESIDENTIAL QUARTER BETWEEN THEZIGGURAT PRECINCT AND THE WEST HARBOR,PLAN

ABOVE: UR COURTYARD OF RESIDENTIALABOVE: UR, COURTYARD OF RESIDENTIALQUARTER, RECONSTRUCTION DRAWING

TEMPLESANDZIGGURATS

Smallshrineswerescatteredthroughoutthefabric.Theyg yhadtwostandardfeatures:anicheofepiphanymarkedbythestatueofdeityoranalter,andatableforofferings.By3500B.C.,theevolvedintomonumentaltemples.

Thetemplecomplexwasthehubofaneconomicsystemthathasbeendescribedastheocraticsocialism.Itwassurroundedbyitsownprotectivewall,formingthelast bulwark against attack The temple stood on alastbulwarkagainstattack.Thetemplestoodonatremendousplatformcalledthezigguratandwasfreeofthepressuresofdensityinitsampleprecinct.

UR, ZIGGURAT PRECINCT, THIRD DYNASTY, 21132006 B.C.

Th i f i t t l t d ti l li bi H lik th li t l l d iTheexperienceofziggurattemplerestedon reverentialclimbing.Howeverunliketheearliertemples,placedinopenlandscapeatthehighestofthecity,theurbantemple exhibitedadifferentapproach.Dedicatedtolesserdeities,itwasbuiltclosertothelivingspaceofthecityandwassurroundedbycommonstructures.

f f f fSintempleIIatKhafaje illustratestheresultofthiscondition.Thetemplebecametheinnermostofaseriesofenclosedspaceswithasingleentranceinoneofitslongsides.

ThisisincompletecontrasttowhitetempleatWarka, whichwasanopenloftedundisturbedstructure.

LEFT:KHAFAJE,OVALTEMPLE,ca.26502350B.C.;RIGHT:WARKA,WHITETEMPLE,35003000B.C.

PALACES

Thezigguratintimelostsomephysicalprominencetootherfocalpointsofthegg p y p purbanfabric,theprincipalonebeingthepalaceoftheking.

DuringtheAssyrianperiod,thezigguratbecameamereadjuncttothekingspalace, which then completely dominated the cityscape.

A

palace,whichthencompletelydominatedthecityscape.

B

C

SKETCH PLANS SHOWING RELATIONSHIP OF ZIGGURAT (RED) AND ROYAL PALACE (GREEN) :A. AT UR, ca. 2000 B.C.B. AT ASSUR, ca. 1800 B.C.

D

SSU , ca 800 CC. AT ASSUR, ca. 1200 B.C.D. AT KHORSABAD, ca. 700 B.C.

AsimilarphenomenonwasobservedaMariatabout1750B.C.Theproportionsgotreversedhere.Thepalaceherebehavedasapmicrocosmofthecity,withitswalls,residences,temples,offices,schools,andsoon.

ROYAL PALACE AT MARI, ca. 1750 B.C. ,GROUND PLAN

Th fi l d b f h i d Kh b dThefinaldebasementofthezigguratoccurredatKhorsabad.Thepalacehere,ratherthanbeingsurroundedbythefabricofthecity,showeditsbacktothecitywalls.Thepalacewhichhadstartedoutasanaccessorytotheziggurat,nowgrewattheexpenseofit,intoatheatreofabsolutepowerandintimidation.

LEFT: KHORSABAD, THE POSITION OF ZIGGURAT IN THEPALACE COMPLEX.

ABOVE: KHORSABAD, THE PALACE IN RELATION TO THE CITY

THE ARCHITECTURE OF ANCIENT EGYPTTHEARCHITECTUREOFANCIENTEGYPT

THELANDOFEGYPT THE BURIAL OF KINGSTHEBURIALOFKINGS THETIMEOFTHEGODS ENDURANCEOFTHECULT

ARCHITECTUREOFANCIENTEGYPT

MAP: ANCIENT EGYPT

Thissophisticatedcultureofriversettlementsisattributedwithconservatism,orratherthebalanceitsustainsbetweeninnovationandtradition.

Neolithic village life along Nile developed into two independent polities: Lower Egypt,which included the Delta regionNeolithicvillagelifealongNiledevelopedintotwoindependentpolities:LowerEgypt,whichincludedtheDeltaregionuntilMemphisandUpperEgypt,southwardsuntilAswan.LaterKingMenesofUpperEgyptinvadedthenorthandunifiedthecountryandestablisheditscapitalatMemphis.ThiscoincideswiththeProtoliterate PeriodinMesopotamia,about3000B.C.

ARCHAICPERIOD,3000 2665B.C.:Architectureshowedgreatadvancesduringthisperiod;beginningwithbricktombsandpalacesitevolvedtostonemonumentslikethoseatSaqqara. ThiscoincideswiththeearlydynasticperiodinMesopotamia.

OLDKINGDOM,until2150B.C.:MarkedbytheemergenceofabsoluteKingship,theruleofPharaoh.ThearchitecturalsequelwasfollowedbytruepyramidsasthoseatGiza.

MIDDLE KINGDOM 2250 1570 B C Th i d f i l d liti l h t d th d f thi d ill i MIDDLEKINGDOM,2250 1570B.C.:Theperiodofsocialandpoliticalchaos,towardstheendofthirdmillennium,cametoanendandthecapitalwasestablishedatThebes.Dominanceofreligionoverfuneraryarchitectureandpriesthoodoverkingshipwasobserved.

l l h fl h d d f h l b l h NEWDINGDOM,16001300B.C.:Monumentaltemplearchitectureflourishedasdistinctfromtheroyalburials.Thiseraalsowitnessedalieninvasions.

TheEgyptianriverwassubjecttounfailinglyregularandbenignfloodingwhichleftthedepositsofrichblacksoil.This

LANDOFEGYPT

gyp j g y g g g pnarrowfertilestripofvalleywasrigidlydividedintofields,theboundariesofwhichhadtobereestablishedaftereveryperiodofflooding.ThingsranalongNile,mostlynorthandsouth,oratrightanglestoit.Orthogonalplanningcamenaturallybothinthefielddivision and in the design of cities. This accounts as a remarkable difference between Mesopotamian and Egyptian order.divisionandinthedesignofcities.ThisaccountsasaremarkabledifferencebetweenMesopotamianandEgyptianorder.

ElKahun exhibitsafineexampleofthiswhereinthestandardizedbuildingsaregroupedintospecialzones brickrowhousesforworkersandcraftsmen,oftenbacktoback,aquarteroflargemansionsforgovernmentofficials,andanenclosedcompound or the kingcompoundortheking.

EL KAHUN, PLAN SHOWINGWORKERS HOUSING TO THE LEFT,AND AMPLER GOVERNMENTQUARTERS TO THE RIGHTQUARTERS TO THE RIGHT

Nile axis connected and unified the whole region It also acted as a major highwayNileaxisconnectedandunifiedthewholeregion.Italsoactedasamajorhighway.

Thislinearcharacterisevokedinroyalburialsandtemplesalsowhichappearlikeaseriesofepisodesalongapredeterminedpathbuiltovertime.Incontrasttothis,asseeninMesopotamianzigguratcomplexes, anumberofbuildings with independent boundary walls were grouped together but with no unifying axisbuildingswithindependentboundarywallsweregroupedtogetherbutwithnounifyingaxis.

Therepetitivecycleoffloodingoftheriverprojectedaneternalorder.Thebeliefthatdeathwasnotafinalthing butmerelythepassagetoanotherregion,wasmanifestationofthesame.Onestombwaslikeoneshouse,builttolastfort it t t i th th t f ft lifeternitytosustainthetheatresofafterlife.

AMARNA (UPPER EGYPT), DIAGRAMMATIC PLAN OF LAYOUT, SHOWING THE RELATIONSHIP TO THE NILEAND THE COURSE OF THE MAIN STREETS.

THEBURIALOFKINGS

EARLYBURIALS

Atfirst,asaresultofunificationofEgypt,thePharaohwasgivenadoubleburial;symbolicallyatAbydos,sacredsiteofOsirisandtheactualbodyatSaqqara.Saqqara.

AtSaqqara,inadditiontotheBurialchambers,thereseveraladditionalroomsholdingkingspossessions.Inlateryears,additionalfeatureswereadded; smallmortuary temple on the north side and a wooden boatadded;smallmortuarytempleonthenorthside,andawoodenboatalongsidethetombtocarrythepharaohacrossheaven.

ABOVE: CENOTAPH AT ABYDOS (UPPER EGYPT), ROYAL TUMULUS TOMB OF FIRST DYNASTY, 3100 2890 B.C.ABOVE: CENOTAPH AT ABYDOS (UPPER EGYPT), ROYAL TUMULUS TOMB OF FIRST DYNASTY, 3100 2890 B.C.BELOW: SAQQARA (LOWER EGYPT), MORTUARY COMPLEX OF FIRST DYNASTY

ZOSERSPYRAMIDCOMPLEX

TheSaqqaratombofZoser,thisisexceptionallynotorganizedontheEgyptianprincipleofaxialsequence.DesignedbyarchitectImhotep,thiswasthefirstinterpretationofbrick,timberandplantformsofEgyptian

89

11

architectureinhardmediumofstone.

1. Enclosingwall2 Entrance gate

710

122. Entrancegate3. Colonnadeentryhall:

withaliftedroof,earliestexampleofclearstoreylighting4. Grandcourt5. SouthernMastaba andOfferingroom:

13

arepresentationofroyalcenotaphatAbydos,burialplaceofkingsentrails6. HebSed court:

fortheritualofHebSed,acelebrationofthereconsecrationofhisreign7. Houseofthesouth8 H f th th

14

8. Houseofthenorth9. Courtoftheserdab10. Serdab:

roomholdingaseatedstatueofZoser asasubstitutefortheking'sbody11. Mortuary temple

6

11. Mortuarytemple12. Steppyramid13. Sarcophaguschamber14. Mastaba

Thebodylaybeneaththepyramid,inagranitesarcophaguschamber.4

Initially,asimplestonemastaba wasplacedoveritwhichenlargedinthecourseofconstruction,intoasixsteppedpyramid.

25

SAQQARA, MORTUARY COMPLEX OF KING ZOSER, THIRD DYNASTY, ca. 2680 B.C.1

23

Th d i li h b d k i d b h i f h ll i b i Si lThedesiretomonumentalizethetombandmakeitstandoutabovetheperimeterofthewall,isobvious.Sixunequalstagesalsogiveasenseofclimbing,ofaspiration,aneffectvisuallyclosetotheMesopotamianziggurat.

ThekingwasidentifiedwithsungodRe,andthepyramidwasarepresentationofthesame.ItprobablystoodforthemoundofcreationwhosesummitwastherestingplaceofSun.Itwasalsothoughtofasthestaircaseofdivineascentwhichledthekingtoheaven.

RIGHT: STATUE OF KING ZOSER IN SERDABLEFT: ZOSER COMPLEX DUMMY CHAPEL, PYRAMID

THEPYRAMIDSOFGIZA

ToetherealizethestaircaseandtomaketheroyaltombaworthsymbolofSun,aftersubsequentattempts,thetrueformofpyramidwasarrivedat.

AtGiza,therearethreeseparatepyramidcomplexes,thatofMykerinos (thelatest),Chefren andCheops.

GIZA (LOWER EGYPT), THE PYRAMID GROUP, THIRD( ), ,DYNASTY, ca. 25702500 B.C.

Th id f Ch f i k f h bl f f S hi l iThe pyramid of Chefren is known for the noble form of Sphinx, a leoninebody with portraithead of the king. At the east of the complex, in front ofthe Sphinx, stands temple of Harmakhis. Another valley temple standsnext to it, glorified with statues of Chefren. From here, the body istransferred to the mortuary temple via a covered causeway that bridgesthe sphinx group and the pyramid. The mortuary temple begins with a Tshaped hall followed by an open court. The innermost sanctum, thatfollows, is reserved for offerings for the sustenance of the body. This isthen followed by the stone mountain of the pyramidwhere the body lays.

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45

G O C CO S O G

2

LEFT: GIZA, PLAN OF CHEFREN COMPLEX SHOWING THEMORTUARY TEMPLE (1), THE CAUSEWAY (2), THE VALLEYTEMPLE (3) AND THE SPHINX(4) WITH THE TEMPLE OFHARMAKHIS (5)ABOVE: REMAINS OF THE MORTUARY TEMPLE

3

ABOVE: REMAINS OF THE MORTUARY TEMPLEBELOW: REMAINS OF THE SPHINX GROUP

THETIMEOFGODS

AfterthetermofthreeGizakings,theimmediatesuccessorfeltitnecessarytoenhancethepyramidsettingsatAbusir withg , y py gseparatesuntemples inthehonorofRe.Themainfeatureofthesetempleswereopencourtcontaininganobeliskmountedonapodium.

The tombs scale shrank and the mortuary temple grew bigger competing with the proper pyramid form. The pyramidThetomb sscaleshrankandthemortuarytemplegrewbiggercompetingwiththeproperpyramidform.Thepyramidnowdidnotevenholdtherealtomb,whichhadmovedelsewherewithinthecomplex.Theemphasishadshiftedfromthevisualglorificationoftherulertothepiousritesoftheburialcult, andthesewerenowdominatedbythenewchiefdeityofthenationalreligion,sungodAmon.BythetimeoftheNewKingdom,thepyramidwasnolongeraroyalprerogative.

DEIR ELBAHRI MENTUHOTEPS TOMBDEIRELBAHRI MENTUHOTEP STOMB

TheentireschemeofMentuhotep wasorientedtowardsthenewlystartedtempleofAmon acrosstheriver,themodernKarnak.Ittakesthecompromisedsupremacyofthepharaohalittlefurther,intendingtosatisfytheprovincialaristocracyand the priesthood of Amon His successor Queen Hatshepsut marched forward with the same scheme Being a womanandthepriesthoodofAmon.Hissuccessor,QueenHatshepsut,marchedforwardwiththesamescheme.Beingawoman,herunusualandprecariouspositioncreatedanaddedurgencytodemonstratenearnesstogod.

THEBES, PLAN SHOWING RELATIONSHIP OF,TEMPLES AT DEIR ELBAHRI AND KARNAK

The valley temple has disappeared, so has the unroofed causeway line with statues of king. The complex now consists of aThevalleytemplehasdisappeared,sohastheunroofedcausewaylinewithstatuesofking.Thecomplexnowconsistsofalargeforecourtplantedwithtrees,aterracecutoutoftherock,onwhichthemortuarytemplestood,anarrowunitcomprisingofacourtandahypostylehall.

The kings share of the central space was marked only by a cenotaph His real tomb lay deep in the cliff approached by aTheking sshareofthecentralspacewasmarkedonlybyacenotaph.Hisrealtomblaydeepinthecliff,approachedbyalongundergroundtunnelthatstartedinthesmallcourtbehindthetemple.Thepyramidwasaltogetherabsentfromthequeenscomplex.

DEIR ELBAHRI (UPPER EGYPT), THEMORTUARY TEMPLES OF MENTUHOTEP2050 B.C., AND QUEEN HATSHEPSHUT,, ,1500 B.C.

DEIR ELBAHRI, PLAN: THEMORTUARY TEMPLES OFMENTUHOTEP ANDHATSHEPSHUT

KARNAK AND LUXORKARNAKANDLUXOR

Thetwotemplecompoundswerelinkedwithoneanotherbyanavenueoframheadedsphinxes; between the two stood the palacessphinxes;betweenthetwostoodthepalacesandadministrativebuildings.Theyfunctionedlikesocialandeconomiccenterswhoseadministratorsexercisedpowerin

d ith th lth f th i h ldi

MONTU

accordancewiththewealthoftheirholdings.KARNAK,TEMPLEOFAMON

MUT

LUXOR

MUT

KARNAK, TEMPLE OF AMON, SITE

Thetemplesareendowedwithmultiplepylonsandcourts.Theprogressionemergesasaritualpath,fromthemostpublicspacestotheholyofholies,andahistoricpath,fromthemostrecentreignsoftheNewKingdom,theEthiopianandPtolemaicdynasties,totheoldestfoundationthatmarkedthesacredsite.

KARNAK, TEMPLE OF AMON,STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

ThewholecomplexbecameactiveduringtheyearlymysticmarriageofAmon andMut,whenaprogressiontookplacestartingfromLuxor,crossingMut ,crossingthepylonsofthekarnak precinctfinallytowardsAmon temple.

TOP: LUXOR RAMSES II PYLON; RIGHT: THE AVENUE OF RAM HEADED SPINXESTOP: LUXOR, RAMSES II PYLON; RIGHT: THE AVENUE OF RAMHEADED SPINXESLEADING TO THE AMON TEMPLE; LEFT: AMON TEMPLE, THE GREAT HYPOSTYLE HALL

TheprimacyofAmon wasneversuccessfullychallengedintheNewKingdom.Thepriesthoodcontinuedtogrowinstrength

ENDURANCE OFTHECULT

p y y g g p g gattheexpenseofpharaonic supremacy.

Thelaterperiod,aroundfirstmillenniumB.C.,observedthesuccessionofforeigndominations;aperiodofEthiopianrulefollowed by Persian, Greek empire of Alexander the Great until the Roman.followedbyPersian,GreekempireofAlexandertheGreatuntiltheRoman.

Therewerenosignificantmodificationsinthetempletype;itcontinuedtogrowunderthebenevolentapprovalofalienrulersanxioustogainthesupportoftheconservativeAmon priesthood.

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