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HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
Unit 4
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Chapter 16
Primate Evolution
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16.1 Primates
Main Idea Primates share several behavioral &
biological characteristics indicating that they evolved from a common ancestor.
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16.2 Hominoids to Hominins
Main Idea Hominoids evolved into hominins likely
in response to climate changes of the Miocene.
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16.3 Human Ancestry
Main Idea Tracing the evolution of the genus Homo
is important if we are to understand humans, the only living species of Homo.
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Chapter 17
Organizing Life’s Diversity
Big Idea:Evolution underlies the classification of life’s diversity.
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17.1 The History of Classification
Main Idea Biologists use a system of classification
to organize information about the diversity of living things.
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Early Systems of Classification Aristotle’s System (394-322B.C.)
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Early Systems of Classification Linnaeus’s
System (1707-1778)
Taxonomy
Binomial Nomenclature
Bird of prey
Wading bird
Perching bird
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Early Systems of Classification Binomial
Nomenclature
1. Genus name2. Species name
Cardinalis cardinalisC. cardinalis
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Early Systems of Classification Modern Classification Systems
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Taxonomic Categories
Ursus americanusAmerican black bear
Ursus thibetanusAsiatic black bear
Melursus ursinusSloth bear
Ursid
a
e
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Taxonomic Categories
Ursidae Ursus americanusAmerican black bear
Felidae Panthera LeoLion
Carnivora
Canidae Canis lupus Pitbull
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Taxonomic Categories
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Systematics Applications
Dichotomous Key
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17.1 Vocabulary
Binomial Nomenclature
Class
Classification
Division
Domain
Family
Genus
Kingdom
Order
Phylum
Taxon
Taxonomy
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17.1 Key Concepts
Aristotle developed the 1st widely accepted biological classification system
Linnaeus used morphology & behavior to classify plants & animals.
Binomial nomenclature uses Latin genus & specific name to give an organism a scientific name.
Organisms are classified according to a nested hierarchical system
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17.2 Modern Classification
Main Idea Classification systems have changed
over time as information has increased.
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Determining Species
Typological Species Concept
types that have characteristics or traits in common
Common Goldfish
Fancy Goldfish
different?
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Determining Species
Biological Species Concept Interbreed
Fertile Offspring Zorse = Sterile
Phylogenetic Species Concept Evolutionary History
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Determining Species
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Characters
Morphological Characters
Biochemical Characters
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Phylogenetic Reconstruction
Character Types Ancestral Derived
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Phylogenetic Reconstruction
Cladograms
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17.2 Vocabulary
Character
Cladistics
Cladogram
Molecular Clock
Phylogeny
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17.2 Key Concepts
The definition of species has changed over time.
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species, evidence for which comes from a variety of studies.
A molecular clock uses comparisons of DNA sequences to estimate phylogeny & rate of evolutionary change.
Cladistic analysis models evolutionary relationships based on sequencing derived characters.
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17.3 Domains & Kingdoms
Main Idea The most widely used biological
classification system has 6 kingdoms within 3 domains.
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Grouping Species
3 Domains Prokaryote versus Eukaryote
6 Kingdoms
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Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protista Algae, Protozoans, Euglenoids
Kingdom Fungi
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Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
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17.3 Vocabulary
Archaea
Eubacteria
Fungus
Protist
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17.3 Key Concepts
Domains Bacteria & Archaea contain prokaryotes.
Organisms are classified at the kingdom level based on cell type, structures, & nutrition.
Domain Eukarya contains 4 kingdoms of eukaryotes.
Because viruses are not living, they are not included in the biological classification system.