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The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
LIXO NOBRE
DOES THE CLOSURE OF JARDIM GRAMACHO PRESENTS NEW
OPPORTUNITIES TO THE WORKING COMMUNITY IN THE LANDFILL?
Imagining Brazil in History and in Culture (29333)
Prof. James N. Green
Lior Krengel, 300915709
Introduction:
After 34 years of functioning as Latin America's largest landfill, Rio de
Janeiro's Jardim Gramacho closed up in June 3rd, 2012. This decision has a main and
direct effect on two forces: the image of the city of Rio de Janeiro and the working
community in the landfill, the "pickers of recyclable material" who are better known
as "Catadores".
The closure of Jardim Gramacho, a governmental act, seems on one hand to
be assisting the Catardores, who have been going through a process of change in the
last decade, in accomplishing their goals. This might be an opportunity for better
work and life conditions as well as social inclusion. On the other hand, it can be
interpreted as an act that actually cause harm to this group of people, emphasizing
and deepening social inequalities in Rio de Janeiro's society.
In this essay, I attempt to determine whether the closure of Jardim Gramacho
is a beneficial or harmful act for the workers in the landfill. I will first describe the
process of transformation and change that the Catadores have been leading and
going through in the last decade. Then, I will briefly mention the city's motivation to
close the site. I will also present the compensation that the Municipality is offering to
the Catadores. Finally, I will discuss whether this is an opportunity or a not for this
community.
I will conclude that although theoretically the Catadores should benefit of
the decision, this is only true for the very short term and only for some of them. In
reality, no real practical opportunity is being offered by the Municipality. Most
2
importantly, the loss of the Catadores' communal identity as a result of Jardim
Gramacho's closure is priceless.
Jardim Gramacho:
In 1978, the city of Rio de Janeiro began unloading waste into a site called
"Metropolitan Landfill of Gramacho", better known as "Jardim Gramacho". Until its
closure, 80% of Rio de Janeiro's municipalities' waste arrived at the site. The landfill
received daily 9,000 tons of trash. During the day, 1,700 people worked at the place.
There is no precise data regarding the activity at the site during the night but a
similar number is estimated.1
Back in 1978, no system was implanted in order to prevent leachate of the
toxic waste from contaminating the ground water. During the 1980's, COMLURB -
Rio's waste management company - stopped covering deposited waste with a layer
of soil. Since there was no piping system that would trap and burn off methane gas
from beneath the surface, fires erupted often.2
In 1996, COMLURB sub-contracted another company to recuperate the site.
As a result, a clear perimeter was set to the site, waste was covered daily and pipes
would burn off methane gas. Nevertheless, as the site was not initially lined,
Brazilian law designated that the waste disposal site in Jardim Gramacho is not a
sanitary landfill but a controlled landfill. While this title was good enough back then,
it was not a sufficient excuse, legally speaking, to keep the site opened when this
was suggested lately.
1Comunidade COEP. (2005). Jardim Gramacho: Diagnóstico Social. Rio de Janeiro: iBase. Pg 15-17.
2 Ibid, Pg 26-27.
3
While 1996 can be seen as a turning point from an environmental aspect, the
year of 2004 is without a doubt a milestone in terms of the human organization of
Jardim Gramacho. Until then, the workers in Jardim Gramacho had no organization
that would represent their voice. COMLURB, which was supposed to also improve
the work conditions along with the environmental setting, only took care of a very
small portion of the workers.
In 2004, the national organization MNCR (Movimento Nacional dos Catadores
de Matérias Reciclaveis) was funded, an act that led to a formal registration of the
workers, assuring in this way that certain criteria would be met. Along with its great
legal importance, the organization also gave to the workers, for the first time, the
sense of an organized work. They were no longer only individuals working in the
same area, but a community of people, sharing common rights and obligations.3
The foundation of MNCR was an inspirational act for some of Jardim
Gramacho's workers, which eventually founded a workers' association called
ACAMJG (Associação dos Catadores do Aterro Metropolitano de Jardim Gramacho).
The association was founded with the first rumors on the closure of Jardim
Gramacho. Its first efforts were in preventing this action, as well as maintaining the
Catadores informed of the process. This local activity surely added to the Catadores
sense of community.
Another aspect that has improved over the years was the workers' self-
perception. Literally, the word "catadores" means "collectors". It is a shortened form
3 Ibid, pg 25-30.
4
of "catadores de matéria reciclável ("collectors of recyclable material"), which is the
term adopted and promoted by the MNCR4 and by many catadores. However, many
people of the general public in Brazil continue to refer to Catadores as "'catadores de
lixo" ("collectors of garbage").5
Piza and Rosemberg describe in their article when referring to color
classification, that "the historical and social contexts (...) are reflected in the terms
used."6 Similarly, the term "catadores" has evolved historically and can vary in
different parts of Brazil, depending on historical moments, as well as context. At the
very beginning, the Catadores were called xepeiros, a degrading term for a beggar or
someone who does peculiar jobs. As the image of the Catadores began improving,
due to some actions that I'll refer to in the next sections, the terminology used to
describe their work has improved too. The word "catadores" avoids derogatory
terms commonly used such as "scavenger", "garbage picker" and "rag picker".
Catadores in Jardim Gramcho call the objects that they collect "material" and
distinguish it from the category of "garbage". These categories are quite flexible,
depending on the market in recyclables.
Millar gives the example of the global economic crisis in 2008. During that
period, the price of cardboard dropped rapidly over the course of three weeks from
20 cents a kilo to 7 cents. The price became so low that no scrap dealer in Jardim
4
5 Millar Kathleen M. (2011). Reclaiming the Discarded: The Politics of Labor and Everyday Life on Rio's Garbage Dump. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Brown, Providence, Rhode Island. Pg 16-17.
6 Piza Edith, Rosemberg Fúlvia. (1999). Color in the Brazilian Census. In Reichmann Rebecca, Race in Contemporary Brazil. United State of America: The Pennsylvania State University Press. Pg 37.
5
Gramacho was willing to buy cardboard. And so, cardboard was no longer "material"
and became "garbage".7
This example also shows how much the Catadores understand their work as
an act of recovering what is valuable from the core of waste. It also proves that their
job is beyond a simple separation and organization of garbage; it actually requires
specific skills and learning process. This understanding does not allow the term
"garbage collecting" to be used any longer.
As I attempted to show in this section, Jardim Gramacho functioning has
improved along the years. The changes in the organizational structure of the landfill
have also led to an improvement in the self-image of the workers in the site.
Another motivational force that should not be left out is the exposure and
increasing awareness of the Brazilian and International public of the Jardim
Gramacho. One important example of that would the documentary film "Waste
Land"8 by Vick Muniz that tells the life story of the Catadores in Jardim Gramacho
and brings the whole world's awareness to it. Muniz successfully present the
Catadores as human beings with dignity, strongly differentiating them from the
materials that they deal with on a daily basis.
The Closure of Jardim Gramacho by Rio de Janeiro's Municipality:
Jardim Gramacho's closure was postponed several times, and was slated to
finally take place just weeks before the United Nations' Rio+20 mega-conference on
7 Millar, ibid.,Pg 18.8 Aynsley, Agnus, & Walker, Lucy. (2012). Waste Land [Documentary film]. United States.
6
sustainable development. It also comes as the city is preparing to host the 2014
World Cup soccer tournament and the 2016 Olympics.
The closure of the site is an attempt of setting an environmental example:
substituting an untreated open facility for a modern waste treatment plant.
According to the plan, the dump will be transformed into a vast facility that will
harness the greenhouse gases generated by the rotting rubbish and turn them into
fuel. The petroleum company Petroobras will purchase the gas and use it to run one
of its refineries. The sludge from the decomposing trash will be treated and turned
into recycled water. The landfill will eventually be turned into a park.
While there is no doubt of the potential environmental benefits of the
closure, less clear is what will happen to the Catadores who worked in the area.
According to the city of Rio, the cooperative and city officials negotiated more than
$11 million as severance to be split among those workers who could prove they had
been working at the site for the last few years. The severance, paid by the company
responsible for the harvesting of the methane gas, is being paid to more than 1,600
workers.
The cooperative has also set up a fund that will, for the next 14 years, provide
funding for projects to educate the workers and provide them with tools to continue
working on the field of recycling. The fund will also provide for classes if workers
want to pursue another trade or career. Finally, part of the proceeds from the
methane sales will be dedicated to rehabilitating the 'favelas' around the landfill.9
9 Blore (2012, May 30). The closing of Gramacho, Latin-America's largest landfill, leaves garbage
pickers with an uncertain future. O Globo. Retrieved July 27, 2012.
7
Discussion: Opportunity or Damage?
In theory, the closure of Jardim Gramacho seems like a well-planned action.
On paper, it covers both environmental and social important issues. Rio de Janeiro's
Mayor, Eduardo Paes, has referred to the closure as an end to "the crime that Rio
has committed for the last forty years". He also defined it as a changing lives´
decision.10
According to the plan described earlier, it does appear to be a life changing
action. New opportunities are offered to the Catadores. They will finally have a
chance to work in safe conditions and will no longer be exposed to diseases on a
daily basis. While they acquire new skills for a better future, a fine amount of money
will be transferred to ensure survival. However, it is not as clear as it seems to be
whether this change is truly for better. Since a lower life standard in this case usually
means the most severe poverty, it is crucial to understand what exactly the potential
of the change is.
As the history of Brazil has shown before, sometimes a change that seems to
be promising in the 'Macro' level is not as favorable when examined in the 'Micro'
level. As a plan, it all "sounds good". The real question is whether the people who
work in Jardim Gramacho today can really benefit out of it or perhaps, once again,
the people at the bottom of the Brazilian social pyramid will actually be harmed?
10 Brocchetto, Ansari. (2012, June 5). Landfill's closure changing lives in Rio. CNN. Retrieved July 27,
2012, from http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/05/world/americas/brazil-landfill-closure/index.html
8
When closely examining the profile of the Catadores in Jardim Gramacho, it is
notable that in most cases, a professional course is not realistically a relevant option.
Most of them do not primary school education and cannot read or write. Many have
been working in the field for decades and lack the basic skills required for a learning
process. The acquiring of a new profession is still possible, in my opinion; however
the process should be more gradual and longer than what a one-time payment of
14,000 Reais allows.
Although many of the Catadores would earn just about the monthly
minimum wage of 600 Reais, many others have become professional in the
collection of recyclable material. These workers have managed earning up to 3,000
Reais a month. For them, the money offered is a ticking clock, providing them only
with a few months to become acclimatized to their new life. For those who have
been working in Jardim Gramacho for decades, sometimes already as a second
generation, a few months are simply not sufficient.
Finally and perhaps most importantly, only about half of the Catadores in
Jardim Gramacho will receive any of the above. As already mentioned, only
registered workers are included in this project and out of 3,000 workers – only 1,700
are meeting these initial criteria. Furthermore, in order to receive the compensation,
the Catadores must open a bank account. A task that may seem simple becomes
harder when remembering the rate of illiteracy among this community.
Vick Muniz refers in the beginning of his documentary to the Catadores in
Jardim Gramacho as "the type of individuals that are in Brazilian society not different
than the garbage itself". This comment is particularly important when discussing the
integration of these people into the Brazilian society, as should happen now with the
9
closure of the landfill. This community was not only separated from society, it was
excluded of it. This fact emphasizes the extent to which the process of integration is
potentially hard. When the city of Rio claims to assist and facilitate this procedure
but doesn’t necessarily accomplish this statement, the whole idea of social inclusion
becomes less and less realistic and achievable.
Conclusion: Loss of Identity
While studying the case of Jardim Gramacho, I found myself inevitably
comparing this local case study to what I already know about the abolition of Slavery
in Brazil. Although these two events happen in very different scales, some
similarities are salient. The presentation of Rio de Janeiro's Mayer of Jardim
Gramacho as a crime is perhaps a good starting point in understanding the
resemblance.
When a human phenomenon is addressed in such vague terms, it can't at the
same time be considerate enough in its approach towards the individuals involved.
The abolition of Slavery in Brazil was also officially announced one day. Perhaps
some actions were taken to show outwardly that a thoughtful process was
implanted, while in fact no real attempt for social inclusion was really made.
In the case of Jardim Gramacho, only thousands of people are directly
affected by what is presented to be an opportunity for them and in reality is a great
uncertainty if not a true life risk.
Another important factor is the psychological consequences of the closure of
the landfill. As mentioned earlier, the workers in Jardim Gramacho have gone
through a bonding process over the last decade. The organized work, the changes in
10
terminology and the Media involvement have resulted in a better and stronger
communal self-esteem. As Millar puts it, their work became, although painful, a
liberating force.11 As the collection of recyclable material became trendy over the
years, their work also became more and more valuable and practically an expertise.
Due to the combination of geographical and social exclusion, the people in
Jardim Gramacho created their own social acceptance, and grew up into a
community. To me, the loss of the communal identity that is caused by the closure of
the landfill is perhaps the worst implication of all.
Bibliography
Agencia Estado (2012, June 3). Lixão de Jardim Gramacho é fechado no
Rio de Janeiro. Veja. Retrieved July 27, 2012, from
http://veja.abril.com.br/noticia/brasil/lixao-de-jardim-gramacho-e-
fechado-no-rio-de-janeiro
11 Millar, ibid, pg 145-146.
11
Aynsley, Agnus, & Walker, Lucy. (2012). Waste Land [Documentary film].
United States.
Barchfield, Jenny. (2012, June 1). Rio closes its massive Jardim Gramacho
dump. Yahoo!. Retrieved July 27, 2012, from
http://finance.yahoo.com/news/rio-closes-massive-jardim-gramacho-
dump-172017234--finance.html
Blore Shawn (2012, May 30). The closing of Gramacho, Latin-America's
largest landfill, leaves garbage pickers with an uncertain future. O Globo.
Retrieved July 27, 2012, from http://oglobo.globo.com/rio-20-conference-
2012/the-closing-of-gramacho-latin-americas-largest-landfill-leaves-garbage-pickers-
with-an-uncertain-future-5066307
Brocchetto Marilia, Ansari Azadeh. (2012, June 5). Landfill's closure
changing lives in Rio. CNN. Retrieved July 27, 2012, from
http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/05/world/americas/brazil-landfill-
closure/index.html
Clarke, Felicity. (2012, June 21). Waste land pickers struggles from landfill
closure. Rio Watch. Retrieved July 27, 2012, from http://rioonwatch.org/?
p=4032
Comunidade COEP. (2005). Jardim Gramacho: Diagnóstico Social. Rio de
Janeiro: iBase.
De Souza Porto, Marcelo Firpo. (2004). Lixo, trabalho e saúde: um estudo
de caso com catadores em um aterro metropolitano no Rio de Janeiro,
Brasil. Cad. Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro.
12
Millar Kathleen M. (2011). Reclaiming the Discarded: The Politics of Labor
and Everyday Life on Rio's Garbage Dump. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, University of Brown, Providence, Rhode Island.
Piza Edith, Rosemberg Fúlvia. (1999). Color in the Brazilian Census. In
Reichmann Rebecca, Race in Contemporary Brazil. United State of
America: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
13