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TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT DRESDEN R. Pohl Lesson History of Hydraulic Engineering Fall term 2004 Institut für Wasserbau und Technische Hydromechanik Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen
TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT DRESDEN
R. Pohl
Lesson
History of Hydraulic Engineering
Fall term 2004
Institut für Wasserbau und Technische Hydromechanik
Fakultät Bauingenieurwesen
Dresden University of Technology Faculty of Civil Engineering
Course
Rehabilitation Engineering
Lesson
History of Hydraulic Engineering
R. Pohl
Fall term 2004
History of Hydraulic Engineering ...............................................2
Navigation.............................................................................................2 Development of Canal Cross Section in Middle Europe.......................3 Canal aqueducts...................................................................................6 Inclined planes......................................................................................6 Ship lifts ................................................................................................9 Locks ....................................................................................................9 Water Power .......................................................................................14 Dams ..................................................................................................16 References .........................................................................................20
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. – Course: Rehabilitation Engineering – Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering – Fall term 2004 – R. Pohl page 2
History of Hydraulic Engineering
dams
reservoirs
pumps
pipelines
groundwater
purification
WaterSupply
dams
dikes, levees
flood plains
retaining basins
FloodProtection
dams
weirs
reservoirs
penstocks
headrace channels
turbines
pumps
WaterPower
rivers
weirs
canals
locks
ports
Navigation
dams
weirs
drains
ditches
pipelines
IrrigationDrainage
sewers
treatment
disposal
wastewater
rivers
groundwater
hydraul. habitats
environment
Hydraulic Engineering
The following contens refers to the green marked boxes. Navigation
Navigation canals in New York State, USA, 1868
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. – Course: Rehabilitation Engineering – Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering – Fall term 2004 – R. Pohl page 3
Development of Canal Cross Section in Middle Europe
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. – Course: Rehabilitation Engineering – Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering – Fall term 2004 – R. Pohl page 4
Last Quarter of the 19th Century, beginning 20th century Boom in Waterway Construction in Germany Extensive Industrialization after 1850 Growth of Population in Germany (1852: 36 Mio., 1895: 52 Mio.)
Railway Network Navigation Canal Network between 1863 and 1917 twenty seven large Navigation Projects in Germany
including e.g. 1880 - 1887 Ems-Jade-Canal 1884 Neckar Canalization 1884 - 1886 Main Canalization downstream of Frankfurt 1886 - 1895 Kaiser-Wilhelm-Canal 1877 - 1899 Dortmund-Ems-Canal 1896 - 1900 Elbe-Trave-Canal 1906 - 1916 Ems-Weser-Canal (Mittellandkanal) 1906 - 1915 Development of Oder-Weichsel-Waterway
Rhine and Oder were linked (1938)
Ship Lift Niederfinow
Between 1990 and 2004 : one large Navigation Project in Germany – Transport Project German Unity 17 – Waterway Cross Magdeburg
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. – Course: Rehabilitation Engineering – Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering – Fall term 2004 – R. Pohl page 5
German Inland Waterways – 1939
German Federal Waterways 1993
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. – Course: Rehabilitation Engineering – Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering – Fall term 2004 – R. Pohl page 6
Canal aqueducts Ancient non-navigable aqueducts for water supply: Niniveh, Assyria 700 BC, Acqua Marcia, Rome 144 BC, Segovia, Spain 10 AD, Pont du Gard, Nimes, France 14 AD 1462-1470 navigable canal aqueduct Adda-Milan, Italy 1779 cast iron canal bridge over river Severn, UK 1847 Delaware – Hudson canal aqueduct, USA 1914 reinforced concrete aqueduct Minden, Germany 2000 Elbe crossing canal aqueduct Magdeburg, Germany (Project 17 – German Unity) Inclined planes Ancient primitive portages to bypass ships around river rapids or to connect two navigable waters Later: gentle gradient slipways. Boats were draged through shallow water an aprons of stonework 12th century AD slipway in the Netherlands15th century AD rope hauled short inclines to convey boats in wheeled cradles: 1437 Lizzafusina on river Brenta, Italy (near Venice) 18th century double and counterbalanced long inclines e.g. in Ireland 19th century railway canal links, powered inclines
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. – Course: Rehabilitation Engineering – Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering – Fall term 2004 – R. Pohl page 7
Beginning of Ship Lift Constructions Barge Ramp
Barge Ramp: the „Cart of Zasofina“ (Lizzafosina) by Vittorio Zonca (Padova 1607)
Roll Bridge – Barge Ramp 18th Century
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. – Course: Rehabilitation Engineering – Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering – Fall term 2004 – R. Pohl page 8
Barge Ramp 19th Century: Dry Ship Lift Top: crossing the apex, Bottom: with lock chamber at the upper end
Barge Ramp in Morris Canal 19th century (between Hudson and Delaware) Non-lock type platform barge lift
Sketch: Wet Ship Lift (left parallel, right transversal to slipway)
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. – Course: Rehabilitation Engineering – Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering – Fall term 2004 – R. Pohl page 9
Ship liftsEnd of 18th century AD development of boat lifts independently in Germany and England 1788 1st boatlift on Churprinz Canal for small 2.5 ton-Boats at Halsbrücke in
Saxony, Germany 1830 Grand Western Canal in England: 7 counterbalanced twin-chamber lifts
(operated until 1867) 19th/20th century hydraulically operated lifts
Cross section of the vertical ship lift Niederfinow, Germany Locks Fundamental to the ability of any navigation to rise or fall was the use of lock-gates to
hold one reach of water at a higher level than an adjoining section
1st century BC Single (or "flash") lock-gates in use (Chien-Lu Dam and canals
near Nanyang, in the valley of the Euphrates, or the port of Sidon) for irrigation and sluicing purposes
late 12th century AD In Europe, the lock was developed initially to overcome two
specific problems: - a desire to allow boats to enter a drainage and navigable
water system which was protected by dykes (single lifting gate portcullis type),
- the need to increase the depth of water available for the navigation of rivers (weirs with removable wooden boards ).
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. – Course: Rehabilitation Engineering – Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering – Fall term 2004 – R. Pohl page 10
boats sailing up or down the river on the "flash" of water released when the boards were removed.
earliest single-gate locks in Europe: Netherlands at Nieuwpoort, in Italy on the river
Mincio at Governolo, Stecknitz Canal in Germany (1398) was the first summit canal in Europe, a progression made possible by the use of single locks.
10th century AD China: the chamber lock radically reduced water usage. 1373 in Europe at Vreeswijk (Netherlands), where the canal from
Utrecht entered the river Lek, in more upland canal schemes 15th-century in Italy building of a lock in Milan (1420)
1072 AD A Chinese text of mentions a staircase of locks. In Europe they
were first used in France, when the Canal du Briare (France) opened in 1642
late 15th century AD The mitre stem gate was probably introduced in Italy by Bertola
da Novate, earliest drawings are by Leonardo da Vinci and date from the late 15th century
1754 The earliest known (but unsuccessful) shaft lock was built on the
line of the uncompleted trans-Sweden canal at Trollhättan Improvements in lock design have continued throughout this century, with different types of gate design appearing. These have included gates which lift and rotate, increasing headroom under the raised gate, gates which slide to one side, gates which lower either sliding vertically or are hinged at the bottom, and sector and segment gates which are curved and thus distribute stresses more evenly. Gates are also now used for emptying and filling locks, doing away with the necessity for sluices and paddle gear.
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. – Course: Rehabilitation Engineering – Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering – Fall term 2004 – R. Pohl page 11
Beginning of Navigation Lock Construction
Box lock
Italian mussel lock (river Brent)
italian ship lock 1673
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. – Course: Rehabilitation Engineering – Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering – Fall term 2004 – R. Pohl page 12
Locks – in the 18th century
Begin of construction of shaft locks and stairs of locks for higher reach level differences
Bingley staircase of locks today
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. – Course: Rehabilitation Engineering – Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering – Fall term 2004 – R. Pohl page 13
Locks Today - Modern Shaft Lock with Recuperation Basins
Locks Today - Modern Staircase of Locks: Welland canal, Ontariao Canada
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. – Course: Rehabilitation Engineering – Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering – Fall term 2004 – R. Pohl page 14
Water Power
Ship mill on the Danube river at Regensburg, 1493 AD
Grinding mill with undershot water wheel, 1673
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. – Course: Rehabilitation Engineering – Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering – Fall term 2004 – R. Pohl page 15
Simple water wheels were the predominant hydropower machines during several
centuries, driving mills for grinding and sawing 19th century Turbines from 1900 after invention of long distance electricity transmission with alternating
current also large dams for hydropower from 1930 pumping storage (for balance between base load and peak demand)
Sir Adam Beck hydropower station, Niagara, Ontario, Canada
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. – Course: Rehabilitation Engineering – Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering – Fall term 2004 – R. Pohl page 16
Dams 3000 – 1000 BC embankment dams impound reservoirs mostly for irrigation
water, dams partial without (sufficient) spillway 1000 BC dams with spillways, intakes 300 BC – 300 AD ancient Roman dams for drinking and spa water supply in
southern Europe, dams often combined structures: upstream masonry, downstream embankment fill, water transport via aqueducts and covered canals
14th– 16th century prime of masonry and “concrete” dam construction e.g. in mediaeval Spain
15th– 18th century reservoirs for mining water supply in Germany (Freiberg), embankment dams with steep slopes
1870 - 1940 new era of masonry dams, drinking water supply for the quickly growing cities e.g. in Germany and France requires large reservoirs
from 1900 after invention of electricity transmission with alternating current also large dams for hydropower
from 1920 concrete dams of several types (gravity, arch, multiple arch, vault)
from 1950 very high (major) dams, Concrete dams H > 250 m: e.g. Grande Dixence, Vajont; rockfill dams: e.g. Nurek
20th century different techniques for concrete dams: climbing formwork, roller compacted concrete (rcc)
20th century multipurpose reservoirs (water supply, flood protection, hydropower …)
Sadd el Kafara, Egypt 2500 BC
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. – Course: Rehabilitation Engineering – Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering – Fall term 2004 – R. Pohl page 17
Marib Yemen, 900 BC
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. – Course: Rehabilitation Engineering – Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering – Fall term 2004 – R. Pohl page 18
Ancient Roman water supply canal bridge (aqueducts) „Pont du Gard“, Southern France
Beginning of modern dam construction, e.g. Bouzey, France – water supply for a navigation canal
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. – Course: Rehabilitation Engineering – Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering – Fall term 2004 – R. Pohl page 19
Gravity dam construction at the beginning 20th century: Möhne dam, Germany – water supply for the Ruhr region, hydropower, flood protection
Major dams: 1960 Vajont, Italy 266 m high vault dam, 1963 Vajont disaster: sliding slope displaced storage water, dam withstood risks in civil engineering
Dresden Univ. of Techn., Faculty of Civil Engrg. – Course: Rehabilitation Engineering – Lesson: History of Hydraulic Engineering – Fall term 2004 – R. Pohl page 20
References Arthur Ernest Morgan: Dams and Other Disasters : A Century of the Army Corps of Engineers in Civil Works.- Paperback (March 1972) Porter Sargent Pub; ISBN: 0875580947
Eric B. Kollgaard, Wallace L. Chadwick (Editor): Development of Dam Engineering in the United States
Alan W. Cooper: The men who breached the dams : 617 Squadron "the Dambusters" Uhlemann, H.-J. : Die Geschichte der Schiffshebewerke.- DSV-Verlag, Busse Seewald, ISBN 3-88412-291-6 The International Canal Monuments List - Part IIa - Individual Structures.htm
Kirschmer, O.: Zerstörung und Schutz von Talsperren und Dämmen. In: Schweizerische Bauzeitung, Vol. 67(20), 1949, S. 277-281 und Vol. 67(21), 1949, S. 300-303
Lanser, O.: Überblick über die Talsperrenkatastrophen der Vergangenheit. In: Österreichische Wasserwirtschaft, 12(1960)8/9, S. 142 ff
Schnitter, N.: Alte Talsperren in Spanien. In: Wasser- und Energiewirtschaft, 1973, S. 176-187
Schnitter, N. J.: Dam Failures Due to Overtopping. In: Proc. Int. Workshop on Dam Safety Evaluation, Grindewald (Schweiz), 1993, Vol. 1, S. 13-19
Singh, V. P.: Dam Breach Modeling Technology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996
Thomas, H. H.: Engineering of large Dams.- J. Wiley & Sons 1976, chapter 3, S. 35ff
Vogel, A.: Die Geschichte gemauerter Talsperren II. In: Österreichische Wasserwirtschaft, 34(1982)1/2, S. 27 ff Günther Garbrecht: Historische Talsperren.- Vol. 1 + 2, Wittwer Verl. 1991, ISBN: 3879191581 Nicholas J. Schnitter :A History of Dams: The Useful Pyramids.- Ashgate Publishing (March 1, 1994), Hardcover: 282 pages, ISBN: 9054101490 From Book News, Inc. Schnitter, a dam designer with a historical curiosity, describes the structures built by the ancient civilizations of Asia, Europe, and the New World, of the Romans, the Moslem world, medieval dams, and the evolution of the modern dam. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.
John Nichols: St. Francis Dam Disaster (Images of America).-
Civil Engineering Guidelines for Planning and Designing Hydroelectric Developments: Planning Design of Dams and Related Features and Environmental.- Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers (September 1, 1989), Paperback, ISBN: 0872627268 The International Canal Monuments List - Part IIa - Individual Structures.htm
