HISTORY OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE XII HYDROSEEDING …€¦ · he oice o hawaiis een indstry...

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HISTORY OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE XII

HYDROSEEDING WITH NATIVE HAWAIIAN PLANTS

CITY WATER QUALITY RULES

T H E V O I C E O F H A W A I I ’ S G R E E N I N D U S T R Y HAWAIISCAPE.COM

July/August 2020

Cover Photo: David Eickhoff

Contact Sarah Kwon at [email protected]

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HAWAIISCAPE.COM 3THE VOICE OF HAWAII’S GREEN INDUSTRY

DEPARTMENTS

28 PEST COLUMN

29 TOOL TIPS

30 CERTIFICATION CORNER

FEATURES

5 AIKANE NURSERY GROWS NATIVES

8 SEQUESTRATION, SATURATION, AND SHADE IN URBANFOREST

18 MANAGEMENT OF TURFGRASS AFUNGAL DISEASE

AND SHEATH SPOT

28 KEEPING YOUR LICT-EXTERIOR CERTIFICATION CURRENT

COVER

12 HISTORY OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE: PART XII

20 HYDROSEEDING WITH NATIVE HAWAIIAN PLANTS

24 CITY WATER QUALITY RULES

Formed in June 1986, the Landscape Industry Council of Hawai’i is a state wide alliance representing Hawaii’s landscape associa-tions: Aloha Arborist Association, American Society of Landscape Architects Hawaii Chapter, Hawaii Association of Nurserymen, Hawaii Island Landscape Association, Hawaii Landscape and Irrigation Contractors, Hawaii Society of Urban Forestry Professionals, Kauai Landscape Industry Council, Maui Associa-tion of Landscape Professionals, Professional Grounds Management Society, Big Island Association of Nurserymen, and the Hawaii Professional Gardeners Association.

Hawaii Landscape July/August No. 55 is published bi-monthly by Landscape Industry Council-Foundation,73-1110 Ahikawa Street, Kailua-Kona, HI 96740

EditorsChris McCullough Russell Galanti

Advertising SalesMichael [email protected]

Executive DirectorGarrett [email protected]

DesignerRoann Gatdula

Poster DesignerChase Nuuhiwa

B O A R D O F D I R E C T O R S

Chris Timothy "Lanky"McCullough MorillPresident Vice President

Mark Suiso Richard QuinnTreasurer Secretary

Chelsea Arnott Orville Baldos Heidi Bornhorst Brant Brown Strom Gaditano Russell Galanti David Golden Rey Ito Taylor Marsh Christy Martin Edmund Reyes Christian RenzMadeleine Shaw Ken Sugai

Director EmeritusJay Deputy Boyd ReadySteve Nimz Lelan NishekChris Dacus Garrett Webb

8

20

12

Contact Sarah Kwon at [email protected]

V I C T O R S T A N L E Y . C O M

Fewer hands, more results. Relay waste management.

VICTOR STANLEY RELAY™

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Planning and running a smart city depends on a stream of secure, accurate, real-time data that can be used to make remarkable

changes in how cities can optimize the use of resources including reallocating laborers to higher priority items. Relay technology

provides it in a street-level sensor that measures fill level, weight and temperature inside waste receptacles, and air quality, foot traffic

and noise pollution on the outside. Providing insight for years to track and tackle everything from waste collection cost savings

to environmental equity. With actionable data from every street corner,TM you can start immediately. What can we do for your city?

HawaiiLandscapeMag_7x9.5_REDFLOOD.indd 1 6/5/20 11:32 AM

4 HAWAII LANDSCAPE JULY | AUGUST 2020

SUSTAINABILITY FOR HAWAI‘I'S FUTURE Sustainability is an often talked about subject here in Hawaii, and also is the focus of this issue of Hawaii Landscape. Being residents of islands, it is a critical issue and one that is important to strive for in our daily lives. It should be the objective to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of our future generations to meet their own. We can all contribute in small ways to reduce our personal carbon footprint in order to sustain our islands and our planet. Here are twelve suggestions on how you can live a more sustainable life here in Hawaii:

• Conserve water – in our daily use and in landscaping • Grow your own food – home gardens grow great in Hawaii • Build habitat – for our crucial pollinators • Support ‘Green’ business – seek out and support eco-friendly businesses • Buy local – support your locale farmers and farmer’s markets • Build smart – take advantage of ‘Green’ building practices • Go solar – a no brainer with our abundant sunshine • Save energy – utilize energy saving products • Go hybrid or electric – reduce your carbon footprint • Stop using plastic – reusable bags, reusable water bottles • Reduce, reuse, recycle – an important way to save waste • Use biodegradable products – seek out and use products thatbiodegradeinorlandfills

The state of Hawaii has very ambitious green energy goals. The Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative has the goal to switch to 100% renewable energy by 2045. We must all do our part and contribute to reach those goals. Making small but important changes in your own life can contribute to a greener Hawaii. Please have awareness and be as sustainable as you can. Our future depends on it.

Chris McCullough, LICH President

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Every time you say a native plant’s name, it gives life and breath to that plant,” said Brad Belmarez, co-owner of Aikane Nursery and

Landscaping. The family-run business no longer uses botanical names for plants in favor of their Hawaiian names. Located in Hawi in the Kohala district of Hawai'i Island, Aikane Nursery and Landscape is passionate about native plants and the local economy.

“Native plants do so much better in nat-ural and landscaped areas. They can han-dle the elements. Not many plants still look good with the whipping winds of Kohala,” explained Kelly Hyde, nursery manager at Aikane. She particularly likes the dwarf hau. “This hau does not drop much leaf litter. It looks so much cleaner underneath compared to other trees.”By definition, a native plant can never be invasive (even though some people would consider a few species to have “weedy” tendencies). “I like to educate the community about native plants,” said Belmarez. “I like sharing the unique sto-ries of each plant.” He describes native plants with words like “subtle” and “spir-itual,” and appreciates the connection that Native Hawaiians have always had with all the living things in their world. It’s unfortunate (and confusing to some newcomers and residents) when a Hawaiian name becomes the common

AIKANE NURSERY GROWS NATIVEby Ambyr Mokiao-Lee

name for invasive plants. For instance, Hedychium gardnerianum, known as ka-hili ginger, escaped cultivation less than 100 years ago. It was given a “Hawaiian” name by a salesperson who wanted to encourage purchases! On Hawai'i Island, this notorious worldwide invader plant is now taking over the cloud forests of the Kohala mountains, the native forests of Laupāhoehoe, and the rainforests of Kīlauea. It forms mats of roots that prevent the percolation of water into the watershed, and blocks the growth of na-tive seedlings. Too many of our current pest plants were once spread intention-ally as horticultural species, and that trend still continues today.

Like other Plant Pono-endorsed nurser-ies, the team at Aikane won’t sell plants that escape cultivation. They know that some invasive plants directly destroy the ecosystem services we depend on every day. In the nursery, the team takes the time to explain to customers why they won’t sell invasive plants. These conver-sations strengthen the bond people have with their plants. And according to a 2017 survey conducted by the Big Island Invasive Species Committee (BIISC), more than 90% of customers state that they do not want to plant an invasive. It just takes a conversation!Invasive pests are another problem for our islands, and Aikane takes those seri-

Nursery manager Kelly Hyde expresses her delight at a negative result during a little fire antsurvey at Aikane Nursery in North Kohala, Big Island.

Aikane Nursery and Landscaping is a family owned business


ously as well. The crew regularly surveys for little fire ants (LFA). These pesky invasive ants hitchhike in potted plants, house kits, roofing, cars - anything that sits for a long time. Nurseries must be vigilant. Prevention is the best and cheapest way to fight invasive species; early detection is second-best. Hyde tests all incoming plants for LFA while they are still on the trailer, a perfect yet temporary quarantine zone. This is also an opportunity to spray the plants with citric acid to control coqui frogs. Despite being on the Big Island, North Kohala is still relatively free of coqui frogs, and Aikane wants to keep it that way.Doing business in the Kohala communi-ty has been a good fit for Aikane Nursery and Landscaping in fulfilling their com-mitment to planting pono. “Most Kohala people are open to learning about native species,” Brad said. The landscaping side of the business is booming. Aikane em-ploys 23 local people and is committed to a fair wage. “It’s a bit difficult because bigger operations set the price, and it’s low,” said Belmarez, “We produce quality work because we pay a living wage...Long-term and well-paid employees means we show up on time with a full crew ready to dig in and complete the job.”

Recently, Aikane Nursery and Landscap-ing put in a bid to remove the invasive

Clusia rosea or autograph tree, from area resorts. The autograph tree is a big prob-lem on Hawai'i island. Bird dispersed fruit and an epiphytic nature have led to widespread autograph tree invasion into both cultivated landscapes and natural areas. It is not uncommon to see auto-graph tree growing epiphytically in vari-ous trees. This emerging invasive species has the potential to become a severe problem. That’s why the autograph tree is on Plant Pono’s ‘no grow’ list. Current-ly, there are no known ways to control this species, which is also a problem in Florida, Texas, and other countries. Her-bicide trials have yielded unsatisfactory results. Sap exudes with The ‘Hack and Squirt’ method preventing the uptake of chemicals. Aikane Nursery and landscap-ing will use heavy machinery to remove the obnoxious tree.

“People are missing that connection to the unique plants that belong in this place,” Balmarez says. “It’s devastating to see how invasive plants have taken over.” In all aspects of their business, Aikane is demonstrating a commitment to pro-tecting Hawai’i from invasive species and to healing the island, one plant at a time. The Plant Pono endorsement program is available on Kauai and Hawaii islands. Molly Murphy is the Plant Pono Spe-cialist for the Big Island Invasive Species Committee.

For questions on Plant Pono or invasive plants, contact her at: [email protected]

Hibiscus tiliaceus, dwarf hau, is one of the nicest windbreaks Aikane grows. They hold their ownagainst the strong winds of Kohala and don’t drop much leaf litter.


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A family seeks shade under a tree. Growing our community tree canopy will build our resilienceto rising temperatures and increased rainfall.

by Ujay Siddharth, Climate Adaptation Research Analyst, AmeriCorps VISTAOffice of Climate Change, Sustainability & ResiliencyCity & County of Honolulu, May 15, 2020

Sequestration, Saturation, and Shade in the Urban Forest


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Carbon pollutes our air, rain drenches our communities, and temperatures bake our neighborhoods.

We all know the climate is changing, but we must act on that knowledge to both drastically reduce emissions and adapt communities for new environments. There’s one piece of infrastructure, often under-appreciated for its true value, that can build climate resil-ience-our urban forest.

As climate change is dually caused by heat trapping carbon pollution and loss of the ecosystem components which can capture those emissions, it is necessary to maintain and expand a shade-providing, carbon-seques-tering urban forest as both a climate change mitigation and adaptation action. At a time when we need in-creased investments in and steward-ship of the urban forest, our Urban Tree Canopy Assessment has shown a decline—nearly 5 percent of our total tree canopy in just four years (2010-2013). This loss is a staggering blow.

A lead US Forest Service researcher whittled down 30 years studying the economic value of forests and gave this advice: if you can only plant one tree, plant it in an urban envi-ronment. The heat mitigation and stormwater management benefits of a healthy urban forest can pay dividends on cooling and polluted runoff management costs, while also working to address community needs and resolve environmental and social justice disparities.

Kākou Efforts for Community Forestry

The City and County of Honolulu (City) is committed to maintaining and enhancing the community for-est. These are two kākou efforts for trees in our community.

In December 2017, Mayor Kirk Cald-well committed to the planting of 100,000 trees across O‘ahu by 2025. So far, we’ve tracked significant prog-ress toward this community goal. From December 2017 through

May 2020, 29,560 new tree plant-ings have been recorded, either through the City’s online web map tracker (bit.ly/100ktreesoahumap) or through direct report to the Office of Climate Change, Sustainability and Resiliency (Resilience Office). Of these, 4,299 (15%) are City trees. The community has demonstrated tre-mendous initiative, planting 25,261 (85%) total trees in backyards, private agriculture lands, and watershed res-toration efforts. All these tree plant-ings generate excitement, highlight community advocates for trees, and should be celebrated for their contri-butions toward our future.

The City has also committed to growing the community tree canopy to 35 percent by 2035. In 2017, the City, supported by federal, state, and local non-profit partners, received an Urban Tree Canopy (UTC) Assess-ment and discovered total tree cano-py to be 23% across the study area for the year 2013 (smarttreespacific.org/projects/honolulu-urban-tree-cano-py-assessment/). Now, in 2020, a key priority is to complete a new up-to-

date UTC assessment. A new assess-ment will allow better understanding of canopy change, needs to halt canopy decline, and opportunities to grow tree canopy cover.

Led by the Department of Parks and Recreation Division of Urban Forest-ry (DUF), the City strives to sustain and grow O‘ahu’s community tree canopy with diligent maintenance, new plantings, and genuine care for a critical piece of City infrastructure. Growing a robust tree canopy serves the local community by providing us all with indispensable social, envi-ronmental, and economic resources.

Partnering with the Citizen Forester Program

Last summer, through a partnership with the Citizen Forester Program (smarttreespacific.org/projects/citizenforester/), the Resilience Office served as a Team Leader to collect important inventory data on City street and park trees. Over 5 months, and 15, 2-hour sessions, 29 trained volunteers branched out


A family seeks shade under a tree. Growing our community tree canopy will build our resilience o rising temperatures and increased rainfall.

• Trees save energy as they shade the surrounding buildings and grounds.

• These 596 trees mapped in Downtown Honolulu save 79,433 kWh of energy annually.

This is enough energy to power 13 typical O‘ahu homes for a year.This information collected by vol-unteer Citizen Foresters is crucial to the City, as we can more effectively assess the scale, health, and resilience of the urban forest we are responsi-ble for and protect these investments because of their measurable eco-ben-efits.

This is enough carbon to fuel 1,812 trips from Makapu‘u Beach to Ka‘ena Point via Wahiawa and back in a Ford F-150 pick-up.

• Trees manage rain where it falls through canopy interception and root absorption.

• These 596 trees mapped in Downtown Honolulu prevent 1,560,260 gallons of runoff annually. This is enough water to fill the water tanks of 2,080 Honolulu Fire Department fire trucks.

from the Frank F. Fasi Civic Grounds and mapped 596 trees and record-ed multiple measurements per tree to assess their ecosystem ser-vices. Using TreePlotter™’s built-in eco-benefits calculations based on US Forest Service i-Tree research, we could quantify the benefits these 596 trees annually provide for our local community:

• Trees absorb pollution from the air as they sequester carbon dioxide.

• These 596 trees mapped in Downtown Honolulu sequester 129,057 pounds of carbon each year.


Tree Canopy to Keep Temperatures Cool

The heat mitigation benefits of a healthy urban forest can result in significant dividends on the costs of cooling and health services. We can expect the dividends to multiply as the tree canopy matures and keeps communities cool as summer tem-peratures rise higher and higher each year. 2019 was the second hottest year on record for the planet and the decade of the 2010s was the hottest decade on record. Locally, 2019 was the hottest year on record for Hawai‘i and for Honolulu. Statewide, 273 daily temperature records were tied or broken. The record-breaking of high temperatures is serious and shows future normal conditions. Fortunately, we can look to trees as a practical solution to keeping our sur-roundings cool in the face of rapid global heating.

To better understand community heat issues, the Resilience Office took action. On August 31, 2019, 28 trained volunteers completed data collection for O‘ahu’s first Commu-nity Heat Mapping Campaign. The resulting community heat index maps show how hot it really feels when relative humidity is factored in with the actual air temperature.

The data are available online via the O‘ahu Community Heat Map (bit.ly/oahuheatmap). The maximum heat index recorded was 107.3 degrees Fahrenheit at the Waimalu Plaza Shopping Center in Pearl City. Other neighborhoods with afternoon heat indices around 105 included: Ala Moana, Hawai‘i Kai, Kahala, Mā‘ili, Nānākuli, Pearl Ridge, and Waimāna-lo. The hottest locations all had one thing in common: high concentra-tions of impervious surfaces and low tree canopy cover.

Ala Moana Boulevard in front of Ala Moana Shopping Center registered one of the highest heat index val-ues at 105.1 degrees. In comparison, across the street at Magic Island, the heat index peaked at 95.4 degrees. A fundamental reason for this signif-icant heat differential is the presence

of trees and green space in the park. Just this past year DUF planted over 100 trees at Magic Island. Leveraging the potential for local parks such as Magic Island to be cool sanctuaries for community gathering will be key when temperatures hit higher and higher heat thresholds.

Individual case studies and trends in the heat data clearly indicate the cooling effect tree canopy can have on the surrounding environment. An investment in trees is an invest-ment in a healthy community, one that is more resilient to extreme heat impacts.

The City’s Vision for Trees At the City, we are a team of caretak-ers with a grand vision for infrastruc-ture. Trees are one piece of critical infrastructure amidst a complex infrastructure puzzle of roads, sewer lines, electrical utilities, and other pieces, all working in tandem to form the City’s complete infrastructure network. For this reason, the mainte-nance of tree infrastructure requires close cross-departmental collabora-tion and a diverse set of skills. Led by DUF with the growing, planting, and maintaining of the assets, the Resil-ience Office supports with data col-lection and management, as well as, long-term planning, policy research, and community engagement.

Our partnership here at the City en-visions multiple goals that serve the urban forest by 1) ensuring its con-tinued protection and maintenance and 2) prioritizing and supporting its expansion. This is summarized in Action 33 of the City’s O‘ahu Resil-ience Strategy, “Keep O‘ahu Cool by Maintaining and Enhancing the Community Forest” (resilientoahu.org/resilience-strategy). This vision has already informed budgeting requests and personnel development, planting and planning practices, and community engagement, with focused attention to facilitate better governance over tree infrastructure.

Humanity is scrambling to reckon with the global consequences of

climate change. The City contin-ues to lead on a variety of fronts to take climate action and prepare for impacts through climate adaptation. Trees are critical on both fronts, and there are steps we can all take in our professional and private lives to grow a more robust urban forest.

Plant a baby seed of a native or fruit-bearing tree in your backyard. Adopt a young sapling in your com-munity and invest in it and nourish it so that it can love us back for years to come. Advocate for the grizzled vet-eran on your block who has shaded your sidewalk since childhood. Build momentum through your individual actions now to grow a mature tree canopy for the decades ahead.

LICH members and readers are the original green economy, and we’re excited to join along with you as part of the greater O‘ahu community investing in the growth of our trees!

To learn more about DUF’s budding Community Forestry Section, visit: tiny.cc/oahutrees.

To record a tree planting and view the growing tree map, visit: resilientoahu.org/urbanforest.


GIGASIPHON MACROSIPHON . This Exceptional Tree is a very rare and endangered tree from the coastal forests of Kenya and Tanzania. There are only 33 trees in cultivation and in the wild, in the world. Foster Botanical Garden, 2020.

Photo Credit: Dana Anne Yee, FASLA

By: Dana Anne Yee, FASLA, ISA CA, LEED AP, RA, MG All photos by Dana Anne Yee

The History Of Landscape ArchitectureOur Stories Of The History of Landscape Architecture In Hawai‘i - Part XII


This article will share historical infor-mation of pandemics from the past as it affects the world today. Historically many of the world’s treasured parks, garden spaces, and open spaces have been designed and grew out of the tragedies of major destructive pandemics. Frederick Law Olmsted, the Father of American Landscape Architecture, spoke of the, “importance of large open spaces to allow people to access fresh air and sunlight, and discusses how air could be ‘disinfect-ed’ by sun and foliage.”

It is time for a welcoming diversion from the pandemic. Our Botanical Gardens

Times have changed! Due to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic uncertainty in the world looms. There are 289,932

deaths in the world with 17 deaths in Hawai‘i as of May 12, 2020. It has closed all but essential places in the islands, including the Botanical Gardens. To think the gardens are open 363 days of the year except Christmas and New Year’s Day and COVID-19 caused the gardens to close in March and April in the Spring of 2020. The gardens reopened for passive activities such as walking and jogging on May 1, 2020.

GIGASIPHON MACROSIPHON . This Exceptional Tree is avery rare and endangered tree from the coastal forests of Kenya and Tanzania.There are only 33 trees in cultivation and in the wild, in the world. Foster BotanicalGarden, 2020.Photo Credit: Dana Anne Yee, FASLA

GIGASIPHON MACROSIPHON Beautiful blossoms that span 8 inches, grace this rare tree. This grand Foster Botanical Garden tree is also beneficial for the population of bees.

Photo Credit: Floyd Honda / Photographer, as shared and provided by Romel Silva / Foster Botanical Garden, Plant Propagator.

GIGASIPHON MACROSIPHON. A seedpod and reddish new leaves on this rare tree at Foster Botanical Garden, 2020.


of wonder are home to some very rare trees, palms, and plants. Although the gardens were closed, the rare, endan-gered, beautiful, wonderful plants of the Botanical Gardens continue to grow and flourish under the careful and watchful eyes of the City and County of Honolulu Department of Parks and Recreation and the Division of Urban Forestry.

Dana’s list of Spectacular, Magnificent, Stupendous, Exquisite Trees in Hawai‘i continues. This article will share with you about two of these wonderful rare plants.


GIGASIPHON MACROSIPHON – AFRICA

Our Foster Botanical Garden, located in the heart of Honolulu, is home to the largest growing and a very rare tree in the world, the Gigasiphon macrosiphon. From the Fabaceae – Bean Plant Family, the Gigasiphon macrosiphon was planted in 1968 and it is listed as an Exceptional Tree in the Revised Ordinances of Hono-lulu, Chapter 41, Article 13 – Protective Regulations for Exceptional Trees. In 1975, “the Hawai'i State Legislature found that rapid development had led to the destruction of many of the State's ex-ceptional trees and passed Act 105 - The Exceptional Tree Act”. The Act recognizes that trees are valuable for their beauty and they perform crucial ecological func-tions”. http://www.honolulu.gov/parks/hbg/exceptional-tree-program.html. Stan Oka, Urban Forestry Administrator, for the Division of Urban Forestry, shared with me about this rare tree growing in our Botanical Gardens. Through my research, I found that the Gigasiphon macrosiphon is an endangered tree from the coastal forests of Kenya and Tanzania. There are only about 33 Gigasiphon mac-rosiphon trees in cultivation and in the world and they are declining due to the loss of their natural habitats because of the expansion of agriculture and mineral extractions. https://globaltrees.org/threat-ened-trees/trees/gigasiphon-macrosiphon. The Gigasiphon macrosiphon, at Foster Garden, is over 35’ high with a 25’ canopy. It has large white night blooming flowers that span 8 inches and the tree is benefi-cial for the population of bees.

I had the pleasure of interviewing Joshlyn D. Sand, the Director of the Honolu-lu Botanical Gardens on May 12, 2020 regarding this rare tree. Josh and the Foster Botanical Garden staff have been trying to harvest the Gigasiphon Mac-rosiphon seeds for the last 3 or 4 years. Their challenge has been to outsmart the Asian Rose-ringed Parakeets that were originally brought to Kaua‘i in the 1960’s. The Parakeets are agriculture pests and voracious eaters that peck on each seed. Josh mentioned, that the gardens made “the perfect mouse trap.” They used a finer and thicker gauge wire and placed the traps farther away from the seedpods. They had great success. In March 2020 they harvested 77 seeds. The seeds have been delivered to Naples Botanical Gar-den in Florida, to the National Tropical Botanical Garden on Kaua‘i, to the Lyon Arboretum, and to other gardens abroad with a similar climate.

LOULU PALM – PRITCHARDIA LOWREYANA –HAWAI‘I Located in Foster Botanical Garden this rare and endangered

palm was planted in circa 1850 at the residence ofphysician and botanist, Doctor William Hillebrand, 2020.



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Facing another challenge, is that the Coffee Twig Borer loves eating the young plants. Josh exclaimed that the Gigasi-phon macrosiphon tree is as rare a tree as it gets!

LOULU PALM – PRITCHARDIA LOWREYANA – HAWAI‘IBelieve it or not the native endangered, Hawaiian Loulu Palm, from the Arecace-ae Family, was planted way back in circa 1850 at the residence of physician and botanist, Doctor William Hillebrand. Af-ter moving back to Germany, the 5.5-acre property, filled with many plants from around the world that Dr. Hillebrand collected, was sold to their neighbors Thomas R. Foster and Mary E. Foster. In the 1930’s, Mary Foster bequeathed the land to the City and County of Honolulu, “with the provision that the city accept and forever keep and properly maintain the (gardens) as a public and tropical park to be known and called Foster Park”. Harold L. Lyon, the first director of Foster Botanical Garden, was instrumental in developing and planting some of the many plants we see today and Paul Weis-sich director of the gardens from 1957 to 1989 helped to expand the garden prop-erty to 14 acres. The garden is the oldest botanical garden in Hawai‘i and it is listed on the National Register of Historic Plac-es in Hawai‘i. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_Botanical_Garden. This very rare Pritchardia lowreyana is listed as an Exceptional Tree in the Revised Ordinances of Honolulu, Chapter 41, Article 13. The Pritchardia lowrey-ana at Foster Botanical Garden has a trunk height of 4’ and is a single trunked palm tree with fan-shaped leaves. The Pritchardia can grow 6’ to 30’ tall. There are 27 species of Pritchardia in the Areca-ceae Palm family of which 24 are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands.

The Pritchardia lowreyana “is found in wet to moist forest and bare grassy and rocky areas of O‘ahu and Moloka‘i from 800 to 3300 feet on exposed slopes and sea cliffs.”

In 2008, Botanist Joel Lau and Kenji Suzuki were hiking and found the small colony of Pritchardia lowreyana, “growing at 1700 feet on a steep, rocky north facing slope of Pu‘u ‘Ōhulehule in the Ko‘olau Range.”

In the 19th century, the Prichardia was named after William Thomas Pritchard, a British counsel in Fiji. The species name lowreyana is named after Mrs. F. J. Lowrey of Honolulu.

In Hawaiian the name Loulu, means “um-brella", appropriately because the leaves were used as an umbrella to protect from the rain and the sun.

The fruit or nut of the Loulu are named Hāwane and Wāhane in Hawaiian which can also refer to the palm fronds.The fronds, or leaves, called lau hāwane were used by the early Hawaiians for thatching and more recently as plaiting such as papale (hats) and fans.Spears were made with the hard wood of the trunks by early Hawaiians. “The trunks (of the) loulu were notched for climbing to gather the immature fruits and fronds. Older specimens still bear notches that can be seen today. The fruits called hāwane or wāhane were peeled and eaten by early Hawaiians. They collected young fruits. The flavor of young fruit with the soft interior is similar to Coconut.” http://nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Pritchardia_low-reyana

HOW PANDEMICS SPURRED CITIES TO MAKE MORE GREEN SPACE FOR PEOPLE“From wider, tree-lined boulevards to lush parks, 19th-century cholera pan-demics shaped some of the world’s most famous urban landscapes.” I came across this article by Christopher Klein and found how appropriate it is to these times.

Fredrick Law Olmsted, circa 1860, known as the Father of American Landscape Architecture, “advocated for the healing powers of parks, which he believed could act like urban lungs as “outlets for foul air and inlets for pure air.”

He spoke of the, “importance of large open spaces to allow people to access fresh air and sunlight, and discusses how air could be ‘disinfected’ by sun and foliage”. Originally, Central Park was a site for dumping garbage and after New York’s second cholera outbreak, Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, won the award and designed the grand 843-acre Central Park.

In 1858, the “Great Stink” saw raw sewage overflowing into the River Thames. The odor was, “so repugnant it forced the closure of the Houses of Parliament and the construction of a modern sewer sys-tem that transported the city’s waste far enough away from London that the riv-er’s tides took it out to sea. In addition, the muddy shorelines of the Thames were narrowed and replaced with embank-ments with riverside roads and gardens.”


LOULU PALM – PRITCHARDIA LOWREYANA –HAWAI‘I. The fronds, or leaves, called lau hāwane were used by the earlyHawaiians for thatching and more recently as plaiting such as papale (hats) andfans. In Hawaiian the name Loulu, means “umbrella", appropriately because theleaves were used as an umbrella to protect from the rain and the sun.



In 1848, Emperor Napoleon III came to power in France, “amid a cholera out-break that took the lives of approximate-ly 19,000 Parisians. An admirer of the parks and garden squares of London, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte sought to remake Paris in the wake of the pandem-ic. “Let us open new streets, make the working-class quarters, which lack air and light, more healthy, and let the beneficial sunlight reach everywhere within our walls,” he declared.

“Under the direction of Baron Georg-es-Eugène Haussmann, French author-ities tore down 12,000 buildings, built tree-lined boulevards and parks, erected fountains and installed an elaborate sew-age system that transformed Paris into the modern-day “City of Light.” https://www.history.com/news/cholera-pandemic-new-york-city-london-paris-green-space

Landscape Architect, Capability Brown, is remembered as “the last of the great En-glish 18th-century artist” and “England’s greatest gardener”. He was the designer for 179 great parks in England. Many are still in existence today. He was known as “Capability” because he “would tell his clients that their property had “capability” for improvements. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capability_Brown

Pandemics have happened around the world through the years. Countries and cities have redesigned their outdoor environment and surroundings to alle-viate and accommodate people’s natural inherent need for natural sunlight and fresh air. As a result of these pandemic outbreaks and of societies’ need to have open spaces with clean fresh air and nat-ural light, garden spaces were developed and helped shape many of the grand land-scape spaces of today.

OUR HAWAI‘I ALSO HAD OUR SHARE OF PANDEMICSIn, circa 1850 Hawai‘i had a Small Pox ep-idemic that arrived in Honolulu Harbor via the American merchant ship, Charles Mallory. The native Hawaiian population was decimated. An estimated 10,000 people died from the Small Pox epidemic, more than one-tenth of the population. The mortality rate, for this epidemic, was one of the most devastating in our island history.

In 1918, the Spanish flu pandemic, known as “la grippe,” arrived in Hawai‘i at military and naval bases which spread to civilians and pineapple workers. In Hawai‘i 2,338 people (most likely more since the military personnel were not included) died due to the Spanish flu. 50 million people died worldwide. “Over-crowding and global troop movements during the war helped push the 1918 flu across the globe, the CDC says and the lack of vaccines and treatments created a major public health emergency.” The first wave of the pandemic was believed to be caused by the shipping from Japanese and Chinese ports.

https://www.staradvertiser.com/2020/04/06/hawaii-news/echoes-of-spanish-flu-pan-demic-in-hawaii-a-century-ago-heard-in-coronavirus-outbreak/

Around 100 years ago, baseball was played at Tantalus Crater. The little lake of Tantalus Crater was drained in the 1920’s because they feared that it harbored yellow fever. In 1899, the Bubonic Plague known as the “Black Death” caused devas-tation to our Chinatown. Yersinia pestis bacterium from fleas on rats were the cause. More detailed information on the Invasive insect species causing havoc in the world, can be found in the Landscape

Hawai‘i Magazine, in the March / April 2020 issue of Our Stories of the History of Landscape Architecture in Hawai‘i –Part XI.

SUSPENSE, ACTION, AND A FUTURE TO LOOK FORWARD TOPeriodically, I will continue the series, Da-na’s list of Spectacular, Magnificent, Stu-pendous, Exquisite Trees in Hawai‘i. Stay tuned, in the fall of 2020, for the fantastic story of a palm that brought two coun-tries to work together to expand the life and growth of this rare species. Suspense, action, here’s something to look forward to in future articles.

Let us hope that there is an end to the COVID-19 pandemic soon. Stay safe, be kind to each other, and protect, preserve, and treasure our valuable Hawaiian land and all its people!

©2020 Dana Anne Yee, all rights reservedBy Dana Anne Yee, FASLA, ISA CA, LEED AP, RA, UH MG, City and County of Ho-nolulu Planner from the firm of Dana Anne Yee, Landscape Architect, LLC. (www. da-naanneyee.com). Dana has been a presence in the Landscape Architectural profession and has a long standing pattern of service to her profession and the community. Dana was honored as a Fellow with the American Society of Landscape Architecture in 2012. The Dana Anne Yee Foundation, (www.day1foundation.org). (day1foun-dation.wixsite.com/blog) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. The board of directors and members will continue in their commitment to serve to protect Hawai'i’s delicate ecosystem and natural environment in their pursuit to help to preserve Hawai'i’s beauty and to keep our Hawai'i green.

LOULU PALM – PRITCHARDIA LOWREYANA – HAWAI‘I The fruit or nut of the Loulu are named Hāwane and Wāhane in Hawaiian

which can also refer to the palm fronds. The fruits called hāwane or wāhane werepeeled and eaten by early Hawaiians. They collected young fruits.

The flavor of young fruit with the soft interior is similar to Coconut.”



Leaf and sheath spot is a turf-grass fungal disease that has been reported in some south-ern states in the USA. It is also

called leaf and sheath blight, or simply mini ring. The causal pathogen is com-monly considered to be Waitea circinata var. zeae, more commonly known as Rhi-zoctonia Zeae. In Hawaii, the common turfgrass hosts of this pathogen are ber-mudagrass and seashore paspalum. This disease usually occurs on putting greens and tee boxes that are closely mowed and receive low fertility. This disease usually causes thinned rings and/or thinned turf areas (similar to scalped areas), and thus can be confused with fairy ring, some patch diseases, or hydrophobic areas. The rings can be full circles, half-circles, or quarter-circles, with various diameters (ranging from 6 inches to even 6 feet). Figure 1 shows typical leaf and sheath spot symptoms on a bermudagrass put-ting green. This disease is typically very active in summer in Hawaii. Turfgrass that is under drought stress or routinely irrigated with high salinity water is prone to infestation. Management of leaf and sheath spot is challenging. Several cultur-al practices are considered useful against this disease: increasing fertility especially in urea form; increasing mowing height on stressed turf if possible; maintaining phosphorus and micro-nutrient levels; using low salinity irrigation water if possible; and avoiding heavy irrigation especially late in the day.

by Zhiqiang Cheng, Ph.D.

Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, CTAHR, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822

Research update on management of turfgrass fungal disease leaf and sheath spot in Hawaii

Typical leaf and sheath spot symptom. (photo credit: Z. Cheng

This research was conducted on a ber-mudagrass nursery green at a golf course on Maui. The test consisted of 7 fungicide programs and an untreated control (Table 1), arranged in randomized complete blocks with 4 replicated plots per treat-ment. Each plot was 10 ft by 10 ft, with 2-ft buffer area between adjacent plots. The treatments were applied 14 days apart at label rates, for a total of 7 times. Data on disease severity/incidence and overall turfgrass quality were measured prior to treatment, and 13 days after each fungi-cide application (i.e. immediately prior to the next fungicide application). Three trained people (the author, and 2 manag-ers at the golf course) took measurements to minimize potential bias from one per-son, and data were averaged for analysis. Data were evaluated according to the following rating scale:

• Disease severity/incidence (1-9): 1 = no infestation, and 9 = 100% infestation.

• Overall turfgrass quality (1-9): 1 = poor-est or dead turf, and 9 = outstanding or ideal turf.

AcknowledgementWe thank staff at Kapalua Golf Planta-

tion Course for their collaboration with field trial. This research was made pos-sible by author’s Hatch and Smith-Lever projects, and industry collaboration. Key References

Martin, B., and D. Park. 2010. Leaf and Sheath Blight of Bermudagrass Putting Greens. http://gsr.lib.msu.edu/2010s/2010/100114.pdf (link verified on May 12, 2020).

Syngenta. 2011. Turfgrass Disease Identifi-cation Guide for Golf. http://www.syngen-tacropprotection.com/assets/assetlibrary/syngenta_diseaseid_guide.pdf (link verified on May 12, 2020).

Disclaimer: any mentioning of specific pesticides is for research/information only, and NOT for recommendation purposes.

Dr. Zhiqiang Cheng is Associate Professor and Extension Specialist at CTAHR, UH Manoa, running state-wide turfgrass and landscape pest management program.

• Azoxystrobin resulted in the best disease suppression and turfgrass quality improvement.

• Chlorothalonil and Acibenzolar-S-methyl was the second best treatment identified.

• It is recommended that fungicide programs should be used in conjunction with beneficial cultural practices to better manage leaf and sheath spot.

Summary Points:


Treatment Rate/1000 sq ft Frequency

Daconil Action 3.5 oz 14 d

Briskway 0.5 oz 14 d

Heritage Action 0.2 oz 14 d

Heritage 0.2 oz 14 d

Velista + Daconil Action 0.5 + 3.5 oz 14 d

Velista 0.5 oz 14 d

Banner Maxx 2 oz 14 d

Untreated Control

Typical leaf and sheath spot symptom. (photo credit: Z. Cheng Results indicated that Azoxystrobin (Heritage) resulted in the best disease suppression (7.3 suppressed to 3.7, p < 0.05, Figure 2) and turfgrass quality improvement (3.8 improved to 6.0, p < 0.05, Figure 3) after repeated applications. Chlo-rothalonil and Acibenzolar-S-methyl (Daconil Action) performed the second best, suppressing disease severity from 6.0 to 3.6 (p < 0.05) and improving turfgrass quality from 4.8 to 6.5 after repeated applications.

All other treatments resulted in less disease suppression and turfgrass quality improvement compared to these 2 treatments mentioned above. It is recommended that fungicide pro-grams should be used in conjunction with beneficial cultural practices mentioned above to better manage this turfgrass fungal disease.

Leaf and sheath spot severity (1-9 scale, 1 being no infestation, and 9 being most severe infesta-tion) under Azoxystrobin (Heritage) treatment.

Overall turfgrass quality under Azoxystrobin (Heritage) treatment. Quality is on 1-9 scale, 9 being outstanding or ideal turf, and 1 being poor-est or dead turf.


Hydroseeding with Native Hawaiian PlantsBy: Hannah Lutgen, Dawn Easterday

Akiaki and ersion control jute net.


In preparation to build the new Kihei High School, 77 acres of dry, lowland grassland was grubbed and graded. The contractor, Good-

fellow Bros., cleared existing vegetation and terraformed the land for future build-ing developments. According to the proj-ect manager at Goodfellow Brothers, over 300,000 cubic yards of soil and crushed rock were moved. After opening a large tract of land, landscape architect, Dawn Easterday, and the engineering team at G70, came up with the novel idea of using crushed on-site gravel and a hydroseed mix to immediately cover exposed soil and reduce erosion.

The hydroseed mix is an innovative combination of fast-growing annual ryegrass for immediate cover and native Hawaiian perennial plants that thrive in dry, lowland ecosystems without irriga-tion. Easterday consulted with local seed companies, native plant nurseries, exten-sion agents on Maui, and Kihei Gardens & Landscaping Company to make sure that the right species were selected and that there was an adequate supply of plants or seeds needed for the site. The final planting hydroseed mixture contained 50% annual ryegrass (Lolium spp.), 25% akiaki stolons (Sporobolus virginicus), 10% pili grass (Heteropogon contortus), 10%

Kihei High School project graded and grubbed.

Hydromulch with Uhaloa

Pili grass

uhaloa (Waltheria indica), 5% aalii (Dodo-nea viscosa). The native Hawaiian plants, akiaki, aalii, pili grass and uhaloa were se-lected because they are low maintenance, do not require irrigation after establish-ment, help suppress invasive weeds and reduce soil erosion.

Kihei Garden & Landscaping Company planted the hydroseed mix as a perma-nent ground cover in a sediment basin. In steep areas, bio-degradable erosion control jute netting was added to protect slopes in addition to the native plantings. It only took 4 months of temporary above ground irrigation for the hydroseed mix to become established.


Close-up of hydromulch mixture.Native plants and erosion control jute netting on steep slope

Panoramic view of native plants in sediment basin.


Existing vegetation of site (Kiawe, buffel grass).

Hydromulch with Uhaloa

In an area that receives 11 inches of annu-al rainfall (University of Hawaii Manoa Rainfall Atlas of Hawaii, 2013) the native plants are now flourishing without irriga-tion. The temporary irrigation structures and water can now be allocated for differ-ent uses, saving money, and reducing the overall water demand on the aquifer.

Replacing invasive species with na-tive species may reduce fuel loads and increase native plant populations. Prior to grubbing, the site consisted of Kiawe (Prosopis spp.), haole koa (Luecaena x spontanea) and buffel grass (Cenchrus cil-iaris). These invasive, fire-adapted species become a major fuel source in the hot, dry climate of Kihei that is already highly susceptible to wildfire. Although most native species are sensitive to fire, studies suggest that aalii and pili grass regenerate

readily and increase coverage after fire (Smith, C., Tunison, T., 2019).

The initial cost of planting native seeds may be expensive. However, in the long-term, native plants require less resourc-es compared to costs associated with maintaining a green, manicured, non-na-tive lawn. Even in dry, hot, and windy conditions, the hydroseed mix estab-lished quickly. As a result, future students and community members can observe and learn about countless benefits of the native plantings at the Kihei High School project.

Mahalo nui loa to Dawn Easterday, Good Fellow Bros., Kihei Garden & Land-scaping Company and The Department of Education for granting me permission to interview them and write about the new Kihei High School Project.

References and further reading:Giambelluca, T.W., Q. Chen, A.G. Frazier,

J.P. Price, Y.-L. Chen, P.-S. Chu, J.K. Eischeid, and D.M. Delparte, 2013: Online Rainfall Atlas of Hawai‘i. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 94, 313-316, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00228.1. Retrieved from http://rainfall.geography.hawaii.edu/howtocite.html.

Smith, C.W. and J.T. Tunison. 2019. Fire and Alien Plants in Hawai’i: Research and Management Implications for Native Ecosystems. Retrieved from http://www.dry-landforest.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Smith_TunisonAlienplants.pdf

Department of Land and Natural Re-sources. 2010. Hawaii Statewide Assessment of Forest Conditions and Resource Strategy 2010. Issue 3: Wildfire. Retrieved from http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/forestry/files/2013/09/SWARS-Issue-3.pdf

Aalii, akiaki with erosion control jut netting.


The rules have changed.

The City and County of Honolulu’s Rules Relating to Water Quality require most new developments and redevelopments to install post-construction/permanent best management practices (BMPs), such as vegetated swales and rain gardens and prepare an operations and maintenance (O&M) plan for their upkeep. These plans are formally recorded, and property owners must ensure they are implemented. Failure to comply with these re-quirements could result in subsequent fines and enforcement.

The City has developed an online training course to help prop-erty managers and maintenance professionals properly care for post-construction BMPs. The 45-minute course walks through the different types of BMPs, their respective O&M needs, City requirements and property owner responsibilities. This training can be viewed on the Clean Water Honolulu YouTube chan-nel (at bit.ly/MaintainYourBMP). Brochures on maintaining post-construction treatment control BMPs and permeable pavement can be found on the City website Learning Center’s Property Maintenance tab at CleanWaterHonolulu.com.

By Randall Wakumoto

City Water Quality Rules Aim to Keep Low Impact Development Features Functioning Optimally

Rain Garden with Native Plants


Typical maintenance activities for post-construction BMPs include: • Removing visible trash, debris and accumulated sediment obstructing flow;

• Replacing plants as needed; and

• Tending to plants without using fertilizers or pesticides as they can end up in our streams and ocean.

Tracking and performing regular maintenance will ensure that problems are detected in a timely manner and prevent common issues such as ponding or flooding resulting from the build-up of sediments and/or trash. Regular maintenance can also extend the life of the BMP and may cut down on the costs associated with rehabilitating it in the event of a failure.

Examples of post-construction BMPs include low impact development features such as vegetated swales, detention areas, rain gardens and green roofs, tree filters and planter boxes. These post-construction BMPs are designed to store, treat, and reduce the volume of sediments and other pollutants from storm water flow before they reach our storm drains and make their way to the ocean. They also aid in protecting groundwater, preventing erosion and runoff during heavy storms, and improv-ing overall water quality.

Best management practices installed on properties with recorded O&M plans are subject to regular City inspection. A log of O&M actions, including all inspections, will need to be kept onsite and made available to City inspectors. Inadequately inspected and maintained BMPs may be subject to penalties under the new rules.

Though post-construction BMPs installed prior to the adop-tion of these new rules will not be subject to City inspections, regular maintenance is still necessary to preserve their integrity and function.

As green infrastructure and other types of low impact devel-opment become more commonplace in our built environment, it is increasingly important they receive regular maintenance, so they may continue to protect our island’s storm water quality.

Randall Wakumoto, PE, is the head of the City and County of Honolulu’s Storm Water Quality Branch within the Department of Facility Maintenance.

Vegetated Swale

For more information on post-construction BMPs, check out the City’s brochures on permeable pavement and post-construc-tion BMPs.

Take the City’s online training at: http://lid.cleanwaterhonolulutraining.com/.


In these precarious and unusual times we are living in, the Land-scape Industry Certified Program is still alive and as functional as

possible given the social distancing rules we are abiding with. Here are some things to keep in mind: Keeping Certified.

If you have kept your Landscape Indus-try Certified status current with NALP, you may want to look at your ID card and make note of your expiration date. If it expires December 31, 2020, like mine does, be aware that you need 24 Continu-ing Education Units (CEUs) to recertify. Hopefully you have kept track of your CEUs. The best way to do that and to recertify easily is to have your Username and Password established on the NALP website. If you have not done this already, call Margo Rash at 703 456-4209 and get set up. You can keep track of your own CEUs online and recertification is a snap-no forms to decipher and fill out. Work-shops and Conferences, and Company Safety meetings are labeled as Educ 1.

Since classes are not being held during COVID 19, check out the LICH web site at www.hawaiiscape.com Home Page. There are some great webinars being posted and count as CEUs!Why Stay Certified?

This is the year that LICH will be marketing your certification. All land-scape companies that have managers or technicians who have maintained their certification i.e. current with NALP (National Association of Landscape Professionals) are now listed on the LICH web site. LICH will actively be promoting

the hiring of Companies with LICs to the general public. You will be hearing about this by the time you read this issue. Get Certified!

Adding a ModuleThe new LICT-Exterior Test is available

to take on a computer only and can be taken any time you are ready. If you are Certified and thinking about adding a Module, remember that all LIC testing is covered by ETF (the Employment Train-ing Fund) which pays half of your cost. Just be sure to get ETF approval before registering for the test. All the informa-tion you need about ETF is available at www.hawaiiscape.com.

Since you already Certified, you do NOT need to take the Common Core part of the LIC exam which includes the following subject matter: Commu-nication, Safety and First Aid, Vehicle Operation and Safety, Tools and Equip-ment, and basic Math (sound familiar?). The cost is: NALP Member / $415 (ETF $207.50) and Non NALP Member / $515 (ETF $257.50). As with all LICT testing, study using the NALP Training Manual is a must! LICH is hoping to get a webinar together for Irrigation. An email will go out and information on the website IF we are able to put a webi-nar together.FULL TEST SPECIALTY SUMMARY (no Common Core needed for testing to add a Module)

Complete EC Test Cost / Member $445.00 (ETF $222.50 / Non-Member $545.00 (ETF $272.50)

Keeping your LICT-ExteriorCertification Current

Softscape Installation125 questions/135 minutes

• Common Core• Softscape Plan Reading• Softscape Horticultural Principles• Cultural Requirements, Grading

and Drainage Principles, Soil Amendment Methods, Plant-ing Methods, Mulching Methods, Fertilization, Pruning Methods, Plant Preservation, Plant Removal, Minimizing Plant Erosion, Plant and Environmental Identification, Sod Installation, Mulch Application - Tree Planting: Preparation, Placement, Backfilling , Staking and Transplanting - Irrigation System Components: Basic Program Controllers, Lateral Repair, Head Adjustments

• Equipment and Tools - Fertilizer Equipment - Skid-Steer - Rototiller

NOTE: The Softscape Installation exam includes questions on plant identification and environmental sensitivities. The questions are regional-specific. Irrigation

75 questions/100 minutes• Common Core Irrigation Plan Reading Irrigation Components and Principles- Basic Electricity and Underground Wiring, Hydraulics, Soil Types, Controllers and Remote Control Valves, Pressure Loss, Elevation Change and PSI, Velocity and Surge, Water Delivery Methods


• Irrigation Methods and Procedures - Installation of : Pipes and

Fittings, Mounting and Wiring of: Connections, Controllers and

Valves. Backfilling and Compacting, Flushing, Nuzzling and Sprinkler Head Adjustments, Electrical and Hydraulic

Troubleshooting, Damaged Component Replacement and Repair, Winterizing.

• Equipment and Tools - Trenchers and Pipe pulling

equipment - Control Programming

Ornamental Maintenance125 Questions/135 Minutes• Common Core• Irrigation Components and Prin-

ciples• Ornamental Maintenance Horti-

cultural Principles - Cultural Needs, Tree Planting, Pruning, Pest Management, Top Dressing and Mulching,

Plant Protection, Growing Media, Plant and Environmental Identification, Plant Installation, Basic Program Controller, Head Adjustments• Ornamental Maintenance Calcula-

tions• Equipment and Tools - Chainsaw - Pest and Disease Equipment - Pruning Tools

NOTE: The Ornamental Maintenance exam includes questions on plant identi-fication and environmental sensitivities. The questions are regional-specific.

Turf Maintenance90 questions/120 minutes• Common Core• Irrigation Components and Prin-

ciples• Turfgrass Maintenance Principles• Sod Installation, Cultural Require-

ments, Watering Requirements, Pest Management, Adjusting pH, Fertility, Basic Program Controller, Head Adjustments

• Turfgrass Maintenance Calcula-tions

• Equipment and Tools - Mowing - Aeration - Dethatching - Edging - Trimming

Landscape Industry Certified Manager. This may be the year to consider

getting your manager Certification. This exam is designed for exterior or interior landscape contractor business owners or managers, or those on the management fast-track.

All the information you need about this Exam is posted on the LICH website, www.hawaiiscape.com.

The LICH Board of Directors invites you to be a part of our dynamic state association, Help us expand our programs by becoming a member today. You will be eligible to receive member discounts on our classes, workshops, and Annual Conference and Tradeshow. Corporate Member logos will be displayed on our web site.

When you become a LICH Member you make a contribu-tion to the continued growth of our statewide association.

Memberships for individuals are $40 per calendar year. Company Memberships are $250 per calendar and include unlimited paid staff.

To become a 2020 Member, we encourage you to join online at: www.hawaiiscape.com. You will immediately receive an Invoice and a Welcome Notice that you have become a member. This will help as proof of membership when signing up for HMMA Insurance. It will also help LICH build an Industry Survey which has not been done since 1986.

Company: Address: City: Phone: E-Mail:Web Site:

State: Fax:

Zip:

LANDSCAPE INDUSTRY COUNCIL OF HAWAII Renew your membership online at www.hawaiiscape.com

1 I Am A: *Required Field (Select all that apply):

▪ Arborist/Tree Worker▪ Botanist/Conservation▪ Facility/Site Manager▪ Landscaper

▪ Owner▪ Landscape Architect/Designer▪ Manufacturer▪ Pesticide Applicator

▪ Researcher/Student▪ Retailer/Wholesaler

Other:

2 My Company or Department is: *Required Field (Select all that apply):

▪ Botanical Garden▪ Conservation Agency▪ Golf Course▪ Government Agency

▪ Landscape Design Firm▪ Landscape Construction▪ Landscape Maintenance▪ Plant Nursery

▪ Retailer▪ School/University▪ Wholesaler▪ Tree Trimming

3 Associations: *Required Field (Select all that apply):

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▪ HILA▪ HLICA▪ ISA▪ KLIC

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4 Company’s Specialization: *Required Field

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Privacy Disclaimer – LICH reserves all rights to contact all magazine subscribers via mail or electronic with option to opt out of communications. LICH reserves all rights to print contact information for an industry directory. LICH will not sell or provide contact information to any third party unless legally mandated.

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I have been told that blackened foliage of laua’e fern that typ-ically occurs during the cool, wet winter months is attributed

to a variety of ailments including fungal infections, damage from cold temperatures, chemical burns from over-spraying of crops and even vog. None of these ideas are correct. Laua’e plant samples sent to Brian Bushe, Agricultural Diagnostician with University of Hawaii Agricultur-al Diagnostic Service Center, indicate the damage is due to Aphelenchoises spp., a foliar nematode. Laua’e ‘Iki’ (Microsorum scolopen-dria) is a popular landscape plant,

native to Australia and other areas in the south Pacific, though it is often wrongly believed to be a native of Hawai’i. Both the common laua’e fern and M. scolopendria ‘Iki’ are susceptible, as are other species in this genus. Foliar nematodes are microscopic roundworms that swim around on wet foliage feeding on tissues in the leaves, buds and flow-ers. In Hawaii, foliar nematodes are frequently found on ferns, orchids, anthurium and many other ornamen-tal plants. Feeding injury may lead to rot and stunted floral buds. Visible damage on plants, such as discol-ored tissue or buds, can be found in landscape settings but is more common in nurseries. This condition can be mild or severe enough to kill the plant. Moist, shady nursery beds and poor air circulation creates ideal conditions for population explosions of nematodes. Good cultural practices or nemati-cides may be used to treat foliar nem-atodes. To avoid nematode issues, tissue cultured nursery stock is ideal but is often impractical in Hawaii. Reduce nematode populations by removing infested foliage, thin plants to increase air flow, avoid wetting the foliage by watering early in the morning or using drip irrigation, and disinfect any tools and gloves used

in this process. Do not compost infested material and do not re-use soil from infected pots. You can also prevent spreading foliar nematodes by disinfecting your nursery beds, benches, pots and trays. New plants should be situated in a different part of the nursery. Most nematode chemical treatments used in the past are no longer avail-able due to their toxic nature. In 2019, Kelsey Mitsuda, a graduate student at UH-Manoa, published a study on the efficacy of currently available nematicides. Her research can be viewed at http://hdl.handle.net/10125/63525.

Contact your local cooperative ex-tension office or horticultural supply company for any new possible treat-ments, as many are currently under development.

In addition to the foliar nematodes, Brian also discovered Colletotrichum spp, on the damaged foliage. This fungal organism causes anthracnose and “is an efficient opportunist and may be present due to the injury caused by the nematodes.”

Allison Wright, Superintendent – Island Plant CompanyCo-Owner – Valhalla Flower Farm

Foliar Nematodes on Laua’e Fern

BY:ALLISON WRIGHTCOLUMNPEST


As I sat down to write this article, I noticed the newspaper head-line “Fossil fuel businesses sued by city over climate change

costs”. I read on and learned that the City has a “Chief Resiliency Officer and Exec-utive Director of the Office of Climate Change, Sustainability, and Resiliency”. Who knew???

There was that word again—sustainabil-ity. What does it mean?? I asked a few people I knew what that word meant to them. One person who is a vendor at the farmers market told me that for her, sustainability is synonymous to organic, non-chemical, or more correctly,”re-gen-erative agriculture” Her ideal goal would be that everyone grow “some” of their own food in a “clean” environment..Another person who works in a large farm situation, shook his head and said that he wasn’t going to discuss it because it was a “headache”, and may eventually drive farming out of the country. A farm-er friend of mine wants to stop farming because regulations have driven costs up so it is hard to make a living.

What does the word sustainability mean to us in the landscape industry? Is there consensus about the meaning of the word? What are the implications going forward? We live and work in a state that is known for beautiful green spaces ,beautiful landscaping, clean air, and shades of blue ocean. Gone are the days of smokey skies from burning cane and processing plants; exhaust fumes from large harvesting equipment.

TIPSTOOL

Will we become like California which is slowly banning gas powered equipment?? For those of us in the landscape industry for twenty/thirty years, we have had to deal with changes in the EPA regulations which have changed the equipment we use on a daily basis. The changes in design and engineering necessitated changes in fuel, carburation, and exhaust. All this in an effort to control air pollution. And with these changes came complaints from end users in the industry about the additional costs and performance of these “new” machines. It became appar-ent that these changes were not sufficient for those concerned with environmental change.

As complaints about air pollution and noise pollution continued to grow, manu-facturers took a new direction.Technology enabled equipment manu-facturers to branch out to battery driven equipment—no fumes, less noise. It started with hand-held equipment and is moving toward riding and large tractor style equipment. In general these moves have appeased the public,but has created new problems for users of the equipment. Besides an increase in cost of equipment, there have been many other complaints . about the short-coming of using battery powered tools—battery life, cost of bat-teries, limited power.

So where are we as an industry with regard to sustainability??Of course we want to maintain the environment and the health of those who live on the planet; however, we know that for commercial

landscapers gas powered equipment is indispensable.There are things that YOU can do while using your gas powered tools.Using the correct fuel in your equipment is a critical part of limiting pollution while getting the necessary power from the engine. If your machine is newer than fifteen years, your engine was approved by the EPA and meets their emissions requirements .You need to be using the correct fuel—non-ethanol, high octane . This will determine how efficiently your engine is running. This is what the engine is de-signed to use. Your fuel must be fresh—less than 3 weeks old—and free of rubbish and water. This will make a difference in how well your engine, both two cycle and four cycle , work.

Owners/supervisors should insure that their machines are properly maintained and the maintenance is done on a regular schedule; air cleaners clean and free of dirt and debris; vents on machines free of any blockages in order to allow air to cool the engine. There should be checked for leaking fuel or oil around the engine that could contaminate the soil and find its way into the water system. These are all additional costs in both time and supplies, but by not doing them you may incur even greater costs.

Sustainability is not a line in the sand. It is a long continuum with broad im-plications at every pint along the way.. It is imperative that those who support sustainability understand the economic ramifications that come with change.

SUSTAINABILITY—THE IMPLICATIONS: DO YOU KNOW WHAT IT MEANS?


Oahu’s Final Landscape Industry Certified Technicians

BY BRANDON AUCORNERCERTIFICATION

The digital age has finally caught up to the Landscape Industry Certified Technician (LICT) program. December 31, 2019

was the last day to become certified using hand written Scantron forms and be test-ed during an all-day practical exam. After two written retakes and a practical exam, we have our final class of LICTs for Oahu. Although others may not have achieved their certification, they should continue to reach their goals of becoming certified online.

On Saturday, December 7, 2019, the practical retake exam was spearheaded by Russell Galanti, Cooperative Exten-sion Service Agent of the University of Hawaiì at Manoa, at the Waimanalo Research Station. We again thank the volunteers for their support as without them, the practical exam would have been very difficult to accomplish.

We would like to recognize everyone who volunteered for the exam and the business they represent:

Carlton Luka, LICT

Darryl Dudoit, LICT, Lanakila Workforce Resources

Kevin Mulkern, Mulkern Landscaping and Nursery

Madeleine Shaw, Hawaii Landscape and Irrigation Contractors Association

Michael Hao, Lanakila Workforce Re-sources

Norman Allen, LICT, Ohana Nui Man-agement

Rockjohn Castintahan, LICT, Hawaii Landscape Services

Rogelio Corrales, UH Waimanalo Re-search Station

Ronald Yi, LICT, Lanakila Workforce Resources

Russell Galanti, University of Hawaiì at Manoa

Major sponsors who provided donations, including equipment rental and materials used for the exam were: Hawaii Land-scape and Irrigation Contractors Associa-tion, Lanakila Workforce Resources, and the University of Hawaiì at Manoa Col-lege of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR).

We are very proud for the following candidates who challenged themselves to strive for the LICT certification. Eight candidates successfully completed all of the requirements needed to achieve an LICT certification and are listed below, with some acquiring their 3rd or 4th certification:

IrrigationIvan Fujii, LICT, Landscape Hawaii, Inc. (2nd certification)

Quintin Nilo, Nilo Landscaping Company (1st certification)

Romel Gaoiran, LICT, Ohana Nui Land-scapes (4th certification)

Turf MaintenanceBrickwood Engoring, Greenspace Hawaii, Inc. (1st certification)Janell Yokota, Lanakila Workforce Resources (1st certification)

Justin Kaho Tuivalentino, Lanakila Workforce Resources (1st certification)

Ornamental MaintenanceErnesto Tabangcura, Island Landscaping & Maintenance, Inc. (1st certification)

Ivan Fujii, LICT, Landscape Hawaii, Inc. (3rd certification)

Micah Paulo, LICT, Kendall Landscape Services, LLC (2nd certification)

We will be continuing with the LICT training program in 2020, so make sure to visit the website in April 2020 at: https://www.hawaiiscape.com/training/ to register for the training as classes will start in June. The training will follow the NALP training manuals in preparation for the online exam.

LICT is a national certification adminis-tered by NALP, which represents more than 100,000 landscape industry professionals across America. In Hawaiì, there are over 350 LICTs with multiple certifications. The LICT program started in Hawaiì in 1999 and is administered by LICH.

Brandon Au, an LICT, is the head of the Nursery and Landscape Section for the City and County of Honolulu’s Department of Parks and Recreation, Division of Urban Forestry.


West Maui Irrigation

Pacific Pipe Co.

Client: Pacific PipePub: Landscape Hawaii MagazineIssue: May-Jun?Size: FP w/bleedColor: 4C w/bleedsDUE: xxx

O‘ahu: 808.455.8700 1255 Kuala Street Pearl City, HI 96782

Maui: 808.877.5800 82 Pulehu Place #101 Kahului, HI 96732

Hawai‘i Island: 808.747.8100 74-4701 Kamanu Street. Kailua-Kona, HI 96740

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