HISTORY OF HISTORY OF LAPAROSCOPYLAPAROSCOPY

ENDOSCOPYENDOSCOPY was first was first described by described by

HIPPOCRATES HIPPOCRATES Of GREECE Of GREECE (460 -375 B.C.) who (460 -375 B.C.) who

made reference to the made reference to the rectal speculum.rectal speculum.

According to According to AVICENNAAVICENNA (A.D. (A.D. 980 – 1037), the eminent 980 – 1037), the eminent

and chief surgeon in and chief surgeon in baghdad, ABULKASIM baghdad, ABULKASIM ALZAHRAWY (A.D 936 ALZAHRAWY (A.D 936

-1013) introduced reflected -1013) introduced reflected natural light about A.D. 1000 natural light about A.D. 1000 by using a mirror to reflect by using a mirror to reflect light into vagina & cervixlight into vagina & cervix..

In 1805, In 1805, BOZZINIBOZZINI used a used a group of mirrors & tubes group of mirrors & tubes

with a candle as an with a candle as an artificial light source to artificial light source to

visualize the vagina & to visualize the vagina & to gain more penetration. Hegain more penetration. He

called it LICHTLEITER.called it LICHTLEITER.

DESORMEAUX DESORMEAUX in 1853, used in 1853, used LICHTLEITER of BOZZINI LICHTLEITER of BOZZINI

,then introduced GASOGEN ,then introduced GASOGEN ( a mixture of alcohol & ( a mixture of alcohol &

turpentine ) as a source of turpentine ) as a source of light when burnt to visualize light when burnt to visualize the genitourinary system & the genitourinary system & vagina using mirrors & lens vagina using mirrors & lens

system.He was named system.He was named FATHER OF ENDOSCOPY.FATHER OF ENDOSCOPY.

The first electrical light The first electrical light source was invented by source was invented by BRUCKBRUCK (a dentist from (a dentist from

BERSLAU ) in 1867. To do BERSLAU ) in 1867. To do STOMATOSCOPY he used STOMATOSCOPY he used a loop of platinum wirea loop of platinum wire..

NITZENITZE in 1879, invented in 1879, invented his cystoscope using his cystoscope using

platinum wire cooled with platinum wire cooled with a continuous stream of a continuous stream of water and 3 lenses to water and 3 lenses to improve the image.improve the image.

MICULICZ & LEITER (1881). Invented the first GASTROSCOPE using NITZE’s principle . MICULICZ did a series of diagnostic endoscopies in BILLROTH CLINIC in VIENNA

AfterAfter THOMAS EDISONTHOMAS EDISON'S'S lamp in 1880lamp in 1880, , NITZENITZE used used

the bulb in 1887 and the bulb in 1887 and added a prismatic lens added a prismatic lens

system for angled system for angled viewing.viewing.

In 1901In 1901, , G. KELLINGG. KELLING OF OF DRESDEN performed the first DRESDEN performed the first

laparoscopy in a dog using laparoscopy in a dog using NITZE cystoscope. He NITZE cystoscope. He

insufflated filtered air upto a insufflated filtered air upto a pressure of 50 mm. Hg. pressure of 50 mm. Hg.

Originally he was planning to Originally he was planning to stop intraabdominal hge.stop intraabdominal hge.

(LUFT TAMPONADE)(LUFT TAMPONADE) . .

OTTOTT in 1901, performed the in 1901, performed the first VENTREOSCOPy in first VENTREOSCOPy in

humans by insertion of a humans by insertion of a speculum through a small speculum through a small ant. abd. wall incision with ant. abd. wall incision with

the help of a head mirror. He the help of a head mirror. He also performed the first also performed the first

CULDOSCOPY via a vaginal CULDOSCOPY via a vaginal incision.incision.

HANS CHRISTIAN JACOBEUSHANS CHRISTIAN JACOBEUS OF OF STOCKHOLM in 1910, STOCKHOLM in 1910,

reported the first series of reported the first series of laparoscopy in humans. laparoscopy in humans.

Insufflation was achieved Insufflation was achieved through the same trocar through the same trocar thenthen NITZENITZE CYSTOSCOPECYSTOSCOPE

was introduced.was introduced.

HEINZ KALKHEINZ KALK (1929) OF (1929) OF BERLIN used the term BERLIN used the term

LAPAROSCOPY and LAPAROSCOPY and improved the angle of improved the angle of

vision. He published 21 vision. He published 21 papers bet. 1929 and papers bet. 1929 and

1959. He performed 2000 1959. He performed 2000 liver biopsies.liver biopsies.

In 1933In 1933,, FERVERSFERVERS reported reported the first ADHESIOLYSIS. the first ADHESIOLYSIS.

He used O2 for He used O2 for insufflation and got the insufflation and got the

first intra-abdominal first intra-abdominal explosion. He succeeded explosion. He succeeded

in palpating the gall in palpating the gall bladder for stones.bladder for stones.

RUDDOCKRUDDOCK in 1937, in 1937, reported DIAGNOSTIC reported DIAGNOSTIC

PERITONEOSCOPY with PERITONEOSCOPY with biopsy taking using a biopsy taking using a

special forceps.special forceps.

In 1938, the HUNGERIANIn 1938, the HUNGERIAN VERESS VERESS introduced a introduced a

spring loaded insufflation spring loaded insufflation needle for draining needle for draining

ascites & chest tapping. ascites & chest tapping.

PALMER in 1944, performed the first PELVISCOPY. He stressed the importance of intraabdominal pressure monitoring during the procedure

KURT SEMMKURT SEMM (1967) , a German (1967) , a German gynecologist and engineer developed gynecologist and engineer developed

his system which he called his system which he called OPERATIVE PELVISCOPY. He also OPERATIVE PELVISCOPY. He also

developed automatic insufflator, high developed automatic insufflator, high flow irrigation apparatus , pretied flow irrigation apparatus , pretied

loops , clip appliers , needle holders , loops , clip appliers , needle holders , thermocoagulator device [ upto 140 thermocoagulator device [ upto 140 C. ] and so many other instruments.C. ] and so many other instruments. In addition to most laparoscopic In addition to most laparoscopic procedures procedures ,, SEMMSEMM was the first to was the first to

perform Lap. Appendectomy in 1982.perform Lap. Appendectomy in 1982.

HAROLD HOPKINSHAROLD HOPKINS (1954) (1954) improved the quality of improved the quality of

vision by introducing thevision by introducing the HOPKIN'S ROD LENS HOPKIN'S ROD LENS

SYSTEM.SYSTEM.

The first ENDOSCOPICThe first ENDOSCOPIC CAMERA CAMERA goes togoes to BERCIBERCI (1960).(1960).

The first LAP.CHOLECYSTECTOMY

was performed by MUHE on September 12, 1985.

The first reported LAP. CHOLECYSTECTOMY was

done by DUBOIS & MOURET In 1986.

In 1994 the first ROBOTIC ARM to hold camera & instruments was introduced.

In 1996 the first laparoscopic procedure broadcasted via the INTERNET

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