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Ancient TheoriesAncient Theories
• Widespread belief in supernatural and magical forces as cause of mental illness– Exorcism – removal of evil that resides in an
individual, usually by counter-magic or prayer.
• Trephination– Cutting a hole in the skull
to remove pressure– Evidence that people
considered illness organic
Ancient GreeceAncient Greece• Hippocrates
– Looked to the brain as the explanation of our behavior• Egyptians had thought the heart was the core of mental life
– Studied epilepsy, depression, psychosis, irrational fears, and hysteria.
– Therapeutic techniques emphasized:• Rest, bathing, dieting
– Hippocratic Oath – taken by doctors
when they graduate from medical
school
Middle Ages Middle Ages Renaissance Renaissance• During a time dominated by the Catholic Church,
superstitious beliefs in devils and demons were very strong.– At the same time, Church charities often provided
care for the mentally ill.
• Idiot – inborn illness
• Lunatic – mental disabilities
not from birth
Enlightenment (Age of Reason)Enlightenment (Age of Reason)• Reason and the scientific method finally
replaced superstition as primary way of understanding the world.– Anton Mesmer
• invention of hypnosis
Late 1700s – 1800sLate 1700s – 1800s• While research and treatment continued, society
placed an emphasis on removal of the mentally ill, which gave rise to insane asylums.
• Bedlam Hospital – after an investigation into the “madhouses of England,” Bedlam became the prototype of the injustices
of mental hospitals.
Reform MovementReform Movement• Philippe Pinel – Moral Treatment
– Kind treatment– -minimum or restraint
• Benjamin Rush– Signer of the Declaration of Independence– Father of American Psychiatry
• Dorothea Dix– Civil War nurse, campaigned
against poor treatment of the mentally ill, especially restraints.