History of MicrobiologyHistory of Microbiology

VOCABULARYVOCABULARY FermentationFermentation: the enzymatic : the enzymatic

degeneration of carbohydrates in which degeneration of carbohydrates in which the final electron acceptor is an organic the final electron acceptor is an organic molecule (contains carbon). For example, molecule (contains carbon). For example, ATP is synthesized by phosporylation ATP is synthesized by phosporylation (adding phosphate) and oxygen it is not (adding phosphate) and oxygen it is not required. Fermentation is the process that required. Fermentation is the process that yeasts use to convert sugars to alcohol in yeasts use to convert sugars to alcohol in the absence of air.the absence of air.

PasteurizationPasteurization: the process of mild : the process of mild heating to kill particular spoilage heating to kill particular spoilage microorganisms or pathogens.microorganisms or pathogens.

AnaerobicAnaerobic: without oxygen: without oxygen

AristotleAristotle

Spontaneous Generation

VirgilVirgil

Bees grow from honey and flies grow from meat

The RomansThe Romans

Used a magnifying lens called “Flea glasses”

Zacharias JanssenZacharias Janssen

Invented the first compound microscope

The First MicroscopeThe First Microscope

GalileoGalileo

Improved the microscope, Improved the telescope

First First TelescopeTelescope

Antoni Van LeeuwenhoekAntoni Van Leeuwenhoek

Improved the simple microscope to a magnification of 270x

Described first microbes.

Antoni Van LeeuwenhoekAntoni Van Leeuwenhoek

Basic ShapesBasic Shapes

COCCI RODS SPIRALS

Staphylococci

Streptococci

Pairs: Pairs: diplococci, diplococci, diplobacillidiplobacilli

Clusters: Clusters: staphylococcistaphylococci

Chains: Chains: streptococci, streptococci, streptobacillistreptobacilli

ArrangementsArrangements

Robert HookeRobert Hooke

Coined the term “cells”

Robert HookeRobert Hooke

The hypothesis that living organisms The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter is called arise from nonliving matter is called spontaneous generation. According to spontaneous generation. According to spontaneous generation, a “vital force’ spontaneous generation, a “vital force’ Forms life.Forms life.

The alternative hypothesis, that the The alternative hypothesis, that the living organisms arise from preexisting living organisms arise from preexisting life, is called biogenesis.life, is called biogenesis.

The Debate Over Spontaneous The Debate Over Spontaneous GenerationGeneration

Francisco RediFrancisco Redi

Biogenesis Theory:

Maggots do not grow from meat.

Francisco Redi Francisco Redi

1668: Francisco Redi filled six jars with 1668: Francisco Redi filled six jars with decaying meat.decaying meat.

Evidence Pro and ConEvidence Pro and Con

Conditions Results

3 jars covered with fine net No maggots

3 open jars Maggots appeared

From where did the maggots come?What was the purpose of the sealed jars?Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

John NeedhamJohn Needham

Put boiled Put boiled nutrient broth nutrient broth into covered into covered flasks.flasks.

1745: John Needham put boiled 1745: John Needham put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks.nutrient broth into covered flasks.

Conditions Results

Nutrient broth heated, then placed in sealed flask

Microbial growth

From where did the microbes come?Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

1861: Louis Pasteur demonstrated that 1861: Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air.microorganisms are present in the air.

Conditions Results

Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, not sealed

Microbial growth

Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed

No microbial growth

Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur

Pasteur’s Pasteur’s S-shaped S-shaped flask kept flask kept microbes microbes out but let out but let air in.air in.

The Theory of BiogenesisThe Theory of Biogenesis

Figure 1.3

Edward JennerEdward Jenner

First vaccine:

Smallpox

Edward JennerEdward Jenner

Rudolf VirchowRudolf VirchowCell Theory

1. All living things are composed of cells.

2. Cells are the smallest working units of living things.

3. All cells come from preexisting cells by cell division (biogenesis theory).

Agostino BassiAgostino Bassi

Silkworm disease is caused by a fungus

Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur

Spontaneous Generation TheorySpontaneous Generation Theory Aristotle Aristotle thought that the mice grew from the grain thought that the mice grew from the grain

and hay, and he coined the term “Spontaneous and hay, and he coined the term “Spontaneous generation”generation”

Virgil: Virgil: bees grew from honey and that flies grew bees grew from honey and that flies grew from meat.from meat.

Redi: Redi: maggots in meat were caused by flies laying maggots in meat were caused by flies laying eggs; they only grew on the meat in which the jars eggs; they only grew on the meat in which the jars were not covered.were not covered.

John NeedhamJohn Needham believed in spontaneous generation; believed in spontaneous generation; boiled nutrient broth to kill all microbes, put a non-boiled nutrient broth to kill all microbes, put a non-sterile cork in the flask, found that the broth grew sterile cork in the flask, found that the broth grew microbes. microbes.

Louis Pasteur: Louis Pasteur: made a glass flask with an “S” made a glass flask with an “S” shaped bend in it so that bacteria could not enter into shaped bend in it so that bacteria could not enter into it but air could get in. He placed chicken broth in the it but air could get in. He placed chicken broth in the flask and boiled it so that it was sterile and observed flask and boiled it so that it was sterile and observed that there was no bacterial growth in the broth.that there was no bacterial growth in the broth.

Sheep Vaccine for AnthraxSheep Vaccine for Anthrax

Robert KochRobert Koch

Koch’s PostulatesKoch’s Postulates

Obtain the disease causing microbe from Obtain the disease causing microbe from the sick animal via a sample.the sick animal via a sample.

Isolate this microbe in pure culture.Isolate this microbe in pure culture. Inoculate a healthy animal with this pure Inoculate a healthy animal with this pure

culture, and the healthy animal should culture, and the healthy animal should develop the same disease.develop the same disease.

Re-isolate the microbe from the second Re-isolate the microbe from the second animal. If it is the same microbe obtained animal. If it is the same microbe obtained from the first animal, this proves the from the first animal, this proves the etiology (cause) of the disease.etiology (cause) of the disease.

Joseph ListerJoseph Lister

Operation using Lister's carbolic Operation using Lister's carbolic spray invented in 1869spray invented in 1869

Ignaz SemmelwiseIgnaz Semmelwise

Puerperal fever could be drastically cut by use of hand washing standards in obstetrical clinics.

Paul EhrlichPaul Ehrlich

First Antibiotic:

For syphilis

Paul EhrlichPaul Ehrlich

Von BehringVon Behring

Invented diphtheria antitoxin

RossRoss

Mosquitoes transmit malaria

MetchnikoffMetchnikoff

Discovered White Blood Cells and phagocytosis:

Began field of immunology

Alexander FlemingAlexander Fleming

1928: Alexander 1928: Alexander Fleming discovered Fleming discovered the first antibiotic.the first antibiotic.

He observed that He observed that PenicilliumPenicillium fungus fungus made an antibiotic, made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed penicillin, that killed S. aureusS. aureus..

1940s: Penicillin was 1940s: Penicillin was tested clinically and tested clinically and mass produced.mass produced.

The Birth of Modern The Birth of Modern ChemotherapyChemotherapy

Figure 1.5

Chain and FloreyChain and Florey

Purified penicillin as a medicine

Rebecca LancefieldRebecca Lancefield

Lancefield’s Streptococcus Lancefield’s Streptococcus ClassificationClassification

Frederick GriffithFrederick Griffith

Discovered DNA

Watson and CrickWatson and Crick

Detailed the structure of human DNA.

DNA StructureDNA Structure

Deoxyribose (sugar)Deoxyribose (sugar) A, T, C, G (nucleic acids)A, T, C, G (nucleic acids) Phosphate (to form the Phosphate (to form the

bonds)bonds)

Jacob andJacob and MonodMonod

Role of mRNA in protein synthesis

Protein SynthesisProtein Synthesis

Delbruck and HersheyDelbruck and Hershey

Structure of viruses

VirusVirus

TonegawaTonegawa

Antibody genetics

PrusinerPrusiner

Discovery of prions

PrionsPrions

SELECTED NOBEL PRIZES IN SELECTED NOBEL PRIZES IN PHYSIOLOGYPHYSIOLOGY

1901 Behring1901 Behring diphtheria antitoxindiphtheria antitoxin 1902 Ross1902 Ross malaria malaria

transmissiontransmission 1905 Koch1905 Koch TB bacteriumTB bacterium 1908 Metchnikoff1908 Metchnikoff phagocytosisphagocytosis 1945 1945 Fleming, Chain, FloreyFleming, Chain, Florey penicillinpenicillin 1969 1969 Delbruck, HersheyDelbruck, Hershey viral replicationviral replication 1987 Tohegawa 1987 Tohegawa antibody geneticsantibody genetics 1997 Prusiner1997 Prusiner prionsprions