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Prepared by:
Susana P. Arellano, RN, MAN, MSN
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HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF NURSING
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` From Prehistoric times up to the early Christian Era
` Nursing was untaught and instinctive. It was
performed of compassion for others, out of the wish
to help others.` Nursing was a function that belonged to women. It was
viewed as a natural nurturing job for women. She is
expected to take good care of the children, the sick
and the aged.
` No care giving training is evident. It was based on
experience and observation.
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` Primitive men believed that illness was caused by the
invasion of the victims body of evil spirits. They
believed that the medicine man, Shaman or witch
doctor had the power to heal by using white magic,hypnosis, charms, dances, incantation, purgatives,
massage, fire, water and herbs as a mean of driving
illness from the victim.
` Trephining drilling a hole in the skull with a rock orstone without anesthesia was a last resort to drive evil
spirits from the body of the afflicted.
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A. Babylonia
Code of Hammurabi provided laws that
covered every facet of Babylonian life
including medical practice. The medicalregulations established fees, discouraged
experimentation, recommended specific
doctors for each disease and gave each
patient the right to choose between the
use of charms, medications, or surgical
procedures to cure the disease. There was
no mention of nurses or nursing.
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B. Egypt
Egyptians introduced the art
of embalming, which
enhanced their knowledge of
human anatomy
Left a record of 250
recognized diseases
No mention of nurses,hospitals or hospital
personnel: slaves and patients
families nursed the sick.
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C. Israel Moses
x Recognized as the Father of
Sanitation
x Wrote the five books of the OldTestament which:
1. Emphasized the practice ofhospitality to strangers and actsof charity
2. Promulgated laws of control onthe spread of communicabledisease and the ritual ofcircumcision of the male child(Book of Leviticus)
3.R
eferred to nurses as midwives,wet nurses or childs nurseswhose acts were compassionateand tender (outpouring ofmaternal instincts)
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D. China The people strongly believed in spirits and
demons as seen in the practices such asusing girls clothes for male babies keepevils away from them.
They practiced ancestor worship whichprohibited the dissection of dead humanbody
They gave the world knowledge of materiamedica (pharmacology), which prescribedmethods of treating wounds, infections andmuscular afflictions.
There was no mention of nursing in theirrecords. It is assumed that the care of thesick was done by female members of the
household.
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E. India
Men of medicine built hospitals,
practiced an intuitive form ofasepsis and were proficient in
the practice of medicine and
surgery.
Sushurutu made a list of
function and qualifications ofnurses. For the first time in
recorded history, there was a
reference to the nurses taking
care of patients. These nurses
were prescribed as combination
of physical therapist and cook.
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F. Ancient Greece
Nursing was the task of
untrained slave
Greeks introduced thecaduceus, the insignia of the
medical profession today
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Hippocrates was given the titleFather of Scientific Medicine. He
made a major advance in medicine
by rejecting the belief that diseases
had supernatural causes. He also
developed assessment standards for
clients, established overall medical
standards, recognized a need for
nurses.
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G. Rome The transition from pagan to Christian
philosophy took place.
The Romans attempted to maintainvigorous health, because illness was asign of weakness.
Care of the ill was left to the slaves or
Greek physicians. Both groups werelooked upon as inferior byRomansociety
Fabiola was a worldly, beautiful Romanmatron who was converted to
Christianity by her friends Marcellaand Paula. With their help, she madeher home the first hospital in theChristian world.
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` From the founding of the Religious
orders in the 11th century up to
1836
` Care was done by crusaders,prisoners, religious orders
` Nursing care was performed
without any formal education and
by people who were directed by
more experienced nurses (on-the-
job training). This kind of nursing
was developed by religious orders
of the Christian Church.
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` Nursing went down to the lowest level (dark period of
Nursing), from 17th to 19th century
Wrath/anger of Protestantism confiscated properties of
hospitals and schools connected withR
oman Catholicism. Nurses fled their lives; soon there was shortage of people to
care for the sick
Hundreds of Hospitals closed, there was no provision for the
sick, no one to care for the sick
Nursing became the work of the least desirable of women
prostitutes, alcoholics, prisoners
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` Pastor Theodore Fliedner and
his wife, Frederika established
the Kaiserswerth Institute for
the training ofDeaconesses (the
1stformal training school for
nurses) in Germany.
This was where Florence
Nightingale received her 3-month
course of study in nursing.
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St. Clare gave nursing care
to the sick and the afflicted
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St. Elizabeth of Hungary
Patroness of nurses
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St. Catherine of Siena the
first lady with the lamp
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` Began on June 15, 1860 when Florence Nightingale
School of Nursing opened St. Thomas Hospital in
London
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` The development of nursing during this period was
strongly influenced by:
a) Trends resulting from wars Crimean, civil war
b)A
rousal of social consciousnessc) Increased educational opportunities offered to women.
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` Florence Nightingale was asked by Sir Sidney Herbert
of the British War Department to recruit female
nurses to provide care for the sick and injured in the
Crimean War.` It was the 1stschool of nursing that provided both
theory-based knowledge and clinical skill building.
` Nursing evolved as an art and science
` Formal nursing education and nursing service begun
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` Mother of modern nursing. Lady with
the Lamp because of her achievements
in improving the standards for the care
of war casualties in the Crimean war.
` Born may 12, 1800 in Florence, Italy
` Raised in England in an atmosphere of
culture and affluence
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` Not contended with the social custom imposed upon
her as a Victorian Lady, she developed her self-
appointed goal: To change the profile of Nursing
` She compiled notes of her visits to hospitals and herobservations of the sanitary facilities, social problems
of the places she visited.
` Noted the need for preventive medicine and god
nursing` Advocated for care of those afflicted with diseases
caused by lack of hygienic practices
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` At age 31, she entered the
Deaconesses School at Kaiserswerth
inspite of her familys resistance toher ambitions. She became a nurse
over the objections of society and her
family.
`
Worked as a superintendent forGentlewomen Hospital, a charity
hospital for ill governesses.
` Disapproved the restrictions on
admission of patients and considered
this unchristian and incompatiblewith health care
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` Upgraded the practice of nursing and
made nursing an honourable
profession for women.` Led nurses that took care of the
wounded during the Crimean war
` Put down her ideas in 2 published
books: Notes on Nursing, What It Isand What It Is Not and Notes on
Hospitals.
` She revolutionized the publics
perception of nursing (not the image of
a doctors handmaiden) and the
method for educating nurses.
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` Covers the period after the
world war II to the present
` Licensure of nurses started
` Specialization of Hospital anddiagnosis
` Training of Nurses in diploma
program
` Development of baccalaureate
and advance degree programs
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` Scientific and technological development as well as
social changes mark this period.
Health is perceived as a fundamental human right Nursing involvement in community health
Technological advances disposable supplies and
equipments
Expanded roles of nurses was developed
WHO was established by the United Nations
Aerospace Nursing was developed
Use of atomic energies for medical diagnosis, treatment
Computers were utilized data collection, teaching,diagnosis, inventory, payrolls, record keeping, billing.
Use of sophisticated equipment for diagnosis and therapy.
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` Early Filipinos subscribed to
superstitious belief and
practices in relation to health
and sickness
` Diseases, their causes and
treatment were associated with
mysticism and superstitions
` Cause of disease was caused byanother person (an enemy of
witch) or evil spirits
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` Persons suffering from diseases without any identified
cause were believed bewitched by mangkukulam
` Difficult childbirth were attributed to nonos` Evil spirits could be driven away by persons with
powers to expel demons
` Belief in special Gods of healing: priest-physician
(word doctors), herbolarios/herb doctors
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A. Hospital Real de Manila (1577) Established mainly to care for the Spanish Kings
soldiers, but also admitted Spanish civilians
Founded by Gov. Francisco de Sande
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` San Lazaro Hospital (1578)
Built exclusively for patients with leprosy.
Founded by Brother Juan Clemente
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` SLH was founded in 1577 as a dispensary clinic in Intramuros
by Spanish Frey Juan Clemente. It became a hospital in 1578
for patient suffering from leprosy and other diseases.
` In 1784, SLH was relocated to Hacienda Mayhaligue, the
present site, through aRoyal Decree from the King of Spain. A
chapel was built and its premises enclosed with stone walls by
Frey Felix Huerta in 1859.
` The American run the hospital in 1898 as a contagious diseasehospital, after 320 years of Spanish governance.
` It was only in 1918 that Filipinos started operating the hospital.
From 1930-31, insane patients were transferred to National
Mental Hospital ( National Center for Mental Health). In 1949,patients with leprosy were located to Tala Leprosarium, now
Jose N. Rodriquez Memorial Hospital.
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` SLH is a referral facility for Infectious/
CommunicableD
iseases. It is one of the retainedspecial tertiary hospital of the Department of Health
(DOH) which is subsidized by the national
government.
` The hospital has a 500-bed capacity that provides freehealth care delivery service particularly among the
depressed, underserved and underprivileged sectors of
the society.
` Since 1986, cases of HIV/AIDS were admitted to thishospital.
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` Hospital de Indio (1586) Established by the Franciscan Order; Service was in general
Supported by alms and contribution from charitable persons.
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` Hospital de Aguas Santas (1590) Established in Laguna, near a medicinal spring
Founded by Brother J. Bautista of the Franciscan Order
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` San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596)
Founded by the Brotherhood de Misericordia and support was
derived from alms and rents. Rendered general health service to the public.
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` Recognized as the oldest hospital in the
Philippines, San Juan de Dios Hospitalwas
established upon the arrival of Franciscan
missionaries, among whom was a lay brother, FrayJuan Clemente, in the islands on 24 June 1578. The
friar, having difficulties in learning the native language,
began studying the tropical plants of the Philippines
and their medicinal values. By the last quarter of 1578,Fray Clemente built anipa hutand bamboo hospital
with two 300 square meters yard, serving the sick and
the poor.
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` In 1596, Hermanidad de la Misericordia(Confraternity of
Mercy) took charge of the hospital after serving in the 1594
wars. In 1603 and 1645, the hospital was struck by fire andearthquake respectively which drained the confraternity of
funds. This made the confraternity to hand over the
management to the Brothers of St. John of God, thus, the
Hospital San Juan de Dios came tobe known. When the
religious order was transferred toCavite, the CouncilofInspectors tookover the hospital, and was passed to the
Daughters of Charityof St. Vincent de Paul. San Juan de Dios
Hospitalunderwent a series of renovation and rehabilitation
every t
imeits structur
ewas put
into
danger. By th
etime
that the
Americans settledin thecountry, the then hospital for thepoor
now admittedaffluent patients.
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The prominent personsinvolved in the nursing
works were:
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` Wife of Jose Rizal
` Installed a field hospital in anestate house in Tejeros
` Provided nursing care to the
wounded night and day.
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` Converted their house into
quarters for the Filipinosoldier, during the
Philippine-American war that
broke out in1899.
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` Wife of Emilio Aguinaldo; Organized the Filipino Red
Cross under the inspiration ofApolinario Mabini.
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` Second wife of Emilio Aguinaldo. Provided nursing carefor the Filipino soldier during the revolution.
` President of the Filipino Red Cross branch in Batangas.
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` Nurse the wounded Filipinosoldiers and gave them shelter
and food.
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` Arevolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija` Provided nursing care to the wounded when not in
combat
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` Revolutionary leader inLaguna, also provided nursing
services to her troop.
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` Ina ng Biac na Bato
` Stayed in the hospital at Biac naBato to care for the wounded
soldier.
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` It was ran by the Baptist Foreign
Mission Society ofAmerica.
` Miss Rose Nicolet, a graduate of
New England Hospital forwoman and children in Boston,
Massachusetts, was the first
superintendent
` Miss Flora Ernst, an American
nurse, took charge of the school
in 1942
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` 1909 distinction of graduating the 1st trained nurses
in the Phils. With no standard requirements for
admission of applicants except their willingness to
work
` April 1946 a board exam was held outside of
Manila. It was held in the Iloilo Mission Hospital thru
the request of Ms. Loreto Tupas, principal of the
school.
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` The hospital was established
by the Archbishop of Manila,
The MostReverend Jeremiah
Harty, under the supervisionof the Sisters of St. Paul de
Chartres.
` It was located in Intramuros
and it provided generalhospital services.
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` In 1907, with the support of the
Governor General Forbes and the
Director of Health and among others,
she opened classes in nursing underthe auspices of the Bureau of
Education.
` Anastacia Giron-Tupas, was the first
Filipino to occupy the position of
chief nurse and superintendent in thePhilippines, succeeded her.
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` The Hospital is an
Episcopalian Institution. It
began as a small dispensary in
1903. In 1907, the schoolopened with three Filipino
girls admitted.
` Mrs. Vitiliana Beltran was the
first Filipino superintendentof nurses.
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` It started as a small
dispensary on Calle
Cervantes (nowAvenida)
` It was called BethanyDispensary and was founded
by the Methodist Mission.
` Miss Librada Javelera was
the first Filipino director ofthe school.
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` The United Christian Missionary of Indianapolis,
operated Three schools of Nursing:
1. Sallie Long Read Memorial Hospital School of Nursing
(Laoag, Ilocos Norte,1903)
2. Mary Chiles Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1911)
3. Frank Dunn Memorial Hospital
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` The hospital was established under the Bureau ofHealth with Anastacia Giron-Tupas as the organizer.
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1. University of Santo Tomas College of Nursing (1946)
2. Manila Central University College of Nursing (1948)
3. University of the Philippines College of Nursing
(1948). Ms.Julita Sotejo was its firstDean4. Far Eastern University Institute of Nursing (1955)
5. University of the East College of Nursing (1958)
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` First Filipino nurse to hold
the position of Chief NurseSuperintendent
` Founder of the Philippine
Nurses Association
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` First Filipino nurse to receive a Masters degree inNursing abroad
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` Pioneered in Hospital Social Service in San LazaroHospital where she was the Chief Nurse
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` Apioneer in school health education
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` Apioneer in nursing education
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` First editor of the PNAmagazine called The Message
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` First full-time editor of the newly named PNAmagazine
The Filipino Nurse
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` Dean of the Philippine Nursing
` Florence Nightingale of Iloilo
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` 1909 3 females graduated as qualified medical-surgical nurses
` 1920 1stboard examination for nurses was conducted by the Board of
Examiners, 93 candidates took the exam, 68 passed with the highest rating of
93.5% - AnnaDahlgren
` 1921 Filipino Nurses Association was established (now PNA) as the
national organization of Filipino nurses
` PNA: 1stPresident Rosario Delgado
` 1919 The 1stNurses Law (Act#2808) was enacted regulating the practice
of the nursing profession in the Philippines Islands. It also provided the
holding of exam for the practice of nursing on the 2nd Monday of June and
December of each year.` 1953 Republic Act 877, known as the Nursing Practice Law was
approved.
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