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History of Nursing 2nd Week

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    Prepared by:

    Susana P. Arellano, RN, MAN, MSN

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    HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF NURSING

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    ` From Prehistoric times up to the early Christian Era

    ` Nursing was untaught and instinctive. It was

    performed of compassion for others, out of the wish

    to help others.` Nursing was a function that belonged to women. It was

    viewed as a natural nurturing job for women. She is

    expected to take good care of the children, the sick

    and the aged.

    ` No care giving training is evident. It was based on

    experience and observation.

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    ` Primitive men believed that illness was caused by the

    invasion of the victims body of evil spirits. They

    believed that the medicine man, Shaman or witch

    doctor had the power to heal by using white magic,hypnosis, charms, dances, incantation, purgatives,

    massage, fire, water and herbs as a mean of driving

    illness from the victim.

    ` Trephining drilling a hole in the skull with a rock orstone without anesthesia was a last resort to drive evil

    spirits from the body of the afflicted.

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    A. Babylonia

    Code of Hammurabi provided laws that

    covered every facet of Babylonian life

    including medical practice. The medicalregulations established fees, discouraged

    experimentation, recommended specific

    doctors for each disease and gave each

    patient the right to choose between the

    use of charms, medications, or surgical

    procedures to cure the disease. There was

    no mention of nurses or nursing.

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    B. Egypt

    Egyptians introduced the art

    of embalming, which

    enhanced their knowledge of

    human anatomy

    Left a record of 250

    recognized diseases

    No mention of nurses,hospitals or hospital

    personnel: slaves and patients

    families nursed the sick.

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    C. Israel Moses

    x Recognized as the Father of

    Sanitation

    x Wrote the five books of the OldTestament which:

    1. Emphasized the practice ofhospitality to strangers and actsof charity

    2. Promulgated laws of control onthe spread of communicabledisease and the ritual ofcircumcision of the male child(Book of Leviticus)

    3.R

    eferred to nurses as midwives,wet nurses or childs nurseswhose acts were compassionateand tender (outpouring ofmaternal instincts)

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    D. China The people strongly believed in spirits and

    demons as seen in the practices such asusing girls clothes for male babies keepevils away from them.

    They practiced ancestor worship whichprohibited the dissection of dead humanbody

    They gave the world knowledge of materiamedica (pharmacology), which prescribedmethods of treating wounds, infections andmuscular afflictions.

    There was no mention of nursing in theirrecords. It is assumed that the care of thesick was done by female members of the

    household.

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    E. India

    Men of medicine built hospitals,

    practiced an intuitive form ofasepsis and were proficient in

    the practice of medicine and

    surgery.

    Sushurutu made a list of

    function and qualifications ofnurses. For the first time in

    recorded history, there was a

    reference to the nurses taking

    care of patients. These nurses

    were prescribed as combination

    of physical therapist and cook.

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    F. Ancient Greece

    Nursing was the task of

    untrained slave

    Greeks introduced thecaduceus, the insignia of the

    medical profession today

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    Hippocrates was given the titleFather of Scientific Medicine. He

    made a major advance in medicine

    by rejecting the belief that diseases

    had supernatural causes. He also

    developed assessment standards for

    clients, established overall medical

    standards, recognized a need for

    nurses.

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    G. Rome The transition from pagan to Christian

    philosophy took place.

    The Romans attempted to maintainvigorous health, because illness was asign of weakness.

    Care of the ill was left to the slaves or

    Greek physicians. Both groups werelooked upon as inferior byRomansociety

    Fabiola was a worldly, beautiful Romanmatron who was converted to

    Christianity by her friends Marcellaand Paula. With their help, she madeher home the first hospital in theChristian world.

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    ` From the founding of the Religious

    orders in the 11th century up to

    1836

    ` Care was done by crusaders,prisoners, religious orders

    ` Nursing care was performed

    without any formal education and

    by people who were directed by

    more experienced nurses (on-the-

    job training). This kind of nursing

    was developed by religious orders

    of the Christian Church.

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    ` Nursing went down to the lowest level (dark period of

    Nursing), from 17th to 19th century

    Wrath/anger of Protestantism confiscated properties of

    hospitals and schools connected withR

    oman Catholicism. Nurses fled their lives; soon there was shortage of people to

    care for the sick

    Hundreds of Hospitals closed, there was no provision for the

    sick, no one to care for the sick

    Nursing became the work of the least desirable of women

    prostitutes, alcoholics, prisoners

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    ` Pastor Theodore Fliedner and

    his wife, Frederika established

    the Kaiserswerth Institute for

    the training ofDeaconesses (the

    1stformal training school for

    nurses) in Germany.

    This was where Florence

    Nightingale received her 3-month

    course of study in nursing.

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    St. Clare gave nursing care

    to the sick and the afflicted

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    St. Elizabeth of Hungary

    Patroness of nurses

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    St. Catherine of Siena the

    first lady with the lamp

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    ` Began on June 15, 1860 when Florence Nightingale

    School of Nursing opened St. Thomas Hospital in

    London

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    ` The development of nursing during this period was

    strongly influenced by:

    a) Trends resulting from wars Crimean, civil war

    b)A

    rousal of social consciousnessc) Increased educational opportunities offered to women.

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    ` Florence Nightingale was asked by Sir Sidney Herbert

    of the British War Department to recruit female

    nurses to provide care for the sick and injured in the

    Crimean War.` It was the 1stschool of nursing that provided both

    theory-based knowledge and clinical skill building.

    ` Nursing evolved as an art and science

    ` Formal nursing education and nursing service begun

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    ` Mother of modern nursing. Lady with

    the Lamp because of her achievements

    in improving the standards for the care

    of war casualties in the Crimean war.

    ` Born may 12, 1800 in Florence, Italy

    ` Raised in England in an atmosphere of

    culture and affluence

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    ` Not contended with the social custom imposed upon

    her as a Victorian Lady, she developed her self-

    appointed goal: To change the profile of Nursing

    ` She compiled notes of her visits to hospitals and herobservations of the sanitary facilities, social problems

    of the places she visited.

    ` Noted the need for preventive medicine and god

    nursing` Advocated for care of those afflicted with diseases

    caused by lack of hygienic practices

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    ` At age 31, she entered the

    Deaconesses School at Kaiserswerth

    inspite of her familys resistance toher ambitions. She became a nurse

    over the objections of society and her

    family.

    `

    Worked as a superintendent forGentlewomen Hospital, a charity

    hospital for ill governesses.

    ` Disapproved the restrictions on

    admission of patients and considered

    this unchristian and incompatiblewith health care

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    ` Upgraded the practice of nursing and

    made nursing an honourable

    profession for women.` Led nurses that took care of the

    wounded during the Crimean war

    ` Put down her ideas in 2 published

    books: Notes on Nursing, What It Isand What It Is Not and Notes on

    Hospitals.

    ` She revolutionized the publics

    perception of nursing (not the image of

    a doctors handmaiden) and the

    method for educating nurses.

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    ` Covers the period after the

    world war II to the present

    ` Licensure of nurses started

    ` Specialization of Hospital anddiagnosis

    ` Training of Nurses in diploma

    program

    ` Development of baccalaureate

    and advance degree programs

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    ` Scientific and technological development as well as

    social changes mark this period.

    Health is perceived as a fundamental human right Nursing involvement in community health

    Technological advances disposable supplies and

    equipments

    Expanded roles of nurses was developed

    WHO was established by the United Nations

    Aerospace Nursing was developed

    Use of atomic energies for medical diagnosis, treatment

    Computers were utilized data collection, teaching,diagnosis, inventory, payrolls, record keeping, billing.

    Use of sophisticated equipment for diagnosis and therapy.

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    ` Early Filipinos subscribed to

    superstitious belief and

    practices in relation to health

    and sickness

    ` Diseases, their causes and

    treatment were associated with

    mysticism and superstitions

    ` Cause of disease was caused byanother person (an enemy of

    witch) or evil spirits

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    ` Persons suffering from diseases without any identified

    cause were believed bewitched by mangkukulam

    ` Difficult childbirth were attributed to nonos` Evil spirits could be driven away by persons with

    powers to expel demons

    ` Belief in special Gods of healing: priest-physician

    (word doctors), herbolarios/herb doctors

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    A. Hospital Real de Manila (1577) Established mainly to care for the Spanish Kings

    soldiers, but also admitted Spanish civilians

    Founded by Gov. Francisco de Sande

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    ` San Lazaro Hospital (1578)

    Built exclusively for patients with leprosy.

    Founded by Brother Juan Clemente

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    ` SLH was founded in 1577 as a dispensary clinic in Intramuros

    by Spanish Frey Juan Clemente. It became a hospital in 1578

    for patient suffering from leprosy and other diseases.

    ` In 1784, SLH was relocated to Hacienda Mayhaligue, the

    present site, through aRoyal Decree from the King of Spain. A

    chapel was built and its premises enclosed with stone walls by

    Frey Felix Huerta in 1859.

    ` The American run the hospital in 1898 as a contagious diseasehospital, after 320 years of Spanish governance.

    ` It was only in 1918 that Filipinos started operating the hospital.

    From 1930-31, insane patients were transferred to National

    Mental Hospital ( National Center for Mental Health). In 1949,patients with leprosy were located to Tala Leprosarium, now

    Jose N. Rodriquez Memorial Hospital.

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    ` SLH is a referral facility for Infectious/

    CommunicableD

    iseases. It is one of the retainedspecial tertiary hospital of the Department of Health

    (DOH) which is subsidized by the national

    government.

    ` The hospital has a 500-bed capacity that provides freehealth care delivery service particularly among the

    depressed, underserved and underprivileged sectors of

    the society.

    ` Since 1986, cases of HIV/AIDS were admitted to thishospital.

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    ` Hospital de Indio (1586) Established by the Franciscan Order; Service was in general

    Supported by alms and contribution from charitable persons.

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    ` Hospital de Aguas Santas (1590) Established in Laguna, near a medicinal spring

    Founded by Brother J. Bautista of the Franciscan Order

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    ` San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596)

    Founded by the Brotherhood de Misericordia and support was

    derived from alms and rents. Rendered general health service to the public.

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    ` Recognized as the oldest hospital in the

    Philippines, San Juan de Dios Hospitalwas

    established upon the arrival of Franciscan

    missionaries, among whom was a lay brother, FrayJuan Clemente, in the islands on 24 June 1578. The

    friar, having difficulties in learning the native language,

    began studying the tropical plants of the Philippines

    and their medicinal values. By the last quarter of 1578,Fray Clemente built anipa hutand bamboo hospital

    with two 300 square meters yard, serving the sick and

    the poor.

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    ` In 1596, Hermanidad de la Misericordia(Confraternity of

    Mercy) took charge of the hospital after serving in the 1594

    wars. In 1603 and 1645, the hospital was struck by fire andearthquake respectively which drained the confraternity of

    funds. This made the confraternity to hand over the

    management to the Brothers of St. John of God, thus, the

    Hospital San Juan de Dios came tobe known. When the

    religious order was transferred toCavite, the CouncilofInspectors tookover the hospital, and was passed to the

    Daughters of Charityof St. Vincent de Paul. San Juan de Dios

    Hospitalunderwent a series of renovation and rehabilitation

    every t

    imeits structur

    ewas put

    into

    danger. By th

    etime

    that the

    Americans settledin thecountry, the then hospital for thepoor

    now admittedaffluent patients.

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    The prominent personsinvolved in the nursing

    works were:

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    ` Wife of Jose Rizal

    ` Installed a field hospital in anestate house in Tejeros

    ` Provided nursing care to the

    wounded night and day.

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    ` Converted their house into

    quarters for the Filipinosoldier, during the

    Philippine-American war that

    broke out in1899.

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    ` Wife of Emilio Aguinaldo; Organized the Filipino Red

    Cross under the inspiration ofApolinario Mabini.

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    ` Second wife of Emilio Aguinaldo. Provided nursing carefor the Filipino soldier during the revolution.

    ` President of the Filipino Red Cross branch in Batangas.

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    ` Nurse the wounded Filipinosoldiers and gave them shelter

    and food.

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    ` Arevolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija` Provided nursing care to the wounded when not in

    combat

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    ` Revolutionary leader inLaguna, also provided nursing

    services to her troop.

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    ` Ina ng Biac na Bato

    ` Stayed in the hospital at Biac naBato to care for the wounded

    soldier.

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    ` It was ran by the Baptist Foreign

    Mission Society ofAmerica.

    ` Miss Rose Nicolet, a graduate of

    New England Hospital forwoman and children in Boston,

    Massachusetts, was the first

    superintendent

    ` Miss Flora Ernst, an American

    nurse, took charge of the school

    in 1942

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    ` 1909 distinction of graduating the 1st trained nurses

    in the Phils. With no standard requirements for

    admission of applicants except their willingness to

    work

    ` April 1946 a board exam was held outside of

    Manila. It was held in the Iloilo Mission Hospital thru

    the request of Ms. Loreto Tupas, principal of the

    school.

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    ` The hospital was established

    by the Archbishop of Manila,

    The MostReverend Jeremiah

    Harty, under the supervisionof the Sisters of St. Paul de

    Chartres.

    ` It was located in Intramuros

    and it provided generalhospital services.

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    ` In 1907, with the support of the

    Governor General Forbes and the

    Director of Health and among others,

    she opened classes in nursing underthe auspices of the Bureau of

    Education.

    ` Anastacia Giron-Tupas, was the first

    Filipino to occupy the position of

    chief nurse and superintendent in thePhilippines, succeeded her.

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    ` The Hospital is an

    Episcopalian Institution. It

    began as a small dispensary in

    1903. In 1907, the schoolopened with three Filipino

    girls admitted.

    ` Mrs. Vitiliana Beltran was the

    first Filipino superintendentof nurses.

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    ` It started as a small

    dispensary on Calle

    Cervantes (nowAvenida)

    ` It was called BethanyDispensary and was founded

    by the Methodist Mission.

    ` Miss Librada Javelera was

    the first Filipino director ofthe school.

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    ` The United Christian Missionary of Indianapolis,

    operated Three schools of Nursing:

    1. Sallie Long Read Memorial Hospital School of Nursing

    (Laoag, Ilocos Norte,1903)

    2. Mary Chiles Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1911)

    3. Frank Dunn Memorial Hospital

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    ` The hospital was established under the Bureau ofHealth with Anastacia Giron-Tupas as the organizer.

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    1. University of Santo Tomas College of Nursing (1946)

    2. Manila Central University College of Nursing (1948)

    3. University of the Philippines College of Nursing

    (1948). Ms.Julita Sotejo was its firstDean4. Far Eastern University Institute of Nursing (1955)

    5. University of the East College of Nursing (1958)

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    ` First Filipino nurse to hold

    the position of Chief NurseSuperintendent

    ` Founder of the Philippine

    Nurses Association

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    ` First Filipino nurse to receive a Masters degree inNursing abroad

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    ` Pioneered in Hospital Social Service in San LazaroHospital where she was the Chief Nurse

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    ` Apioneer in school health education

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    ` Apioneer in nursing education

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    ` First editor of the PNAmagazine called The Message

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    ` First full-time editor of the newly named PNAmagazine

    The Filipino Nurse

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    ` Dean of the Philippine Nursing

    ` Florence Nightingale of Iloilo

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    ` 1909 3 females graduated as qualified medical-surgical nurses

    ` 1920 1stboard examination for nurses was conducted by the Board of

    Examiners, 93 candidates took the exam, 68 passed with the highest rating of

    93.5% - AnnaDahlgren

    ` 1921 Filipino Nurses Association was established (now PNA) as the

    national organization of Filipino nurses

    ` PNA: 1stPresident Rosario Delgado

    ` 1919 The 1stNurses Law (Act#2808) was enacted regulating the practice

    of the nursing profession in the Philippines Islands. It also provided the

    holding of exam for the practice of nursing on the 2nd Monday of June and

    December of each year.` 1953 Republic Act 877, known as the Nursing Practice Law was

    approved.

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