1.

• III

MEDIEVAL ERA500 1500 AD ( The servant image of the nurse)

2. EARLY MIDDLE AGE (= THE DARK AGES!) 500 1000 AD

Began with the fall of the Roman Empire

• Barbaric tribes invaded Rome

• Homes and bridges destroyed

• Romans turned to monasteries for help

3 protective units developed

• Monasticism

• Feudalism

• Guilds

3. MONASTICISM

For a time everything was in confusion

But the nuns and priests were good organizers & administrators

Monasteries increased in size

St Benedict built a large monastery

By Benedictian rule

• All must work.

• Follow poverty, chastity & obedience

• Men and women had equal rights

• Thus arts & crafts developed

• Right methods of agriculture

Monasteries became the place for education of medicine and nursing.But..

Too strict >> Diminished interest in work >> decline of monasteries between 9 thand 10 th centuries

4. FEUDALISM & CHIVALRY

Feudalism The Kings owned all the land.He gave portions of it to his favourite subjects>> Barons, Earls, Knights

• Land = Fief/ Feud (in Europe), Manor (in England)

• The Barons divided land among many Serfs who worked on the land in return for food, shelter and protection

• The Serfs also served in the Army.This lead to famine and disease

Chivalry An accepted code of living a good life

• The church developed youth in ideals of solidarity of conduct and ambitions as necessary

• A system of training given to the knights >> Chivalry

• Service to God = Service to others, protection and defense of the weak

5. GUILDS

An organization of people not attached to monastic/ feudal groups

• Stressed on apprenticeship method of learning a skill, high work standards and insurance of selves

• This followed in medical and nursing teaching

• This is the fore-runner of labour unions and professional organizations

6. MEDIEVAL HOSPITALS

Hotel Dieu of Lyons in France (542 AD)

Hotel Dieu of Paris (651 AD)

Santo Spurito Hospital in Rome (717 AD)

• Here, pilgrims, poor, sick and infirm got shelter

• Under lay management and penitants for 600 years

• 12 th 16 thcentury Ruled by religious order

• Nursing done by dedicated women, who took vows, but could not leave or get married.

• Also nursing brothers.

• Age Bet 16 24 yrs

7. ISLAM & ARABIC MEDICINE

570 AD Mohammad

Moslem One who submits

They learnt from other cultures about medicine

Did not allow surgery and dissection So medicine did not progress

Introduced catgut

Females kept in purdah

8. Nursing had at lastdevelopedroots, purpose, direction and leadership ! 9. LATE MIDDLE AGES(1000 1500 AD)

Medicine was under two influences

• Lay medicine followed after then Roman tradition and

• Religious medicine as existed in the monasteries

The Crusades stimulated the Military nursing orders

10. CRUSADES

= Religious war between Moslems and Christians (for almost 200 yrs). A pilgrimage undertaken to Jerusalem to rescue Christs tomb from the Moslems

Many died on the way

Two great Military Nursing orders came into being to care for the sick and injured

• Order of Knight hospitallers of St John of Jerusalem

• Order of Knights of St Lazarus (Care of leprosy

• patients)

11. MILITARY NURSING ORDERS

Made up by Knight hospitallers, monks and serving brothers

& sisters

Did excellent work and their fame spread

The knights & sisters wore black habits with a white cross

By end of 13 thcentury

• Its efficiency declined

• Nursing was neglected, politics spoilt its reputation

The traditions continue in St John Ambulance Corps, First Aid to the Injured, Societies and Nursing Associations

Knights of St Lazarus declined with the decline of Leprosy in Europe

Even today, we follow -

• The military form & organization and discipline followed then

• Strict discipline and unquestioning obedience

• Promotion system

• Ceremony Hospital rounds, standing at attention

• Self denial for the sake of the sick

12. MENDICANT & SECULAR NURSING ORDERS (1000 1500 AD)

Mendicant Order

Strict rules in monasteries >> Few people attracted to them

So mendicants (traveling monks) took religion to the homes

• St Dominic (1170 1221) From wealthy Spanish family. Preached.>> Dominican Order

• St Francis of Assissi (1182 1226) Middle class family in Italy.Cared for Leprosy patients. >> Franciscan Order

• Poor Clares (II Order of St Francis) Order of women under the leadership of Clarissa, a rich young woman.Cared for the sick (especially leprosy).They improved the community and sanitary conditions

St Dominic St Francis of Assissi 13.

Secular nursing orders (Tertiary/ Non religious Order)

A third order started by St Francis as many men and women came to join his Order

They lived in their homes and took no vows.Could leave at any time

Other Secular Orders Arose, but did not last long.One the Beguines of Flanders did private hospital and visiting nursing in Germany, Belgium, France and Switzerland

14.

Nursing SaintsConsidered nursing their religious duty and gave outstanding service

• St Hildegarde (1098 1179) Wrote books on Medicine (Jaundice, dysentery, lung diseases)

• St Elizabeth of Hungry (1207 1231) Cared for the poor and sick

• St Catherine of Sienna (1347 1380) Looked after Plague affected people.Carried a lantern from home to hospital

• St Isabel (Queen Elizabeth of Portugal) Founded a hospital for the poor and nursed the sick.Introduced the tent type hospitals and ambulances for the injured on the battlefield

St Elizabeth