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History of Nursing(1)

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HISTORY OF NURSING Joy N. Bautista, RN, MPH, DRDM, MAN
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Page 1: History of Nursing(1)

HISTORY OF NURSINGJoy N. Bautista, RN, MPH, DRDM, MAN

Page 2: History of Nursing(1)

Periods of Nursing

• Intuitive period• Apprentice period• Educated period• Contemporary period

Page 3: History of Nursing(1)

Intuitive PeriodPre-Historic• Nursing activities were based more on intuition • Nursing was largely a “task” of women and

mothers who “tended” their children and managed the home while the “men” went to hunt for food for the family

• Families lived in caves and other primitive dwellings and the usual arrangement is for the male to go out and search for sustenance while the female is left to manage the “home”

Page 4: History of Nursing(1)

Intuitive PeriodEarly Christian Era• Practiced by nomads who travel from one place to

another • Mechanism of social interactions centered on the

survival of the fittest • Nursing was performed out of

– Feeling of compassion for others– Desire to help – Wish to do good

• Nursing is still an activity that is only given by women • Illnesses are believed to be due to “voodoo” spells,

witchcraft, and bad or evil spirits

Page 5: History of Nursing(1)

Intuitive Period

Early Christian Era• Shamans (the doctors at the time) are employed to

counteract the “black magic” by using white magic • Shamans and other “knowledgeable” persons perform

trephining (drilling of a hole in the skull, like craniotomy) to treat persons who are considered to be mentally ill because they believe that mental illnesses are caused by evil spirits.

• The growth of the world’s major religions allowed the growth of civilization which was characterized by man’s search for knowledge

Page 6: History of Nursing(1)

Intuituive period

Early Civilizations• Gradual development of “urban” society • There existed a means of communication which

allowed for the development of scientific knowledge especially in health

• Man is beginning to lead a complex life such that the demand for more nurses increased

• Nursing was perceived to be the duty of slaves and wives

• The care of the sick was still closely allied with superstitions, religion and magic

Page 7: History of Nursing(1)

Intuitive period

Near East • It is the birthplace of 3 of the world’s religious ideologies

– Judaism, Christianity, and Islam • The culture was adopted by the Greeks and Romans

which was combined with the wonders of the Far East by returning crusaders and explorers

• This improved European culture as it was carried to Europe during the Renaissance Period that resulted to greater knowledge.

Page 8: History of Nursing(1)

Intuitive period

Babylon• Developed the Code of Hammurabi which is considered to

be the first documentation of medical practice • Contributed the concept of establishing fees in exchange

for medical services• Discouraged experimentation especially when it came to

the treatment of a patient• Pioneered in the concept of specialization - a specific

doctor for a specific disease • First to describe the right of a patient to choose treatment

between the use of charms, medicine, or surgical procedure

Page 9: History of Nursing(1)

Intuitive period

Egypt• Well-known for their pyramids and the mummification

process• Egyptians pioneered the art of embalming, of preserving

their dead, especially the royalty• Knowledge of human anatomy as it allows them to

skillfully remove the internal organs of the dead body • The instillation of herbs and salt to the dead required

the knowledge of chemistry• Developed a listing of about 250 diseases and

treatments that were the result of the mummification process

Page 10: History of Nursing(1)

Intuitive periodHebrews• Moses is considered to be the “father of sanitation” through

his teachings as can be derived from the Book of Leviticus of the Bible

• Contributed the value of “hospitality to strangers” as well as the “acts of charity” as described in the Book of Genesis

• The Leviticus also provided for “laws” or “guidelines” on controlling the spread of communicable diseases, maintaining cleanliness, and handling and preparing of food in order to “purify” man

• Pioneered the ritual of circumcision, usually on the 8th day after birth

• Forwarded the Mosaic Law aimed at keeping Hebrews pure so that they may enter the sanctuary without affronting God

Page 11: History of Nursing(1)

Intuitive period

China• First to use “pharmacologic agents” and actually

document them in a book known as “Materia Medica”• Developed paper upon which to document the effects of

these “medicines” on diseases• Performed mummification but they do not remove the

internal organs of the dead because they like to preserve the body as a whole

• Mummification involved the use of wax

Page 12: History of Nursing(1)

Intuitive periodIndia• Sushuruto was the first to describe an activity which scholars now

consider as the “first evidence” of nursing practice• Nursing was no longer just an activity by slaves and wives but also

lay brothers, priests, pharmacists, masseurs, cooks, and therapists, among others

• Scientific study, however was limited because of cultural restrictions such as varying social structures and odd practices of animal worship

• First to build structures that were later on identified as hospitals• Indian medical practitioners had already an intuitive form of asepsis • Indian medical practitioners were proficient in medicine and surgery

Page 13: History of Nursing(1)

Intuitive Period

Greece• Aesculapus is considered the Father of medicine• Father of Modern Medicine is Hippocrates• Hippocrates was the first to reject the idea that diseases

are caused by evil spirits• Espoused medical ethics• Contributed the “caduceus” symbol signifying medicine• The Greeks had great contribution in medicine; nursing,

however, was still considered the work of slaves

Page 14: History of Nursing(1)

Intuitive period

Romans• Proper turnover for the sick people was

recommended where caregivers are advised to ensure the continuity of care of their respective “sick” patients

• Emphasized physical strength as a prerequisite to good health

• Transition from paganism to Christianity• Fabiola was one of these “converts” and transformed

her home, using the family wealth and resources, into the first hospital in the Christian world

Page 15: History of Nursing(1)

Apprentice period

Military Religious Orders• Knights Hospitalier (1023) – provided care for the poor,

sick, and injured pilgrims to the Holy Land• Teutonic Knights – aid Catholics in their pilgrimage to the

Holy Land• Order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem – established to treat

leprosy esp. among its knights• Alexian Brothers – Catholic religious congregation who

took cae of the sick; follows the Augustinian rule

Page 16: History of Nursing(1)

Apprentice period

Works of Charity• Sisters of Charity – established by St. Vincent de Paul

(1633) together with Louis de Marillac le Gras; composed of women who cared for the sick, poor, orphaned, and widowed

• 1645 – Jeanne Mance established the first hospital in America l’Hotel-Dieu de Montreal

Page 17: History of Nursing(1)

Apprentice period

Saints in Nursing• St Clare of Assisi – founded the Order of the

Poor Ladies of “Poor Clares”• St. Elizabeth of Hungary – patroness of nursing;

relinquished wealth to the poor; also the patroness of hospitals, bakers, brides, dying children, exiles, homeless, widows

• St Catherine of Sienna – “first lady with a lamp”

Page 18: History of Nursing(1)

Apprentice period

Religious and Lay Nursing Orders• Beghards and Beguines• Oblates• Benedictines• Ursulines• augustinians

Page 19: History of Nursing(1)

Apprentice period

Dark Period of Nursing• Monastic dissolution – widespread dissolution of

monsateries (Protestant revolt)• 1750-1860 - darkest hour of nursing

– Wrath/anger of Protestantism confiscated properties of hospitals and schools connected with Roman Catholicism.

– Nurses fled their lives; soon there was shortage of people to care for the sick

– Hundreds of Hospitals closed, there was no provision for the sick, no one to care for the sick

– Nursing became the work of the least desirable of women – prostitutes, alcoholics, prisoners

Page 20: History of Nursing(1)

Educated period• Pastor Theodore Fliedner and his wife, Frederika

established the Kaiserswerth Institute for the training of Deaconesses (the 1st formal training school for nurses) in Germany, the first formal, fully organized training program for nurses

• Florence Nightingale – born May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy– Mother of modern nursing– Lady with the lamp– Established the Nightingale School and Home for Nurses at St.

Thomas Hospital (1860)

Page 21: History of Nursing(1)

Educated period

Essential Concepts forwarded by Nightingale• Emphasis on promotion and prevention• Healthy and clean environment• Adequate ventilation, warmth, quiet, light, diet,

cleanliness, noise• Management of the patient’s environment• Need for adequate and thorough assessment• Need for accurate documentation• Training and education requirements to pursue nursing• Nursing education and service is formalized

Page 22: History of Nursing(1)

Educated period

• 1854 – Florence Nightingale appointed as Superintendent of the Nursing Staff

• 1855 – establishment of the Florence Nightingale Fund • 1855 – Mary Seacole established the “British Hotel” for

wounded soldiers in Balaklava, Crimea• 1856 – Biddy Mason granted freedom from slavery and

worked as a nurse and midwife before becoming a successful businesswoman in Los Angeles

Page 23: History of Nursing(1)

Educated period

• 1857 – Ellen Ranyard created the first group of paid “social workers” in England; also pioneers the first district nursing program in London

• 1861 – creation of the American Army Nurses Corps with Dorothea Dix as the first Superintendent

• 1861 – Sally Louisa Tompkins opens a hospital for the Confederate army and later made an officer of the army, the only woman to receive that honor

• 1867 – Jane Currie Blaikie Hoge publishes her memoirs of nursing as a nurse in the Union army

Page 24: History of Nursing(1)

Educated period• 1872 – establishment of about 73 formal nursing training

programs; establishment of formal education• 1873 - Linda Richards officially becomes the US’s first

trained nurse who graduated from the New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston, Massachusetts.

• 1873 – establishment of the US first school of nursing – Bellevue Hospital School of Nursing, New York City - based on Nightingale’s principles of nursing

• 1876 – first documented use of the word “kangofu” or nurse in Japan

• 1878 – CT Training School contracts with Lippincott to publish a Manual of Nursing

Page 25: History of Nursing(1)

Educated period• 1879 – Mary Eliza Mahoney graduates from the New

England Hospital for Women and Children Training School for Nurses as the first black professional nurse in the US

• 1881 – Clara Barton founds and becomes the first president of the American Red Cross on May 21

• 1884 – Mary Agnes Snively is the first Ontario, Canada nurse trained with Nightingale principles; assumed the position of Lady Superintendent of the Toronto General Hospital’s School of Nursing

• 1885 – Japan establishes first nurse training institute in Asia with the pioneering work of Linda Richards

Page 26: History of Nursing(1)

Educated period

• 1886 – publication of the first US nursing journal, “The Nightingale”

• 1886 – Spelman Seminary opens the first nursing program for African Americans in the US

• 1888 – publication of the first monthly nursing journal, “The Trained Nurse” in Buffalo, New York

• 1889 – Johns Hopkins Training School opens• 1890 – Kate Marsden travels to Siberia to search for herbal

cure to leprosy; founded the St Francis Leprosy Guild• 1893 – Lilian Wald starts teaching home class on nursing with

the women of Lower East Side, New York as students; founder of public health nursing

• 1893 – Lystra Gretter composes the Nightingale Pledge which was first used at the Harper Hospital in Detroit, Michigan

Page 27: History of Nursing(1)

Educated period

• 1894 – first meeting of the Society of Superintendents of Training Schools in New York City in Jan 10

• 1897 – establishment of the American Nurses Association and meets for the first time in February

• 1899 – Japan establishes a licensing system for modern nursing professionals together with the introduction of “Midwives Ordinance”

• 1899 – establishment of the International Council of Nurses• 1900 – Dame Agnes Gwendoline Hunt, founder of orthopedic

nursing, establishes a convalescent home for crippled children in Baschurch espousing open-air treatment

• 1900 – first issue of the American Journal of Nursing

Page 28: History of Nursing(1)

Educated period• 1901 - New Zealand became the first country to regulate nurses

on a national scale with the adoption of the Nurses Registration Act in Sept 12

• 1902 - Ellen Dougherty, from New Zealand, becomes the first registered nurse in the world on February 10

• 1902 – Lina Rogers Struthers becomes North America’s first school nurse, hired by the NYC Board of Education

• 1903 - North Carolina in the US becomes the first state to pass a nursing licensure law

• 1906 – First nursing school in the Philippines – the union Mission Hospital Training School for Nurses or Iloilo Mission Hospital Training School for Nurses - is established

• 1908 – establishment of the US Navy Nurse Corps• 1908 – establishment of the Canadian National Association of

Trained Nurses, preceding the Canadian Nurses Association (1911) by representatives of 16 organized nursing groups

Page 29: History of Nursing(1)

Educated period

• 1909 – establishment of the Nursing Service of the American Red Cross

• 1909 – University of Minnesota becomes the first to offer a Bachelors’ degree in nursing to set a new standard in the training of nurses

• 1915 – Edith Cavell becomes a martyr when executed by a German firing squad for helping hundreds of Allied soldiers escape to the Netherlands in World War I

• 1916 – establishment of the Royal College of Nursing• 1918 – Lenah Higbee becomes the first woman to be awarded the

Navy Cross for distinguished service in the line of her profession and unusual and conspicuous devotion to duty as superintendent of the US Navy Nurse Corps

• 1918 – Frances Reed Elliot becomes the first African American to be enrolled in the American Red Cross Nursing Service

Page 30: History of Nursing(1)

Contemporary period

• 1919 – Nursing Act of 1919 passed by the United Kingdom in order to provide for the registration of nurses; however, it only became effective in 1923 with Ethel Bedford-Fenwick as the first fully-registered nurse in the UK

• 1921 – Sophie Mannerheim pioneers modern nursing in Finland; becomes chairman of the Finnish Red Cross

• 1923 – Yale University School of Nursing becomes the first autonomous nursing school in US; it has its own dean, faculty, budget, and degree that meet the standards of the university. The curriculum is based on an educational plan and not the service needs of hospitals

Page 31: History of Nursing(1)

Contemporary period

• 1923 – Mary Breckenridge establishes the Frontier Nursing Service; surveyed the needs of rural communities of Kentucky

• 1923 – Carlos Chagas establishes first higher education institution of nursing in Brazil, named after nursing pioneer Ana Neri, aimed at implementing the Nightingale model nationwide

• 1929 – establishment of the Japanese Nursing Association

• 1931 – first film about nursing is shown (“The Forgotten Frontier” which documents the Frontier Nursing Service)

Page 32: History of Nursing(1)

Contemporary period

• 1937 – Sister Elizabeth Kenny publishes the first case-specific book entitled “Infantile Paralysis and Cerebral Diplegia: Method of Restoration of Function”

• 1942 – 21 Australian nurses who were survivors of a bomed and sunken ship, were executed by the Japanese Imperial Army in Feb 16

• 1943 – Erna Flegel becomes “Hitler’s nurse” until his suicide in 1945

• 1948 – launching of the National Health Service• 1949 – State licensure examination becomes a standard

for registration of nurses

Page 33: History of Nursing(1)

Contemporary period

• 1949 – Mary Elizabeth Carnegie becomes the first African American to be elected to the Board of the Florida Nurses Association with the right to speak and vote

• 1951 – merging of the National association of Colored Graduate Nurses with the American Nurses Association

• 1951 – Vocational nursing standards for education was created by the National Association for Practical Nurse Education and Service together with professional nursing organizations and the US Dept of Education; also created the Licensed Practical Nursing and Licensed Vocational Nursing programs in the US

Page 34: History of Nursing(1)

Contemporary period

• 1952 – mental health nursing given a boost with the introduction of sedatives

• 1952 – first issue of the Nursing Research journal • 1952 – Hildegard Peplau publishes theory on

Interpersonal Relationship in Nursing• 1954 – University of Pittsburgh first to offer PhD

program in nursing• 1955 – Elizabeth Lipford becomes the first African

American to earn a PhD in Nursiing• 1955 – Virginia Henderson publishes “Principles and

Practice of Nursing”

Page 35: History of Nursing(1)

Contemporary period

• 1956 – Columbia University School of Nursing becomes the first school to offer a Masters’ degree in clinical nursing specialization

• 1956 – Health Amendments Act passed; funds graduate nursing education

• 1957 – Japanese court rules on the regulation of night shift nurses, limiting them to 8 days per month and disallowing single-person night shifts

• 1959 – Dorothy Johnson publishes “A Philosophy of Nursing”

• 1960 – University of Edinburgh initiates first degree in nursing

Page 36: History of Nursing(1)

Contemporary period• 1960 – Faye Abdellah publishes “Patient-Centered

Approaches for Nursing”• 1961 – Ida Jean Orlando publishes “The Dynamic Nurse-

Patient Relationship”• 1964 – Ernestine Weidenbach publishes “Clinical Nursing:

A Helping Art”• 1965 – Lydia Hall publishes “Nursing: What is it?”• 1965 – Joyce Travelbee publishes “Interpersonal Aspects

of Nursing”• 1966- Virginia Henderson publishes “The Nature of

Nursing: A Definition and its Implications for Practice, Research and Education

Page 37: History of Nursing(1)

Contemporary period

• 1966 – Filipino Nurses Association renamed Philippine Nurses Association

• 1967 – Myra Levine publishes “The Four Conservation Principles of Nursing”

• 1967 – Abortion Act of 1967 legalizes termination of pregnancy in the UK

• 1967 – Dame Cicely Saunders sets up first hospice care in a London suburb

• 1968 – Faye Abdellah publishes second edition of “Patient-Centered Approaches for Nursing”

Page 38: History of Nursing(1)

Contemporary period

• 1966 – Filipino Nurses Association renamed Philippine Nurses Association

• 1967 – Myra Levine publishes “The Four Conservation Principles of Nursing”

• 1967 – Abortion Act of 1967 legalizes termination of pregnancy in the UK

• 1967 – Dame Cicely Saunders sets up first hospice care in a London suburb

• 1968 – Faye Abdellah publishes second edition of “Patient-Centered Approaches for Nursing”

• 1972 – National League of Nurses adopts requirements for conceptual frameworks for the nursing curricula

Page 39: History of Nursing(1)

Contemporary period

• 1973 – Myra Levine publishes “Introduction to Clinical Nursing”

• 1974 – Betty Neuman publishes “The Health Care System Model: A Total Person Approach to Patient Problems”

• 1975 – Evelyn Adam publishes “A Conceptual Model of Nursing”

• 1976 – S Callista Roy publishes “Introduction to Nursing: An Adaptation Model”

• 1976 – Josephine Paterson and Loretta Zderad publishes “Humanistic Nursing”

Page 40: History of Nursing(1)

Contemporary period• 1978 – Estelle Massey Osborne becomes the first

African American nurse to be inducted as honorary fellow of the American Academy of Nursing

• 1978 – Barbara Nichols becomes the first African American to serve as president of the American Nurses Association

• 1978 – Elizabeth Carnegie becomes the first African American to serve as president of the American Academy of Nursing

• 1979 – Jean Watson publishes “Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring”

Page 41: History of Nursing(1)

Contemporary period

• 1979 – Margaret Newman publishes “Theory Development in Nursing

• 1980 – S Callista Roy publishes “The Roy Adaptation Model”

• 1980 – Evelyn Adam publishes “To Be a Nurse”• 1980 – Martha Rogers publishes “Nursing: A Science of

Unitary Man”• 1980 – Joan Riehl Sisca publishes “The Riehl Interaction

Model”• 1980 – Madeleine Leininger publishes “Caring: A Central

Focus of Nursing and Health Care Services”

Page 42: History of Nursing(1)

Contemporary period• 1980 – Dorothy Johnson publishes “The Behavioral System

Model for Nursing”• 1980 – Roper, Logan and Tierney publishes the Activities of

Daily Living model• 1981 – Rosemary Parse publishes “Man-Living Health: A

Theory for Nursing”• 1981 – Imogene King publishes “A Theory for Nursing:

Systems, Concepts, Process”• 1982 – Betty Neuman publishes the “Neuman System

Model”• 1983 – International Council of Nurses emphasizes

importance of human rights in nursing

Page 43: History of Nursing(1)

Contemporary period• 1983 – Martha Rogers publishes “Science of Unitary

Human Being: A Paradigm for Nursing”• 1983 – ICN presents the first Christianne Reimann

Prize to Virginia Henderson• 1983 – Margaret Newman publishes “Health Theory”• 1983 – Helen Erickson, Evelyn Tomlin, and Mary Ann

Swain publish “Modeling and Role-Modeling”• 1983 – Nancy Roper, Winifred Logan and Alison

Tierney publish “A Model for Nursing” and “The Roper/Logan/Tierney Model for Nursing”

Page 44: History of Nursing(1)

Contemporary period• 1983 – Joyce Fitzpatrick publishes “A Life

Perspective Rhythm Model”• 1984 – Patricia Benner and Judith Wrubel publish

“From Novice to Expert: Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice”

• 1985 –Jean Watson publishes “Nursing: Human Science and Human Care”

• 1985 – Rosemary Parse publishes “Man-Living Health: A Man-Environment Simultaneity Paradigm”

• 1986 – Margaret Newman publishes “Health as Expanding Consciousness”

Page 45: History of Nursing(1)

Contemporary period• 1987 – Rosemary Parse publishes “nursing Science:

Major Paradigms, Theories, Critiques”• 1988 – Anne Casey develops child-centered nursing

model while working as a pediatric oncology nurse• 1989 – Myra Levine publishes “The Conservation

Principles: 20 Years Later”• 1988 – Madeleine Leininger publishes “Theory of

Nursing: Cultural Care Diversity and Universality”• 1989 – Patricia Benner and Judith Wrubel publish

“The Primacy of Caring: Stress and Coping in Health and Illness”

Page 46: History of Nursing(1)

Contemporary period• 1989 – Rosemary Parse publishes “man-Living

Health: A Theory of Nursing” and “Illuminations: The Human Becoming Theory in Practice and Research”

• 1989 – Martha Rogers publishes “Nursing: A Science of Unitary Human Beings”

• 1989 – Imogene King publishes “King’s General Systems Framework and Theory”

• 1989 – Jean Watson publishes “Philosophy and Theory of Human Caring in Nursing

• 1991 – Virginia Henderson publishes “The Nature of Nursing: Reflections after 25 Years”

Page 47: History of Nursing(1)

Contemporary period• 1992 – Elnora D Daniel becomes the first nurse to be

elected in the US Congress• 1993 – Anne Boykin and Savina Schoenhofer publish

“Nursing as Caring”• 1996 – AAHN launches website in Apr 23• 1996 - Nancy Roper, Winifred Logan and Alison

Tierney publish “The Elements of Nursing: A Model for Nursing based on a Model of Living”

• 1997 – Barbara Artinian publishes “The Intersystem Model: Integrating Theory and Practice”

Page 48: History of Nursing(1)

Contemporary period• 1999 – Elnora D Daniel becomes the first black

nurse president of a major US university – the Chicago State University

• 1999 – Jean Watson publishes “Human Science and Human Care”

• 2000 – Nancy Roper, Winifred Logan and Alison Tierney publish “The Roper/Logan/ Tierney Model for Nursing

• 2000 – Margaret Newman publishes second edition of “Health as Expanding Consciousness”

• 2001 – Madeleine Leininger publishes “Culture Care Diversity and Universality”

Page 49: History of Nursing(1)

Contemporary period• 2001 - Anne Boykin and Savina Schoenhofer publish

second edition of “Nursing as Caring”• 2002 – Nursing and Midwifery Council becomes UK’s

regulatory body

Summary:• Licensure of nurses started• Specialization of Hospital and diagnosis• Training of Nurses in diploma program• Development of baccalaureate and advance degree

programs

Page 50: History of Nursing(1)

Contemporary period• Scientific and technological development as well as social

changes mark this period.• Health is perceived as a fundamental human right• Nursing involvement in community health• Techological advances – disposable supplies and

equipments• Expanded roles of nurses was developed• WHO was established by the United Nations• Aerospace Nursing was developed• Use of atomic energies for medical diagnosis, treatment• Computers were utilized-data collection, teaching,

diagnosis, inventory, payrolls, record keeping, billing.• Use of sophisticated equipment for diagnosis and therapy.


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