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History of Russian Media Model
Professor Elena VartanovaFaculty of Journalism
Moscow State University/Aleksander Institute, Helsinki University
What do You Know about Russia?
Basic Data on Russia 146 693 300 Inhabitants (1999) Russian Federation = 21 Republics + 6 Territories + 49 Regions
+10 Autonomous Districts + 1 Autonomous Region + 2 Cities = 89 Administrative ‘Subjects of Federation’
51 Nationalities Variety of Languages 4 Major Religions + Variety of Small Confessions Largest in the World is Terms of Territory Sparsely Populated Uneven in Terms of Economic Development
Main Periods of History
Kiev Russia (860-1689)
Imperial (1689-1916)
Soviet (1917-1991)
Post-Soviet (1991 to the present)
Romanovs 1613 - National council elects Michael Romanov as tsar 1689-1725 - Peter the Great introduced reforms 1772 - 1814 - Russia extend territories (Crimea, Poland,
Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Georgia) 1814 Russia defeated Napoleon's Army 1861 - Emancipation Edict ends serfdom; rapid
industrialisation, growth of working class movement and revolutionary ideas
1897 - Social Democratic Party founded and in 1903 splits into Bolshevik and Menshevik factions.
1904-05 - Russian war with Japan and in 1905 revolution, which forced Tsar Nicholas II to grant a constitution and establish a parliament, or Duma
1914 - outbreak World War I, Russia fought alongside Britain and France
The Soviet Union
1917 October - Bolsheviks overthrow provisional government of Alexander Kerensky
1918 - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk:end of the war with Germany, but at the cost of Russia ceding large tracts of territory
1918-22 - Civil war between the Red Army and White Russians aided by Britain, France and the US
1926 - creation of the Soviet Union 1941-1945 - Great Patriotic War as a Pert of the Second
World War Since 1953 (Stalin’s death) drive to the Thaw 1964 - Khroushev dismissed, Brezhnev era
Russia
1985 - Gorbachev’s policies of acceleration, reconstruction (perestroyka) and glasnost
1991- dissolution of the USSR 1992-1993 - liberalization of economy 1996 - re-election of Eltsin 1998 - financial crisis 2000, 2004 - Putin elected as President
Tsars as Founders of Russian Media: ‘Political Weapon’
Peter the Great (I): initiator of the first Russian newspaper ‘Vedomosti’
Katherine the Great (II): friend of Voltaire and publisher of ‘Miscellaneous’ magazine
Pavel I: the philosophy of censorship
Journalism as Creative Literary Profession
Karamzine, Zhoukovsky: working as editors Poushkine: the first Russian journalist Nekrasov, Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy: essays as
journalism content Russian modernists as magazine publishers
Russian Media History as the History of Censorship
Nikolas the I (1825-1855): strengthening of the state bureacracy, privilegies for noble people
The III Department of the Chansellor: preliminary censorship = lack of modern newspapers
The Censorship Reform of 1826: standartisation and detalization of censorship
1828 г. – the 3d Censorship Rules: short and clear formulations, simplification, division of religious and secular censorship
Emergence of numerous departments with censorship obligations - Ministry of Education, Foreign Office, the Tsar Court, etc.
History of Censorship: History of Censorship: Further StepsFurther Steps
Alexander the II (1855-1881): reforms as a reaction to crisis in economy and social policy
1865 г.: abolition of peasantry registration and the start of capitalism in Russia
The required condition - media development, creation of basis for the newspaper market
But: until 1870 only 12 Russian cities had private newspapers, the rest were owned by municipal auithorities
Lack of technologies: undeveloped postal distribution
Reforms in Russian Society Mid of the XIXth century: heavy political control over
daily press, high role of official publications (‘St Peterbourgskiye Vedomosti’, ‘Moskovskiye Vedomosty’, ‘Severnaya pchela’, ‘Rysskyi invalid’)
1856-1857: growth in number of political dailies (55 new), lesser censorship pressures (poet Tyutchev as Chairman of foreign censorship committee)
1863: the Interior Ministry took the control over the system of censorship
April 6, 1865 – Temporary censorship rules, the subsequent censorship
Since September, 1865, newspapers in St-Petersbourg and Moscow were published without censorship
Russian Press in the Period of Economic Growth
Alexander the III (1881-1894): development of industry, urbanization, increase in the level of education, emergence of middle calss intellectuals,
Rise in number of periodicals: 1880 – 482 titles; 1895 – 841 titles
Minister Pobedonostsev: Professionalization of censorship, support for loyal publications including boulevard press and dissemination of false news
Development of publishing houses producing pocket books as economic basis for mass press (Souvorin, Marx, Sytin)
Repressions for unloyal newspapers: economic pressures (prohibition of retail and advertising)
Last Years of Empire Nikolas the II (1894-1917) The beginning of the ХХ century – ‘Silver Age’ of
Russian press: growth in number of dailies, emergence of popular press, development of book printing
Struggle for press freedom: revolution of 1905 – 1907 17.10.1905: The Imperial Decree (a set of individual
freedoms including that of conciousness, speech, press, meetings, etc.)
1907: Temporary Rules on Publications: limitations of freedoms
But in 1907-1917: economic growth of Russian press (advertising)