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Blessed is the one who does not walk in step with the wickedor stand in the way that sinners
take or sit in the company of mockers,
but whose delight is in the law of the Lord, and who meditates on his law day and night.
That person is like a tree planted by streams of water, which yields its fruit in seasonand
whose leaf does not wither— whatever they do prospers.
-Psalm 1:1-3
For everything that was written in the past was written to teach us, so that through the endurance taught in the Scriptures and the encouragement they provide we might have
hope.
-Romans 15:4
All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, so that the servant of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work.
-2 Timothy 3:16-17
SeptuagintOriginal scriptures were written in Hebrew, Aramaic & Greek. The Septuagint was the first known work of translation, creating a Greek version of the OT texts
Septuagint
Around the 2nd Century BCE, a group of around 70 (LXX) Jewish scholars produced a copy of the Hebrew Scriptures into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, or the “translation of seventy interpreters.”
This is the translation used by the NT writers when quoting OT material, which partially explains differences between NT quotations and the OT references as we read them today. Mainstream Judaism later rejected the translation in favor of the traditional Hebrew text, seeking to solidify distinctions between themselves and the new Christian movement.
CanonizatoinJewish canon (Torah + Nevim + Ketuvim) believed to have been finalized by 90 CE.
Christian canon agreed upon at Council of Nicea, 325 CE.
*James, 2 Peter, 2-3 John, & Jude were excluded by many early Christian communities. Some also wanted to include books such as Shepherd of Hermas, Epistle of Barnabas, & Apocalypse of Peter
Jewish Scripture (24 Books)
Torah
Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
Deuteronomy
Prophets
JoshuaJudgesSamuel (1-2)Kings (1-2)IsaiahJeremiahEzekiel“The Twelve” (Minor Prophets)
Writings
PsalmsProverbsJobSong of SongsRuthLamentationsEcclesiastesEstherDanielEzra-NehemiahChronicles (1-2)
Protestant OT (39 Books)
Pentateuch
Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
Deuteronomy
Historical/Poetic
JoshuaJudgesRuth1-2 Samuel1-2 Kings1-2 ChroniclesEzraNehemiahEsther
JobPsalmsProverbsEcclesiastesSong of Songs
Prophets
IsaiahJeremiahLamentationsEzekielDanielHoseaJoelAmosObadiahJonahMicahNahumHabakkukZephaniahHaggaiZechariahMalachi
Catholic OT (46 Books)Pentateuch
Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
Deuteronomy
Historical/Wisdom
JoshuaJudgesRuth1-2 Samuel1-2 Kings1-2 ChroniclesEzraNehemiahTobitJudithEsther (+ additions)1-2 Maccabees
JobPsalmsProverbsEcclesiastesSong of SongsWisdom of SolomonSirach
Prophetic Books
IsaiahJeremiahLamentationsBaruchEzekielDaniel (+ additions)HoseaJoelAmosObadiahJonahMicahNahumHabakkukZephaniahHaggaiZechariahMalachi
Orthodox OT (52 books)Historical
GenesisExodusLeviticusNumbersDeuteronomyJoshuaJudgesRuth1-4 Kingdoms (Samuel & Kings)1-2 Chronicles1 Esdras2 Esdras (Ezra)NehemiahEsther (+ additions)JudithTobit1-3 Maccabbees
Poetic/Didactic
Psalms (+ Ps 151)JobProverbsEcclesiastesSong of SongsWisdom of SolomonSirach
Prophetic Books
HoseaJoelAmosObadiahJonahMicahNahumHabakkukZephaniahHaggaiZechariahMalachiIsaiahJeremiahLamentationsBaruchEzekielDaniel (+ additions)4 MaccabbeesPrayer of Manasseh3 Esdras
Latin VulgateProduced largely due to the work of St Jerome under the commissioning of Pope Damasus I in the 4th Century CE.
He used Greek translations & available Hebrew & Aramaic texts to produce scriptures in language accessible to common readers (i.e. Latin).
Vulgate
By the 13th Century CE, it had become the “commonly used translation,” or versio vulgata. It became the most widely used version of the text in the Catholic church.
It wasn’t until the Reformation in the 1500s that Protestant churches once again made an effort to put the scriptures in the hands of the people by translating it into a language they could understand.
The rise of scholasticism and the printing press enabled bible translation to broaden.
Modern Translations
Formal Equivalence – word for word; helpful in Bible study, can be difficult to read from due to awkward sentence structure, etc.
Dynamic Equivalence – thought for thought; helpful in personal and group reading, can lack clarity regarding original intention of authors.
All translators have to make choices when dealing with nuances in meaning not readily passed from one language to another. Each translation falls somewhere on the continuum between formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence.