History of World Nursing

8/8/2019 History of World Nursing

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History of WorldHistory of World

NursingNursing

Ancient beginningsAncient beginnings

Important historical developmentsImportant historical developmentsprofoundly conditioned and influenceprofoundly conditioned and influencethe evolution of nursing.the evolution of nursing.


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Historical developmentsHistorical developments The crusadesThe crusades

RenaissanceRenaissance The ReformationThe Reformation

The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution

The development of modern science and healthThe development of modern science and healthfacilitiesfacilities

The World WarsThe World Wars

Various types of research and social and basic scVarious types of research and social and basic scienceience


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Social WelfareSocial Welfare

Rapid technological AdvancesRapid technological AdvancesThe Equal rights MovementsThe Equal rights Movements


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The liberation of women served as theThe liberation of women served as thecatalyst and critical component of thecatalyst and critical component of theevolution of the nursing professionevolution of the nursing profession

The new freedom enable d the women toThe new freedom enable d the women todevelop profession and achieveddevelop profession and achievedrecognitionrecognition

Today, they continue to strive forToday, they continue to strive foradditional freedom to develop individualadditional freedom to develop individualand professional potentials.and professional potentials.


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Womens RolesWomens Roles

Women have cared for infants, andWomen have cared for infants, andchildren, thus nursing could be rootschildren, thus nursing could be rootsin the homein the home

Women occupied a subservient andWomen occupied a subservient anddependent role, were called in thedependent role, were called in the

care for others in the community whocare for others in the community whowere ill.were ill.


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Women provide physical maintenanceWomen provide physical maintenanceand comfort.and comfort.

The traditional nursing role has alwaysThe traditional nursing role has alwaysentailed humanistic caring, nurturing,entailed humanistic caring, nurturing,comforting and supporting.comforting and supporting.


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ReligionReligion

Religion played a significant role in theReligion played a significant role in thedevelopment of nursing.development of nursing.

Christian value of Love thy neighborChristian value of Love thy neighboras thyself and the Christs parable ofas thyself and the Christs parable ofthe good Samaritan had a significantthe good Samaritan had a significant

impact in the development of Westernimpact in the development of WesternNursing.Nursing.


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33rdrd and 4and 4thth CenturyCentury

Fabiola one of the wealthy matron ofFabiola one of the wealthy matron ofthe Roman empire,. Converted intothe Roman empire,. Converted into

Christianity and used their wealtrh toChristianity and used their wealtrh toprovided houses of care and healingprovided houses of care and healingfor the poor, the sick and thefor the poor, the sick and the

homeless.homeless. Women were not the sole providers ofWomen were not the sole providers of

nursing services.nursing services.


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The CrusadesThe Crusades

The knights ofSt. John of JerusalemThe knights ofSt. John of Jerusalem(known as KnightHospitalers)(known as KnightHospitalers)

The Teutonic KnightsThe Teutonic Knights

The Knights ofSt. LazarusThe Knights ofSt. Lazarus

these brothers in arms providedthese brothers in arms providednursing care to their sick and injurednursing care to their sick and injuredcomrades. They also built hospitals.comrades. They also built hospitals.


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The Knights of St. LazarusThe Knights of St. Lazarus

Dedicated themselves to the care ofDedicated themselves to the care ofpeople with leprosy, syphilis, andpeople with leprosy, syphilis, and

chronic skin conditions.chronic skin conditions.

The deaconesses group, which hadThe deaconesses group, which hadtheir origin in the Roman empire oftheir origin in the Roman empire of

the 3the 3rdrd and the 4and the 4thth centuries, werecenturies, weresuppressed during the middle ages bysuppressed during the middle ages bythe western churches.the western churches.


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Theodore FliednerTheodore Fliedner

Reinstituted the order ofDeaconessesReinstituted the order ofDeaconesses

Opened a small hospital and trainingOpened a small hospital and trainingschool in Kaiserswerth, Germanyschool in Kaiserswerth, Germany

Florence Nightingale received herFlorence Nightingale received hertraining in nursing at Kaiserswerthtraining in nursing at Kaiserswerth

school.school.


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Early religious valuesEarly religious values

Self denialSelf denial

Spiritual callingSpiritual calling

Devotion to duty and hard workDevotion to duty and hard work

Nurses commitment to these values oftenNurses commitment to these values oftenresulted to the exploitation and fewresulted to the exploitation and few

momentary rewards. For some time, nursesmomentary rewards. For some time, nursesbelieved it was inappropriate to expectbelieved it was inappropriate to expecteconomic gain from their calling.economic gain from their calling.


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The WarThe War

Wars have accentuated the need for nurses.Wars have accentuated the need for nurses.

During the Crimean war (1854During the Crimean war (1854--1856), the1856), the

inadequacy of care given to soldiers led to ainadequacy of care given to soldiers led to apublic outcry in great Britain. The rolepublic outcry in great Britain. The roleFlorence Nightingale played in addressingFlorence Nightingale played in addressingthis problem.this problem.

Sir Sidney Herbert of the British WarSir Sidney Herbert of the British Wardepartment asked her to recruit contingentdepartment asked her to recruit contingentof female nurses to provide care to the sickof female nurses to provide care to the sickand injured in Crimea.and injured in Crimea.


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Nightingale and her nurses transformed theNightingale and her nurses transformed theMilitary hospitals by setting up sanitationMilitary hospitals by setting up sanitation

practices, such as hand washing andpractices, such as hand washing andwashing clothing regularly.washing clothing regularly.

Nightingale is credited with performingNightingale is credited with performingmiracles: the mortality rate in Barrackmiracles: the mortality rate in Barrack

Hospital in Turkey was reduced from 42 toHospital in Turkey was reduced from 42 to2%.2%.


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mer can v armer can v ar --1865) several nurses1865) several nurses

emerged that madeemerged that madecontribution to the countrycontribution to the country Harriet Tubman and Sojourner TruthHarriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth

provided care and safety to slavesprovided care and safety to slaves

fleeing to the North on thefleeing to the North on theUnderground Railroad.Underground Railroad.

Mother Biekerdyke and Clara BurtonMother Biekerdyke and Clara Burton

searched the battlefields and gavesearched the battlefields and gavecare to injured and dying soldiers.care to injured and dying soldiers.


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Walt Whitman and Louisa May Alcott volunteeredWalt Whitman and Louisa May Alcott volunteeredas nurses to give care to injured soldiers in militaryas nurses to give care to injured soldiers in militaryhospitals.hospitals.

World war II casualties created an acute shortageWorld war II casualties created an acute shortageof care and the Cadet Nurse corps was establishedof care and the Cadet Nurse corps was establishedin response to a marked shortage of nurses.in response to a marked shortage of nurses.

Auxilliary health care workers became prominent.Auxilliary health care workers became prominent.

Practical nurses, aides, and technicians providedPractical nurses, aides, and technicians providedmuch of the nursing care under the instruction andmuch of the nursing care under the instruction andsupervision of better prepared nurses.supervision of better prepared nurses.


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Societal AttitudesSocietal Attitudes

Societys attitudes about nurses and nursingSocietys attitudes about nurses and nursinghave significantly influenced professionalhave significantly influenced professional

nursing.nursing. Before the midBefore the mid--80s nursing was without80s nursing was without

organization, education, or social status; theorganization, education, or social status; theprevailing attitude was that a womans placeprevailing attitude was that a womans place

was in the home and that no respectablewas in the home and that no respectablewoman should have a career.woman should have a career.


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The role of the Victorian woman was that ofThe role of the Victorian woman was that ofwife and mother, and any education shewife and mother, and any education she

obtained was for the purpose of making herobtained was for the purpose of making hera pleasant companion to her husband and aa pleasant companion to her husband and aresponsible mother for her children.responsible mother for her children.

Nurses in the hospital was poorly educated,Nurses in the hospital was poorly educated,

some are even incarcerated criminals.some are even incarcerated criminals.


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Societys attitudes during this period areSocietys attitudes during this period arereflected in the writings of Charles Dickens.reflected in the writings of Charles Dickens.

In his book Martin Chuzzlewit where heIn his book Martin Chuzzlewit where hereflected the attitude of nurses through thereflected the attitude of nurses through thecharacter ofSairy Gamp. She cared for thecharacter ofSairy Gamp. She cared for thesick by neglecting them, stealing from them,sick by neglecting them, stealing from them,and physically abusing them. This portrayaland physically abusing them. This portrayal

of nurses greatly influenced the negativeof nurses greatly influenced the negativeimage and attitude toward nurses up to theimage and attitude toward nurses up to thecontemporary times.contemporary times.


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In the 19In the 19thth centurycentury

The Guardian Angel or Angel of MercyThe Guardian Angel or Angel of Mercychange the image of nursing because of thechange the image of nursing because of the

work ofFlorence Nightingale during thework ofFlorence Nightingale during theCrimean War.Crimean War.

Nightingale brought respectability to theNightingale brought respectability to theNursing profession, nurses were viewed asNursing profession, nurses were viewed as

noble, compassionate, moral, religious,noble, compassionate, moral, religious,dedicated, and self sacrificing.dedicated, and self sacrificing.


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Doctors handmaiden, this imageDoctors handmaiden, this imageevolved when women had yet toevolved when women had yet to

obtain the right to vote, when familyobtain the right to vote, when familystructure were largely paternalistic,structure were largely paternalistic,and when the medical professionand when the medical profession

portrayed increasing use of scientificportrayed increasing use of scientificknowledge that was viewed as maleknowledge that was viewed as maledomain.domain.


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Heroine portrayal evolved from nurses actHeroine portrayal evolved from nurses actof bravery in the world war II and theirof bravery in the world war II and their

contributions in the fighting forcontributions in the fighting forpoliomyelitispoliomyelitis--in particular the work ofin particular the work ofAustralian Nurse Elizabeth Kenny.Australian Nurse Elizabeth Kenny.

Nurse as sex objectNurse as sex object

Surrogate motherSurrogate mother Tyrannical motherTyrannical mother

Body expert or body minderBody expert or body minder


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Early 1990s the TriEarly 1990s the Tri--

council of Nursingcouncil of Nursing The American Association Of CollegeThe American Association Of College

Of NursingOf Nursing

The American Nurses AssociationThe American Nurses Association The American Organization of NurseThe American Organization of Nurse

ExecutivesExecutives

The National League for NursingThe National League for NursingInitiated a national effort to improve theInitiated a national effort to improve the

image of nursing (Nurses of America)image of nursing (Nurses of America)


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Nursing LeadersNursing Leaders

Florence NightingaleFlorence Nightingale

Clara BurtonClara Burton

Lillian WaldLillian Wald

Lavinia DockLavinia Dock

MargaretSangerMargaretSanger

Mary BreckinridgeMary Breckinridge-- leaders who madeleaders who madenotable contributions both to nursingnotable contributions both to nursinghistory and to womens history.history and to womens history.


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Contemporary NursingContemporary Nursing

LeadersLeadersVirginia HendersonVirginia Henderson-- who created awho created a

modern worldwide definition ofmodern worldwide definition of

nursingnursing

Martha Rogers a catalyst for theoryMartha Rogers a catalyst for theorydevelopmentdevelopment


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Florence NightingaleFlorence Nightingale

(1820(1820--1910)1910) Lady with the LampLady with the Lamp because of herbecause of her

achievements in improving the standard ofachievements in improving the standard of

care of war casualties in Crimean war.care of war casualties in Crimean war. The first nurse to exert political pressure onThe first nurse to exert political pressure on

government.government.

In nursing education her greatestIn nursing education her greatestachievementachievement recognized as first scientistrecognized as first scientisttheorist for her work Notes on Nursing:theorist for her work Notes on Nursing:What It Is, and What is Not.What It Is, and What is Not.


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The founder of modern nursingThe founder of modern nursing

Recognized the healing power of natureRecognized the healing power of nature

Propounded the healing benefits of sound,Propounded the healing benefits of sound,color, light, fresh air, warmth, andcolor, light, fresh air, warmth, andcleanliness.cleanliness.

She wrote on her notes nursing is puttingShe wrote on her notes nursing is puttingthe patient in trhe best condition for naturethe patient in trhe best condition for nature

to act upon him.to act upon him.


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Life history of FlorenceLife history of Florence

NightingaleNightingale Born to a wealthy and intellectual familyBorn to a wealthy and intellectual family

She believed she was called by God to helpShe believed she was called by God to help

others.to improved the wellothers.to improved the well--beingbeingmankind.mankind.

Determined to become a nurse in spite ofDetermined to become a nurse in spite ofopposition from her familyopposition from her family

A well traveled young woman, visitedA well traveled young woman, visitedKaiserswerth in 1947 where she received 3Kaiserswerth in 1947 where she received 3months training in nursing.months training in nursing.


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In 1853 she studied in Paris with the SistersIn 1853 she studied in Paris with the Sistersof Charity, the returned to England toof Charity, the returned to England to

assume the position of superintendent ofassume the position of superintendent ofcharity hospital for ill governesses.charity hospital for ill governesses.

After she returned from Crimea, a gratefulAfter she returned from Crimea, a gratefulEnglish public gave Nightingale anEnglish public gave Nightingale an

honorarium of 4500 pounds and used thishonorarium of 4500 pounds and used thismoney to develop the Nightingale trainingmoney to develop the Nightingale trainingSchool for Nurses which opened in 1860.School for Nurses which opened in 1860.


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Nightingales vision of Nursing, whichNightingales vision of Nursing, whichincluded public health and healthincluded public health and health

promotion roles for nurses.promotion roles for nurses.


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Clara Burton (1812Clara Burton (1812--1912)1912)

A school teacher who volunteered as a NurseA school teacher who volunteered as a Nurseduring the American Civil War. Her responsibilityduring the American Civil War. Her responsibilitywas to organized the nursing services.was to organized the nursing services.

Established the American Red Cross which linkedEstablished the American Red Cross which linkedwith the International Red Cross when the U.S.with the International Red Cross when the U.S.Congress ratify the treaty of Geneva.Congress ratify the treaty of Geneva.

She persuaded the congress in 1882 to ratify thisShe persuaded the congress in 1882 to ratify thistreaty so that the Red Cross could performtreaty so that the Red Cross could performhumanitarian effort in time of peace.humanitarian effort in time of peace.


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Lillian Wald (1867Lillian Wald (1867--1940)1940)

Founder of public health nursingFounder of public health nursing

Wald and Mary Brewster were the first toWald and Mary Brewster were the first to

offer trained nursing services to the poor inoffer trained nursing services to the poor inNew York slums.New York slums.

Henry street settlement and Visiting NurseHenry street settlement and Visiting Nurseservice were the home for the poor thatservice were the home for the poor thatprovide nursing service, social services, andprovide nursing service, social services, andorganized educational and cultural activities.organized educational and cultural activities.


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Lavinia Dock (1858Lavinia Dock (1858--1956)1956)

A feminist, prolific writer, politicalA feminist, prolific writer, politicalactivist, suffragette, and friend ofactivist, suffragette, and friend of

Wald.Wald.

Participated in protest movements forParticipated in protest movements forwomens rights that resulted in 1920womens rights that resulted in 1920

passage of the 19passage of the 19ththAmendment to theAmendment to theU.S. constitution, which grantedU.S. constitution, which grantedwomen the right to vote.women the right to vote.


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She campaigned for the legislation to allowShe campaigned for the legislation to allownurses rather than physician to control theirnurses rather than physician to control their

profession.profession. 1893 with the assistance Mary Adelaide1893 with the assistance Mary Adelaide

Nutting and Isabel Hampton Robb, foundedNutting and Isabel Hampton Robb, foundedthe American Society ofSuperintendents ofthe American Society ofSuperintendents of

Training School for Nurses of the UnitedTraining School for Nurses of the UnitedStates and Canada, a precursor to theStates and Canada, a precursor to thecurrent National League for Nursing.current National League for Nursing.


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Margaret Higgins SangerMargaret Higgins Sanger

A public Health nurse in New York, hasA public Health nurse in New York, hashad a lasting impact on womenshad a lasting impact on womens

health care.health care.

Imprisoned for the opening the firstImprisoned for the opening the firstbirth control information clinic inbirth control information clinic in

America.America. Founder of the planned parenthoodFounder of the planned parenthood


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Contemporary NursingContemporary Nursing

PracticePractice Definitions of NursingDefinitions of Nursing

Recipients of nursingRecipients of nursing

Scope of nursingScope of nursing

Setting of Nursing practiceSetting of Nursing practice

Nurse practice actsNurse practice acts Current standards of clinical nursingCurrent standards of clinical nursing

practicepractice


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Definition of NursingDefinition of Nursing

Florence NightingaleFlorence Nightingale Nursing as theNursing as theact of utilizing the environment of theact of utilizing the environment of the

patient to assist him in his recovery.patient to assist him in his recovery.

Nightingale considered a clean, wellNightingale considered a clean, wellventilated and quiet environmentventilated and quiet environment

essential for recovery.essential for recovery.


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Henderson saw the nurse asHenderson saw the nurse asconcerned with both healthy and illconcerned with both healthy and ill

individuals, acknowledge that nursesindividuals, acknowledge that nursesinteract with clients even wheninteract with clients even whenrecovery may not be feasible andrecovery may not be feasible and

mentioned the teaching and advocacymentioned the teaching and advocacyroles of the nurse.roles of the nurse.


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Canadian NursesCanadian Nurses

AssociationAssociation Nursing practice as dynamic, caring,Nursing practice as dynamic, caring,

helping relationship in which the nursehelping relationship in which the nurse

assists the client to achieve and obtainassists the client to achieve and obtainoptimal health.optimal health.


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DefinitionsDefinitions

Nursing is caringNursing is caring Nursing is an ArtNursing is an Art

Nursing is scienceNursing is science Nursing is client centeredNursing is client centered Nursing is holisticNursing is holistic Nursing is adaptiveNursing is adaptive

Nursing is concerned with health promotion,Nursing is concerned with health promotion,health maintenance, health restoration.health maintenance, health restoration. Nursing is helping profession.Nursing is helping profession.


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Four essential features ofFour essential features of

Nursing practiceNursing practiceAttention to the full range of humanAttention to the full range of human

experience and responses to healthexperience and responses to health

and illness without restriction to aand illness without restriction to aproblem focuses orientation.problem focuses orientation.

Integration of objective data withIntegration of objective data with

knowledge gained fr54omknowledge gained fr54omunderstanding of the client or groupsunderstanding of the client or groupssubjective experiencesubjective experience


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Appreciation of scientific knowledgeAppreciation of scientific knowledgeprocess of diagnosis and treatmentprocess of diagnosis and treatment

Provision of caring relationship thatProvision of caring relationship thatfacilitates health and healing.facilitates health and healing.


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Recipients of NursingRecipients of Nursing

Recipients of nursing are sometimesRecipients of nursing are sometimescalled consumers, patients, or clientscalled consumers, patients, or clients

Consumers is and individual, or groupConsumers is and individual, or groupof people, or a community that uses aof people, or a community that uses aservice or commodity. People who useservice or commodity. People who use

health care products are calledhealth care products are calledconsumers of health care.consumers of health care.


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PatientPatient

A person who is waiting for orA person who is waiting for orundergoing medical treatment andundergoing medical treatment and

care. The word patient came from acare. The word patient came from aLatin word meaning to suffer or toLatin word meaning to suffer or tobear. The person receiving healthbear. The person receiving healthcare is called a patient. Usually peoplecare is called a patient. Usually people

become patients when they seekbecome patients when they seekassistance because of illness orassistance because of illness orsurgery.surgery.


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A clientA client

A person who engages the advice orA person who engages the advice orservices of another who are qualifiedservices of another who are qualified

to provide the service.to provide the service. The term client presents the receiversThe term client presents the receivers

of health of health care asof health of health care as

collaborators in the care, that is ascollaborators in the care, that is aspeople who are responsible for theirpeople who are responsible for theirown health.own health.


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Scope of NursingScope of Nursing

Nurses provide care for three types ofNurses provide care for three types ofclients, an individual, the family andclients, an individual, the family and

the community.the community. Nursing practice involves in four areas:Nursing practice involves in four areas:

promoting health and wellness,promoting health and wellness,preventing illness, restoring health,preventing illness, restoring health,and care of dying.and care of dying.


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Promoting health andPromoting health and

wellnesswellness Wellness is a state of well being. ItWellness is a state of well being. It

means engaging in attitudes ormeans engaging in attitudes or

behavior that enhance the quality ofbehavior that enhance the quality oflife and maximize personal potential.life and maximize personal potential.

Nurses promote wellness in clientsNurses promote wellness in clients

who are both healthy and ill.who are both healthy and ill.


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Preventing illnessPreventing illness

The goal of illness prevention programThe goal of illness prevention programis to maintain optimal health byis to maintain optimal health by

preventing diseases.preventing diseases. Nursing activities to prevent illnessNursing activities to prevent illness

are: immunizations, preare: immunizations, pre--natal andnatal and

child care, and prevention and sexuallychild care, and prevention and sexuallytransmitted disease.transmitted disease.


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Restoring healthRestoring health

It focus in the ill client and extend fromIt focus in the ill client and extend fromearly detection of disease for helping theearly detection of disease for helping theclient during the recovery periodclient during the recovery period

A. Providing direct care to the ill person,A. Providing direct care to the ill person,such as administering medication, baths andsuch as administering medication, baths andspecific procedures and treatments.specific procedures and treatments.

B. Performing assessments and diagnosticB. Performing assessments and diagnosticprocedures, such as measuring bloodprocedures, such as measuring bloodpressure, and examiining feces for occultpressure, and examiining feces for occultblood.blood.


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C. consulting with other health careC. consulting with other health careprofessional about client problems.professional about client problems.

D. Teaching clients about recoveryD. Teaching clients about recoveryactivities, such as exercises that willactivities, such as exercises that willaccelerate recovery after stroke.accelerate recovery after stroke.

E. Rehabilitating clients to their optimalE. Rehabilitating clients to their optimal

functional level following physical or mentalfunctional level following physical or mentalillness, injury or chemical addictionillness, injury or chemical addiction


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Care of dyingCare of dying

Involves comforting and caring forInvolves comforting and caring forpeople of all ages who are dying.people of all ages who are dying.

Helping clients live as comfortably asHelping clients live as comfortably aspossible until deathpossible until death

Helping support person cope withHelping support person cope with

death.death.


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Nurse Practice ActsNurse Practice Acts

Nurse practice acts or legal acts forNurse practice acts or legal acts forprofessional nursing practice regulate theprofessional nursing practice regulate thepractice of nursing in the United States.practice of nursing in the United States.

Nurse practice acts differs in other countriesNurse practice acts differs in other countriesin various jurisdictionsin various jurisdictions

Purpose of nurses acts: to protect thePurpose of nurses acts: to protect the

public.public. Nurses are responsible for knowing theirNurses are responsible for knowing their

states nurse acts as it govern their practice.states nurse acts as it govern their practice.


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Standard of NursingStandard of Nursing

PracticePractice Establishing and implementingEstablishing and implementing

standards of practice are majorstandards of practice are major

functions of a professionalfunctions of a professionalorganizations.organizations.

The purpose of standards of clinicalThe purpose of standards of clinical

nursing practice is to describe thenursing practice is to describe theresponsibilities for which nurses areresponsibilities for which nurses areaccountable.accountable.

h d d f li i lh d d f li i l


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The standards of clinicalThe standards of clinicalnursing practicenursing practice

a. reflect the values and priorities of thea. reflect the values and priorities of thenursing professionnursing profession

b. Provide direction for professional nursingb. Provide direction for professional nursingpracticepractice

c. Provide a framework for nursing practicec. Provide a framework for nursing practice

d. Define the professions accountability to thed. Define the professions accountability to thepublic and the client outcomes for whichpublic and the client outcomes for whichnurses are responsible.nurses are responsible.


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PlanningPlanning the nurse develops a plan of carethe nurse develops a plan of carethat prescribe intervention to attainthat prescribe intervention to attain

expected outcomes.expected outcomes. ImplementationImplementation the nurse implement thethe nurse implement the

intervention identified in the plan of care.intervention identified in the plan of care.

EvaluationEvaluation the nurse evaluates thethe nurse evaluates the

patients progress towards attainment ofpatients progress towards attainment ofoutcomesoutcomes


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Standards of professionalStandards of professional

performanceperformance Quality of CareQuality of Care the nurse systematicallythe nurse systematically

evaluates the quality and effectiveness ofevaluates the quality and effectiveness ofnursing practicenursing practice

Performance appraisalPerformance appraisal the nurse evaluatesthe nurse evaluateshis/her own nursing practice in relation tohis/her own nursing practice in relation toprofessional practice standards and relevantprofessional practice standards and relevantstatutes and regulationsstatutes and regulations

EducationEducation the nurse acquires andthe nurse acquires andmaintains current knowledge in nursingmaintains current knowledge in nursingpractice.practice.


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CollegialityCollegiality the nurse interacts with,the nurse interacts with,and contributes to the professionaland contributes to the professional

development of, peers and otherdevelopment of, peers and otherhealth care providers as colleagues.health care providers as colleagues.

EthicsEthics the nurse decisions andthe nurse decisions and

actions on behalf of the patients areactions on behalf of the patients aredetermined in ethical manner.determined in ethical manner.


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CollaborationCollaboration the nurse c ollaborates withthe nurse c ollaborates withthe patient, family, and other health carethe patient, family, and other health care

providers in providing patient care.providers in providing patient care. ResearchResearch the use uses the researchthe use uses the research

findings in practice.findings in practice.

Resource utilizationResource utilization the nurse considersthe nurse considers

factors related to safety, effectiveness, andfactors related to safety, effectiveness, andcost in planning and developing patientcost in planning and developing patientcare.care.

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History of World Nursing

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