HistoryHistory

Part TwoPart Two

•Pre-feudal Society (Chapter I)

• Feudalism in England

Growth of Feudalism (Chapter II)

Decline of Feudalism (Chapter III)

• Capitalism in England

Growth of Capitalism (Chapter IV)

The Bourgeois Revolution (Chapter V)

The Development after Revolution (Chapter VI)

• Industrial Revolution and the Developing Great Britain (Chapter VII-IX)

• Britain in and after the Two World Wars (Chapter X-XII)

• Britain in the Early 21st Century (Chapter XII)

Structure of Part TwoStructure of Part Two

Chapter IChapter I

Pre-feudal Pre-feudal SocietySociety

I. Early Settlement (…-55B.C.)

1. Before the great Ice Age:

cave men or stone age men

2. 3000B.C. :the Iberians from the Mediterranean area

3. 750B.C. :

The Celtic tribes

First-750B.C. : Gaels

Second-500B.C. : Britons

Third-100B.C. :Belgae from Gaul

1. Nominal conquest: Between 55 and 54 B.C., Julius Caesar, the great Roman general, invaded Britain twice.

2. The real conquest began in 43A.D.

England became a Roman Province in name.

II. The Roman Occupation (55B.C.- 410)

Hadrian’s Wall:

The Picts and Scots in Scotland frequently

revolted against the Romans. About 122 AD, in

order to keep back the Picts and Scots, the

Romans built a wall, called Hadrian’s Wall.

3. Contrast in attitudesA. lowland Britons-acceptB. Inhabitants of Wales and

Scotland-revolt

4. Roman Civilization to Britain: Norman-French culture, language, manners, and

innovations in architecture and methods of warfare were introduced.

A. Architecture: For military purpose, they built roads, castles and walls—the Hadrian’s wall. They also built theatres, temples and other fine buildings.

B.  Class formed: The slave society was introduced into England. The land lords, officials, made up of the ruling class. Some

native people, Celts became slaves.C. Religion: The Romans brought the new

religion, Christianity, to Britain.

III Anglo-Saxon Times (410-871)

1.Basic information

A. Germanic tribes: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.

B. Reason: The first arrivals were invited by a

British king to defend against the Picts and Scots.

The Celts were pushed back to the mountains of

Wales, Scotland and across to Ireland.

C. Language: They spoke old English and modern

English descend from it.

2. Heptarchy

The three tribes formed a “nation of

English”, which were not united well. England

was divided into many kingdoms. They often

fought one another for 200 years. This period

was known as Heptarchy”.

Finally Wessex won and the king of

Wessex became the “king of the English”.

3. Unification

At the end of 8th century, Danish Vikings

began to invade England. Kingdoms got united

against the invaders. So England was formed.

The king Alfred was the most famous, brave,

capable man and he made him worthy of his

title “Alfred the Great”.

Feudal system began during the Anglo-Saxon

times.

4.The introduction of Christianity

A. Time: late 6th century

B. Event: English was united under one well-organized church with bishop & cathedral.

C. Function: created ties between the kingdoms, and the conversion to Christianity renewed relations with Rome and the Continent.

D. Scholarship: in the forefront

IV. The invasion of Vikings and the DaIV. The invasion of Vikings and the Da

nish Rulenish Rule

1. Time: around the turn of the 8th century

2. Invaders: northern warriors, called the Vi

kings, from Norway and Denmark.

3. Results: King Alfred made an agreement with

Guthrum

4. Significance: 4. Significance:

The social system advanced The social system advanced towards feudalism. Class towards feudalism. Class polarization became marked polarization became marked with the peasants becoming with the peasants becoming more servile.more servile.

5. the Danish Kings who ruled England

Sweyen Ethelred (fled to France);

Canute Edmund (after treaty died);

Harold I; Hardecanute the English

Chapter II Chapter II

The Growth The Growth of of

FeudalismFeudalism

1. The Norman Dukes

Normandy was the most highly organized Normandy was the most highly organized state, and the Norman ruling class were state, and the Norman ruling class were Vikings. The most important class was the Vikings. The most important class was the knights.knights.

I. The Norman Conquest (1066-1071)

2. Fuse:

Edward ruled for 24 years and died in January, 1066. Harold was chosen to be king. William, Duke of Normandy, heard the news of Harold’s coronation, he got very angry and claimed that he had the sole right to be king of England because Edward had promised the crown to him and that Harold had promised to help him become king of England. Duke William led army and landed on the coast. The two armies met at Hastings.

3. Consequences

•It increased the process of f

eudalism.

•William established a strong

monarchy in England.

•He introduced new ideas in

laws.

•It brought changes in the ch

urch.

•The French language came a

long with the Normans.

4. William the Conqueror’s Rule

Under William, the feudal system was

completely established.

A. Land policy: He owned all the land

personally. He gave the landlords lands in

return for a promise of military service and a

proportion of the land’s produce.

B. Baron system: To restrain the growth of the

power of the barons, all landowners took the

oath that they would be faithful to the king

against all other men.

C. Domesday Book :In order to have a reliable

record of all his lands, his people and their

possessions, William sent his clerks to

compile a property record known as

Domesday Book. This book, completed in

1086, stated the population, state of

cultivation, and ownership of the land.

1.Henry II’ s reforms

During the reign of Henry II, the power of the crown was intensified further.

A. The Royal powers of justice were greatly expanded. All land held in feudal tenure was brought under royal jurisdiction.

B. For administration,the major reform was the Inquest of Sheriffs in 1170.

C. In 1811 he issued the “Assize of Arms”

II. The Consolidation of Monarchy

2. Conflict between Henry II and Thomas Becket

Henry II, wishing to reform certain abuses in Henry II, wishing to reform certain abuses in Church, insisted that all clerks charged with criminal Church, insisted that all clerks charged with criminal offences should be tried in the king’s courts instead of in offences should be tried in the king’s courts instead of in the Bishop’s courts. the Bishop’s courts.

Henry quarreled with Thomas Becket, the Henry quarreled with Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury. Four knights murdered the Archbishop of Canterbury. Four knights murdered the Archbishop. Henry reconciled himself with the church Archbishop. Henry reconciled himself with the church at the expense of many concessions. at the expense of many concessions.

Discontented barons rose in revolt and his son in Discontented barons rose in revolt and his son in France took up arm against him.France took up arm against him.

1. King Henry II Richard John (Third

Crusade)

III. The Great Charter

2. Reasons: • King John quarreled with French King for

territories• disputed with the Pope for the see of

Canterbury• opposed by barons and townsmen

• Barons opposed to John.

3. Contents:3. Contents:

A. the king was not to exact payments from the feudal vassals without their consent;

B. the laws were not to be modified by the arbitrary action of the king;

C. should the king attempt to free himself from law, the vassals had the right to force the king to obey it, by civil war or by otherwise.

5. Significance:5. Significance:

A. It granted to the townspeople freedom of trade and self-government.

B. The merchants and craftsmen in England appeared for the first time as a new political force.

C. The basic mass of peasantry, who constituted five-sixths of the population, was not taken into consideration.

4. Nature: 4. Nature: a feudal document

IV. The Beginning of Parliament

1. Origin: the Great Council, an advisory assemb

ly of the king’s chief feudal vassals, including the c

lergy. The main purpose of the King’s summoning

parliament was to get consent for taxation. The ki

ng, Henry III wanted to defeat the lords and their

charter.

2. Development: So the baron rose up in opposition. Led b

y the King’s brother-in-law, they forced the king to dismiss his foreign advisors and accept their own council of advisers instead. In 1264 Montfort defeated the royal army and took the king prisoner. In the following year he called Parliament. The parliament of 1265 is generally considered the beginning of parliament.

Edward succeeded Henry III and created a secure, self-confident and flushing age.

In order to make the legal and political adjustment, Edward carried out a series of reforms.All Estates Parliament

In 1295

400 members

Model Parliament

3. Accomplishments3. Accomplishments

How did Feudalism develop in How did Feudalism develop in England?England?

1.The beginning ---in Anglo-Saxon Times & the

Danish Rule.

2. Establishment --- Norman Conquest

3. Consolidation: reforms, the Great Charter, parliament

4. Decline: wars, economy, rising

The End

The Battle of HastingsThe Battle of Hastings

The battle took place in 1066, nine miles The battle took place in 1066, nine miles

from Hastings, between Duke William’s army from Hastings, between Duke William’s army

and the king, Harold’s army. Harold was killed and the king, Harold’s army. Harold was killed

and his army completely defeated. The Battle of and his army completely defeated. The Battle of

Hastings paved the way for the conquest of Hastings paved the way for the conquest of

England. England. Duke William was crowned,Duke William was crowned, known in known in

history as William the conqueror.history as William the conqueror.

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Henry II

Henry Plantagenet, established the House of Plantagenet in 1154 as Henry II. During his reign the power of the crown was intensified further. And he made a serious reforms. Later the barons rose in revolt and his sons in France took up arms against him . After crushing all the revolts he died in 1189.

The Assize of ArmsThe Assize of Arms

It was issued in 1181 by Henry II. It was issued in 1181 by Henry II.

It was compulsory for every freeman It was compulsory for every freeman

in England to be provided with arms. in England to be provided with arms.

Those arms were used only when Those arms were used only when

their owner was called out for their owner was called out for

national service by the king’s national service by the king’s

command.command.

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Hadrian’s Wall

Map of the Hadrian’s Wall Back