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History - Types of Psychologists

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    Intro to Psychology

    History of Psychology, Types of

    Psychologists

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    What is Psychology?

    Psychology is the science of behavior andmental processesMental processes: what the brain does when we

    think, remember, feel, etc.Behavior: outwardly observable acts of an individual,

    alone, or in a group.GoalsDescribeExplain

    predictcontrol mental processes and behavior.

    The experimental study of behavior and thepractical applications that arise from them

    A very broad and interdisciplinary field

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    Brief History of Psychology

    Earliest roots: philosophy

    E.g., DescartesWhat is the mind? Is it different from the body?

    Cartesian dualismstudied reflexes

    Focus on existence of mind

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    Toward a Scientific Psychology: Biology

    Pierre Flourens - Experimental AblationCase of Phineas Gage

    Hermann von Helmholtz Studied neuronal

    transmission.Ernst Weber and psychophysics

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    Scientific Study of Psychology:

    Structuralism (ca 1870s -1900)

    Wilhelm Wundt the father of psychologySet up the first psychology lab in 1879.

    Created the approach of structuralism

    Wanted to know what the structure of the mind wasUsed introspection

    Edward Titchener student of Wundt,

    introduced experimental psychology to the USA.

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    Functionalism (ca 1880s current)

    Arose in protest to the private mental eventsstudied by structuralists

    Focused on the process of conscious activity

    Had its roots with evolution. How is aparticular behavior adaptive?

    William James: Not what mind does, but why

    it does it

    Became incorporated into all of psychology

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    Gestalt Psychology

    School of thought that emphasized the totalexperience of the individual and not just

    parts of the mind or behavior

    The whole is greater than the sum of its partsWanted to stay away from reductionism

    Lacked scientific rigor and was displaced

    Major influence in sensation and perception

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    Psychoanalysis

    Sigmund FreudFocused on the causes and treatment of

    emotional disturbances, and particularly the

    unconscious.Assumed that psychological maladjustment

    is a consequence of unresolved conflict

    Important in the history of psychotherapy

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    Behaviorism (ca 1915 current)

    Rejected mental events.Psychology should only study observable and

    verifiable events.

    John Watson Father of behaviorism.

    Simplicity; belief in reductionism.Stimulus response

    Used animals (pigeons and rats)

    B. F. SkinnerDominated psychology for over 50 years.

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    The Cognitive Revolution (mid 1970s)

    A return to the studies of the mind and how itworked

    The computer largely influenced theories of

    the mind.Study of perception, representation, decision

    making, memory, etc.

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    Evolutionary Psychology

    Relies heavily on Darwinian evolution.Traits and behaviors exist because they

    were selected during evolution.

    Individuals who possessed the particular trait hada reproductive advantage on individuals who did

    not.

    Behaviors exist for a reason.

    Compare human behaviors with otheranimals. Comparative psychology.

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    Behavioral Neuroscience (1990s especially)

    The Decade of the Brain

    Technological advances

    Goal is a biological explanation of behavior.

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    Behavioral Genetics (2000s)

    How does our genetic makeup influence ourbehavior

    Encouraged by newer technologies and

    developmentsHuman genome project

    Level of analysis is the gene

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    Types of Psychologists

    Experimental vs. Applied

    Experimental: Use the scientific method to uncover

    principles of psychology.

    Applied: take the principles and apply them to help

    others

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    Biological psychology also called

    physiological psychology, neuroscience,

    neuropsychology Studies how the brain works. How does it

    produce the behavior that we show? How are things learned in the brain? How are

    emotions generated?

    Often study animals

    Often study cases of brain damage

    Very interdisciplinary

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    Learning / Animal Behavior Very influenced by behaviorism Study how animals (including humans) learn. Typically use rats, mice, or pigeons

    Comparative psychology / evolutionarypsychology

    Based around evolution how has behaviorevolved.

    Comparison is of species! Study many different species

    E.g., evolution of emotion

    E.g., chimpanzees and language E.g., lemur memory

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    Cognitive psychology study of the mind emphasizes internal mental processes

    emphasizes the importance of cognitiveprocesses, such as perception, memory, andthinking

    E.g., how does memory work? Think of your grandmother

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    Social psychology - study of how people'sthoughts, feelings, and actions are

    affected by others Study attitudes, conformity, helping

    behavior, etc.

    E.g., Why does Bob like Coors light?

    E.g., How does a jury reach a verdict?

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    Developmental psychology studies howbehavior changes over time

    Studies children lifespan approach

    How do we change as we age?

    E.g., when do infants start walking?

    E.g., what can be done to help childrenthat are not thriving.

    E.g., is it healthy for teens to vent to theirfriends?

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    AppliedPsychologists

    Clinical PhD in clinical psychology Tries to help individuals suffering from psychological

    maladjustment

    Uses psychotherapy to treat psychological disorders

    E.g., treat depression, anger management, etc. Psychiatry MD or DO branch of medicine

    that specializes in psychological disorders Can prescribe medication to help alleviate a

    problem

    May also use psychotherapy

    E.g., treat depression, anger management, etc.

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    Counseling psychologyVery similar to clinical

    Typically deal with healthier individualscareer and vocational assessment

    Industrial / Organizational

    seek to apply psychological principles to practicalproblems of education, industry, marketing, etc.

    E.g., implement leadership program

    E.g., Help companies get the most out of

    employees The two Bobs

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    School psychologist help children in school

    Address things like:

    Learning disabilitiesAttention-deficit disorder

    Behavioral disorders

    Sport psychologist applies psychological

    principles to improve athletic performance

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    Forensic psychologist - applications ofpsychological knowledge to theunderstanding of crime and criminal justice Study abnormal psychology

    Personality psychology

    Social psychology

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    Requirements with Human Research

    1. Must have informed consent.2. Be advised of the possible risks and benefits

    of the procedure.

    3. Be told that they can withdraw from the study

    at any time without being penalized.4. After the experiment, participants must be

    debriefed.

    5. Deceiving participants is approved only when

    the participant will not be harmed andknowledge gained outweighs the use ofdishonesty.

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    Research with Animals

    All research with animals must have theapproval of an IRB.

    The IRB ensures that:1. Animals are housed properly

    2. Animals are not mistreated.

    3. Researchers may not cause animals pain unless

    that is what is explicitly being studied and there are

    potential benefits to humans of inflicting pain.

    Labs may also inspected by USDA, OSCA, and

    must have a veterinarian in charge of care.

    PETA may also have an eye on laboratories.


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