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• HISW 205 01/14/2016

A transcontinental nation: consolidating confederation 1867-1873A. irt! of a do"inion• #!e reasons for $nion

• %onfederating %anada

B. %onsolidating confederation• #!e &est&ard e'(ansionist "o)e"ent

• %anada*s ac+,isition of ,(ert*s land 186.

• ed i)er Settle"ent and resistance 6.-70

• #!e anitoa act 1870

• After"at! % 1871 I 1873

• easons for ,nion: e'ternal factors

• reat ritain financial

o ies colon9*s for "one9 and nat,ral reso,rces &!en t!ose are no

longer )iale t!e get rid of t!e"o %olon9*s no& eco"e a liailit9

• $nited States t!reat of in)asion

o %i)il &ar 1861-65

o ig!t aro,nd sla)er9

o ritain sides &it! so,t! d,e to cotton (rices eing lo& d,e to

sla)er9 so intern t!e9 s,((ort sla)er9o %onfederates ased in %anada

o %ross oard to raid ans !,rt ((l do ad s!it and co"e ac to

%anada t!e9 are arrested in %anada and released since t!e9 didn*t

rea an9 la&s in %anada and get ac t!e "one9 t!e9 stoleo enian aids 1865-66

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• Internal actors

• A; olitical

o #!e great coalition of 1864

o eorge ro&n refor" (art9

o eorge tienne %artier le,s

o ctoer 1864;

o 72 resol,tions "ec!anics of confederation

o Ho& strong s!o,ld t!e go)*t e

o o&er !o,se =re( 9 (o(; ,((er !o,se =a(t regional;

o Bi)ision of (o&ers resid,al (o&ers to federal go)*t

o I o((osed =land iss,e;

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o >)erca"e (,lic o((ositions in ? and ?S

• ?A act ? @%;

• West&ard '(ansion: and

• I"age of t!e &est =re 1850*s;: &asteland

• I"age c!anged in t!e 1850*s: no& seen as a &ealt!9 land ric! in nat,ral

reso,rces good for far"ing

• W!9 c!ange and !,nger

• Anne'ations =>ntario (rotestants; eorge ro&n  sa& &est as

#oronto*s !interland

• Hinde*s e'(edition  fertile eltC

• %anada*s ac+,isition of ,(ert*s and 186.

• oti)ation: =1; fertile elt =2; (re)ent t!e $SA fro" "o)ing in

• In 186. %anada ac+,ired ?W territories in t!e largest real estate

transaction in !istor9:o H% recei)ed 300 000 and retained 1/20t! of fertile elt

o ade %anada 10' igger

o ?ood9 ot!ered to as t!e in!aitants

• #!e ed i)er settle"ent =toda9: Winni(eg )icinit9;

• etis nations !o"eland

• A great deal of ,ncertaint9 =no cons,ltation;

• etis econo"9

o ,r trade: ,ffalo !,nt

o ar"ers ,ni+,e land !olding s9ste" =c,sto"ar9 tittle not

registered;

• Wo,ld %anada recogniDe "etis land title

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• >ntario ne& co"er

• #!e etis (eo(le &anted ass,rances:

o 1C ,arantees on land title

o 1C #o enter confederation as e+,al citiDens

o 2C %lai"ed collecti)e rig!ts =lang,age sc!ool religion;

• #!e ed i)er resistance 186.-70

• scalating tensions:

o o,is iel age 25

o ,lic "eetings  confronted s,r)e9ors  con)ention  national

co""ittee  Willia" cBo,gall

• %ontin,ed scalation:

o ilitar9 co,ncil

o SeiD,re of fort arr9 =?o)C 2nd;

o 'ec,tion of #!o"as Scott =(ro %anada "e"er aged 28;

o Wolsele9 e'(edition

• #!e anitoa Act 1870

o ?egotiation of an agree"ent

o >n t!e one !and it &as a )ictor9 for t!e "etis:

o ro)incial stat,s

o es(onsile go)*t

o iling,al instit,tions deno"inational sc!ools

o ,arantee of "etis land o&ners!i( =1C4 "illions acres;

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o ederal res(ect for aoriginal treat9-"aing

• >n t!e ot!er it failed in ot!er res(ects:

• ostage sta"( siDed (ro)ince

• 2nd class (ro)ince: did not control land ase

•

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• #oo o)er rail&a9s ,ilding

o >riginall9 ,ilt one on t!eir o&n cost allot &!ic! is &!9 t!eir det

&as so !ig! =%anada ass,"ed t!e det &!en t!e9 entered intoconfederation;

• ear-ro,nd stea"er

• ,9 o,t of asentee lando&ners

A national (olic9

• Sir o!n AC acdonald

• #!e (acific scandal

• #!e national (olic9

• #!e %anadian (acific rail&a9

• Hig! tariffs

• Settle"ent of t!e &est/i""igration

• Accessing t!e national (olic9

o #!e res,rgence of regionalis"

• #!e acdonald era

•

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•  Scandal

o Allan (aid =3000 000; to conser)atices a front for A"erican

,siness"eno acdonalds go)*t ro,g!t do&n in ?o) 1873

•  ieral o)*t =1873-78;

• Ale'ander acenDie go)ern"ent contin,ed to slo&l9 ,ild rail&a9 =(,lic

o&ners!i(;

• lectoral refor": ,ni)ersal "ale s,ffrage secret allot

• #!e national olic9

• acdonald &ins in 1878 =election;

o 1C t!e transcontinental rail&a9 =(ro"ote east &est trading;

o 2C Hig! tariffs &o,ld enco,rage ind,strialiDation and "an,fact,ring

e"(lo9"ento 3C arge scale i""igration / c!ea( land

• #!e %anadian (acific rail&a9

• ?e& gro,( agrees to ,ild and o(erate % :eorge Ste(!en Bonald a

s"it!C

• In ret,rn t!e gro,( &as (ro"ised

o 25 "illion =ro,g!l9 e+,al to t!e ann,al national re)en,e;

o 25 "illion acres =1/5t! of t!e (arries fit for settle"ent;

o a traffic "ono(ol9 for 20 9ears

o an e'e"(tion fro" ta'ation

• s(eed9 constr,ction =c!anged ro,te;

• 15 000 %!inese &orers: "ost diffic,lt/dangero,s &or lo&er &ages: 3

illed for e)er "ile of trac in %• 1885 !ead ta' =50F0

• ast s(ie : ?o)e"er 1885: Willia" can Horne

o %anada no longer &ants %!inese &orers after t!e rail&a9 is ,ilt

so !ead ta' is (,t in an9 ne& %!inese ((l t!at &anted to co"e !adto (a9 50F (er (ersonC

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• #!e #ariff =187.;

• ,r(ose: (roect infant %anadian ind,stries against t!eir A"erican

co"(etitors =17GJ;  (ro"ote ind,strialiDationK

• #!e settle"ent of t!e &est

• S9ste"atic s,r)e9 of &estern %anada: to&ns!i(: 36 s+,are "iles  36

sections  +,arter section of 160 acres eac!• Bo"inion lands act 1872 (ro"ised eac! !ead of fa"il9 160 acres of free

lando %onditional on =1; reside on t!e land for 3 9ears =2; c,lti)ate at

least 30 acres =3; ,ild a !o"e

• Western %anada: ?e& ldorado

• #!e nort! &est "o,nted (olice 1874

• #reaties signed &it! first nations

• I""igration (ro"otion ennonites Icelanders

• Assessing t!e national (olic9

• ?ational (olic9 &as designed 9 and for t!e ,siness class of central

%anada• It &as also designed 9 a (ri"e "inister in searc! of )otes and cor(orate

donations

• Winners and losers

o Winners: >ntario and @,eec "an,fact,rers ind,strial &orers

conser)ati)e (art9 i""igrantso osers: cons,"ers regions indigeno,s (eo(les "etis &estern

fa"ers =c(r "ono(ol9;• ,t did it &or

• % ,ilt %anada ind,strialiDed i""igrants e)ent,all9 ca"e =18.6-

1.14  1 "illion to &est;

• Ho&e)er tariffs "ade %anada "ore econo"icall9 de(endent on t!e ,s  

ranc! (lants

• #!e res,rgene of regionalis"

• acBonald*s national (olic9 contri,tes to a res,rgence in nationalis"

• #!e intention of t!e Lfat!ers of confederationM &as to create a centraliDed

ne& co,ntr9 e)idence in t!e ?A act:

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o #!e rig!t to disallo& (ro)incial legislation =)eto (o&er;

o #!e rig!t to &it!!old assent to (ro)incial legislation

• %onfrontation &it! >ntario

• acdonald reser)ed assent to 16 >ntario la&s 65 (ro)incial acts &ee

)etoes =1867 and 18.6;• >lier "o&at a((ealed to ,dicial co""ittee of t!e (ri)9 co,ncil in ondon

 and &on

• ?ort!&est o,ndar9 dis(,te 1872-.2 =rat (ortage;

• @,eec Anot!er flas!(oint

• o"an cat!olic c!,rc! acti)e in (olitics s,((orted 9 a ne& ideolog9 of

,ltra"ontanis" =elie)ed t!at t!e state s!o,ld e s,ordinate to t!ec!,rc!

• inistr9 of ed,cation aolis!ed =1875-1.67;C

• Instit,te canadien a lieral cl, fo,nded in 1884C W!en is!o( of

ontreal ignace o,rget insisted t!at it (,rge its lirar9 of offending

oos it ref,sedC As a res,lt o,rget denied t!e sacra"ent to its"e"ers incl,ding t!e rig!t to e erried in consecrated gro,nd

•

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• %o"(ared to t!e ,s t!e %anadian &est see"s (eacef,l t!e ,s c!ose t!e

"ilitar9 o(tionC %anada signed treaties etc

• W!at is a treat9

o A negotiated agree"ents et&een to (arties ,s,all9 states

o Access to first nation lands

o o9al (rocla"ation 1763 re+,ired treaties

• #reat9 "aing

• 1871-77 treaties 1-7

• ale'ander "orris

• standard feat,res:

o l,"( s," F

o reser)ations =180 acres to 640 acres (er (erson;

o ann,ities =4-5F/ 9ear;

o !,nting and fis!ing rig!ts

• additional go)ern"ent concessions =treaties 4-7;

o conser)ation "eas,res =,ffalo;

o sc!ooling

o "edicine c!est

o relief =food; d,ring ti"e of !,nger

o t!e go)ern"ent (ro"ised to send far"ing instr,ctors "ac!iner9

li)estoc and seed to ands• W!9 did first nations (eo(le sign t!ese treaties

• 1 "anage c!ange/often initiates negotioations

• 1C cono"ic colla(se  des(eration

o

s"all(o' e(ide"ic =1870; &i(ed o,t t!o,sand of (lains (eo(le =as!ig! as N;o decline in f,r trade =,ffalo !,nt;

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o fa"ine =food as &ea(on;

• &on "an9 concessions

o still negotiating fro" a (osition of "ilitar9 strengt!

o !ard negotiations &it! indigeno,s (eo(les &inning ",c! "ore t!an

go)ern"ent intended• roen (ro"ises

o >ral )s &ritten (ro"ises

o H,nger food relief of (oor +,alit9 go)ern"ent "is"anaged

,sed food as &ea(ono o)ern"ent slo& in assisting indigeno,s (eo(le &it! far"ing

o ?o "edicine c!est for 9ears

o ig ear and little (ine =%9(r,s; !ills &ants to re negotiate treat9

and to !a)e all reser)es in one area dis(ersed• Indian Act 1876

o A legal fra"e&or

o Allo&ed t!e go)ern"ent to interfere in all res(ects of (eo(les li)es

o %reated a s(ecial class of (eo(le =defined solel9 9 race;

• Befinitions  c!anging

o An9 "ale (erson of indian lood re(,ted to elong to a (artic,lar

and an9 c!ild of s,c! (erson and an9 &o"an &!o is or &asla&f,ll9 "arried to s,c! (erson

o ale c!a,)inis" =stat,s lined to "ale;

o o)ern"ent sole decider of &!o &as an indian or a and "e"er

• Indian act racial t!ining

o %ens,s taers instr,cted to identif9 (eo(le as L&!ite red lac or

9ello&M c!ildren of "i'ed (arents not categoriDed as &!iteo Scientific racis" 1870*s et!nolog9 ant!ro(olog9 e,genics

sociolog9 and !istor9 tried to deter"ine racial difference =sincolor od9 s!a(e ar" lengt! !air color e9e s!a(e etc;

o eo(le not easil9 defined eorge tronson

• )t c!anges Indian act so t!at t!e9 can no longer go to co,rt

• 1885 nort!&est reellion

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o "etis tried to re(eat 1870

o egan as (eacef,l ro,g!t ac riel (ro)isional go)ern"ent

ariel d,"ont•  a re)ol,tionar9 Lill of rig!tsM 

• ",c! !ad c!anged since 1870: % iel !i"self

• reellion cr,s!ed =8000 troo(s )s 250 "etis;

• o,is riel &as tried for treason fo,nd g,ilt9 =9 an all &!ite ,r9; and

!,ng it di)ided t!e co,ntr9

• #!e After"at!: assi"ilation

• #!e g)t cr,s!es t!e "etis resistance

• Also tae it as an o((ort,nit9 to cr,s! t!e cree leaders!i(

• ,ts t!e" into ail e)en t!o,g! t!e9 did not!ing

• )t reaing a(art localiDed co"",nities &!ic! t!e9 t!o,g!t &ere

(oliticall9 tro,leso"e

• 1884 g)t decides (otlatc! s!o,ld e o,tla&ed

• %anada*s ind,strialiDing %ities 1867-1.14

• art 1: ind,strialiDation

• #!ree (!ases

• %!anging &or(laces

• %lass conflict

• o9al co""ission 188.

• art 2: ,raniDation

• >)ercro&ding

• #!e !orse: (oll,ter f t!e cit9

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• Waste dis(osal

• Ind,strialiDing ontreal

• Introd,ction

• Ind,strial re)ol,tion =1700s in ritain;

o ?o)els of %!arles dicens

o Willia" lae*s dar satanic "ills =1800s;

• Ho(e t!at ind,strialiDation &o,ld e different in nort! A"erica =t!e

"ac!ine in t!e garden;• 1880-102-: %anada*s ,ran (o(,lation ,"(ed fro" 1C1 " to 4C3 "

• (rod,ced ne& (role"s

• !ase 1: &ater (o&er 1870s

• Water &!eel  r,ral locations

• #!e s9"ol of t!e age: te'tile "ills

• %i)ic ca(italis"

• >&ner o(erator

• !ase 2: stea" (o&er 1870-1.00

• %!ea( coal "ade stea" (o&ered cit9 factories feasile

• Bo,led factor9 siDe

• #!e s9"ol of t!e age steel "ills =Ha"ilton S9dne9 ss";

• !ase 3: electrif9ing t!e factor9 1.10-1.25

• %!ea( electrical (o&er  factories co,ld locate an9&!ere

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• ?e& fle'iilit9 on t!e factor9 floor

• S9"ol of t!e age: !enr9 ford*s a,to asse"l9 (lant =Betroit Windsor

>a)ille >s!a&a;• "ergence of "odern cor(oration =li"ited liailit9 "anagerial/national

ca(italis";

• %!anging &or(laces: scientific "anage"ent =ta9loris";

• So,g!t to centraliDe no&ledge

• #raditionall9 !eld 9 silled artisans (lace of &or: &!en and !o& it &as

(erfor"ed

 

Frederick winslow Taylor: so,g!t to centraliDe control: ti"ed

 LefficientM &orers to create a standard• roe do&n silled os into (arts =eac! (art co,ld e done 9 so"eone

&it! "ini"al sill  de-silling

• %!anging &or(laces: "ec!aniDation• ec!aniDation =fords asse"l9 line;:

• aor sa)ing "ac!ines "ade &or d,ll and re(etiti)e

• Asse"l9 line: =1; s, di)ision of laor =2; interc!angeale (arts =2;

contin,o,s "o)e"ent• ord*s 5F/da9  t!is (a9 &as ",c! !ig!er t!an an9 ot!er (lace &as

offering

• %lass conflict

• >)er tec!nological/ "anagerial c!anges:

• %o"(anies tried to Ldisci(lineM &orforce =cloc ells &!istles fines  later (,nc! cards;

• Silled &orers (rotested

• >)er &ages !o,rs O &oring conditions

• o9al co""ission on t!e relations of ca(ital and laor 188.

• In)estigations co""on

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• o9al co""issions national iss,e (,lic !earings

• %anada initiated 5 ro9al co""issions on ind,strialis" et&een 1881 and

18.5 to address e"(lo9"ent of &o"en and c!ildren !o,rs of &orsafet9 etc

• >nl9 ne& federal legislation &as t!e creation of laor da9

• o9al co""ission 188.• eco""ended red,ced !o,rs of &or es(eciall9 for &o"en

• >nl9 in 1886 did t!e go)ern"ent li"it &oring !o,rs for c!ildren and

&o"en to 60 !o,rs/&eeC ?o li"its on "en

•  %!ild laor

•  Lin so"e (arts of t!e do"inion t!e e"(lo9"ent of c!ildren of )er9 tender

9ears is still (er"ittedCM • Wants e"(lo9"ent of t!ose less t!an 14 to e foridden c!ild factor9

laor =,nder 14; onl9 sto((ed 9 1.2.

• $raniDation

• aoidl9 gro&ing ind,strial cities in central %anada• ercentage of t!e (o(,lation li)ing in ,ran areas

o 1851: 13C1G

o 1871: 18C3G

o 18.1: 2.C8G

o 1.01: 34C.G

• ontreal (o(,lation .0 1861 to 140 247 1881

• #!e o)ercro&ded cit9

• ic! and (oor neig!or!oods

o ra)it9 =,(!ill )s do&n!ill;

o Wind direction =e/n )s &/s;

• #ene"ents

• a"il9 econo"9

• %!ild "ortalit9 rates: ,nsafe &ater and "il

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o ontreal 1 in 3 aies died efore age one =1.00;: "aln,trition

o #oronto: 14C2G of ne&orns died in first 9ear =1.02;

• S"oe (oll,tion

• #!ic lac so"e &as a fact f life in "an9 cities

o lacened e)er9t!ing

o Pilled )egetation

o Healt! (role"s

o loced s,n

• #!e Horse: (oll,ter of t!e cit9

• In 1880 n9 cit9 &as !o"e to 160 000 !orses: o)er 4 "illion ,ran !orse

=1.00;

• 22 (o,nds of "an,re/da9  (iles of it on streets !orses o)er&!el"ed

=15 000 died in n9c (er 9ear;

• stales  t9(!oid

• Waste dis(osal

• role": conta"inated &ater

• ac9ard cess(ools or (ri)9 )a,lts =s(ring t!a& &orst;

o Sol,tion &ater&ors r,nning &ater (i(ed in fro" o,tside to&n;

• ?e& (role": "ore se&age =old s9ste" o)erloaded;

o  Sol,tion se&ers =(,"(ed &aste into &ater&a9s;

• ne& (role" =t!e old (role" !ad si"(l9 een "o)ed;: conta"inated

&ater;:o (,lic !ealt! disaster =1.00 "ontreal; #oronto rate of t9(!oid fe)er

act,all9 increasedo sol,tion: filter ta( &ater =later &aste &ater treat"ent;

• %oncl,sion

• a(id inno)ation and c!ange in a s!ort (eriod of ti"e

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• o&ering of +,alit9 of life

o Social (olariDation

• ,lic !ealt! &as an ,rgent (role"

#!e oad to t!e reat War 18.6-1.18

• #!e oer &ar 18..-1.02• #!e great &ar 1.14-1.18

o %a,ses

o Initial readiness/(,lic reactions

o ecr,it"ent of "e and &o"en

o oiliDation

o #!e attlefront =frenc!es +,i(e"ent generals!i(;

• Intro

• ri"e "initer: Wilfred la,rier 18.6-1.11 oert order 1.11-

• #!e rise of renc! %anadian nationalis"

o 'ec,tion of iel 1885

o anitoa sc!ool +,estion 18.0

o a,rier green&a9 co"(ro"ise 18.7

?o state s,((ort of se(arate sc!ools

eligio,s instr,ction allo&ed for 30 "in,tes dail9

10 frenc! s(eaing st,dents  iling,al ed,cation

• #!e oer War

• a,rier*s dile""a  co"(ro"ise

• es,lts: =1; satisfied no oneC =2; di)ided %anadians along ling,istic and

religio,s lines =3; 7400 =nglis!; %anadians )ol,nteered to fig!t

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• #!e reat War

• #ragic and ,nnecessar9 =o!n eegan;

• A,stro-H,ngarian e"(ire ",rder arc!d,e ranD erdinand in Sarae)o

• #riggered t!e "oiliDation of t!e great alliances

• A,stro H,ngar9 er"an9 otto"an e"(ire

• ,ssia rance great ritain Seria

• er"an9*s Sc!lieffen lan

• er"an9*s "oiliDation (lan =7/8t!s of er"an9s ar"9 to s&ing &est

t!ro,g! elgi,"  &ar s!o,ld e o)er in 42 da9s;  did not foresee

ritis! inter)ention• %anada at &ar

• %anada a,to"aticall9 at &ar =no c!oice;

• %anadian reaction to &ar

• atriotic ent!,sias" o(ti"is"

• ecr,it"ent of soldiers attalions =1000 "en eac!;

• %anada*s state of readiness

• $n(re(ared for &ar

• eg,lar ar"9 of 3 110 na)9 of 2 osolete cr,isers "ilitia of 60 000

• W!9 nlist

• en: econo"ic reasons =,ne"(lo9ed; t!irst for ad)ent,re reasons of

(atriotis" ties to great ritain =60G of initial 36 000 recr,its &ere recenti""igrants fro" great ritain;

• Initiall9 16 infantr9 attalions =1000 "en eac!;: geogra(!ic foc,s

• Wo"en: n,rses =2500; n,rsing assistants =)ol,ntar9 aid detac!"ent;

&ar ind,stries

• Wo"en*s s,ffrage "o)e"ent

• Wo"en te"(erance ad)ocates =1880*s;  goals fr,strated 9 not !a)ing

t!e )ote

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• Wo"en*s %!ristian te"(erance ,nion  10 "e"ers

• %anada te"(erance act 1878  local ",nici(alities co,ld )ote

t!e"sel)es Ldr9M =needed 60G;• #&o )ariants in %anada*s Wo"en*s "o)e"ent

• +,al rig!ts fe"inis" =!,"an e+,alit9;

• aternal fe"inis" ="oral a,t!orit9 of "ot!er!ood;

o Bo"inant &ing: &o"en !ad a s(ecial role as "ot!ers and

g,ardians of t!e !o"e• art of international ca"(aign ="ore "oderate decentraliDed;

• Si"ilarities L"ot!ers of t!e raceM 

• anitoa at t!e forefront: Icelandic and finnis! &o"en ?ellie c%l,ng

Agnes c!allC

• Qotes for &o"en

• 1.16 t!e t!ree (rairie (ro)inces allo& &o"en (ro)incial )ote

• 1.17 &ar ti"e elections act =so"e &o"en; &!o !ad ser)ed or a "ot!er

or sister of so"eone &!o !ad ser)ed 9o, co,ld )ote

• cono"ic "oiliDation for &ar

• o)ern"ent inter)ention in t!e econo"9:

• %anada &!eat oard ",nitions oard

• %anada*s national rail&a9s

• #a'es: ,siness inco"e

• War onds

• #!e attle front: %anada in t!e trenc!es

• odern &ea(onr9: "ac!ine g,ns artiller9 ared &ire gas

• #renc! &arfare: Dig-Dagged across 1300 "iles =front line;

8/18/2019 Hisw 205 Notes

20/43

o renc! d,g r,di"entar9 trenc!es =offensi)e "indset;

o ritis! t!ree lines of trenc!es 200 9ards se(arated first t&o 400

9ears t!e t!irdo er"ans se"i (er"anent fortifications =!ig!er gro,nd;

• ife in t!e trenc!es &as )er9 ad  illness rats etc

• 10G of (eo(le (er "ot! &as fro" sni(ers or s!ells a slo&er &arfare

• large scale raids !a((ened eit!er at da&n or at nig!t

• Second rate e+,i("ent =Sa" H,g!es "inister of "ilitia;:

o oss riffle  %anadian "ade riffles ad in ",d

o acada" s!ield s!o)el

o atronage and corr,(tion

o ritis! co""and

• %anada lost 60 000 (eo(le died 1 in 10 (eo(le &!o enlisted died

• attle of t!e so""e =,l9 1 1.16;: ne&fo,ndland regi"ent 720 of 801

soldiers died in one !o,r

• %anadian s,ccesses on t!e attle field: Qi"9 ridge A(ril 1.17

• ed 9 general Art!,r %,rrie

• W!at "ade Qi"9 ridge different

• eneral Art!,r %,rrie

• lanning &as t!e for",la for s,ccess

• eogra(!ic no&ledge s!ared =40 000 "a(s;

• 'tensi)e training

• i'ed (latoons

8/18/2019 Hisw 205 Notes

21/43

• S,r(rise

• %ree(ing arrage

• $se of artiller9 against er"an g,ns

• Indirect fire ="ac!ine g,ns;

• #!e9 t,nneled to t!e front line

• 10 000 %anadians fell

• W!at did Qi"9 "ean

• 10 600 cas,alties at )i"9

• s9"oliDed national ,nit9: entire %anada cor(s: "aor )ictor9C

• #!e conscri(tion crisis

• W!9

o Hig! cas,alties: rate

Hig! cas,alt9 rate  fe&er recr,its  conscri(tion

=co"(,lsor9 "ilitar9 ser)iceC Ages 20-35;o Besire to "aintain a f,ll %anadian cor(s =4 decisions;

o renc! %anada and t!e great &ar: Sa" H,g!es "istae

renc! %anada 22nd attalion

• %onscri(tion deate

• ilitar9 ser)ice act

8/18/2019 Hisw 205 Notes

22/43

• Bangero,s foreigners* and t!e &orers* re)olt in %anada

• ?ation of i""igrants:

o atterns of "igration

o ?ati)is"

o iddle class social refor"

• #!e &orers re)olt 1.13-1.23

o ise of K

• art III: A nation of i""igrants

• >(en door (olic9 for ,ro(eans: recr,it"ent of c!ea( laor far"ers

• oo" (o(,lation e'(losion =1.01-11: 34G increase;

• atterns of "igration

• #&o great &a)es:

o 1820-.0: nort!&estern ,ro(e

o 18.0-1.30: so,t!ern and eastern ,ro(e

• ,s! factors: cono"ic de"ogra(!ic religio,s and (olitical

• ,ll factors: land os recr,it"ent

o 18.6-1.14: 3 "illion i""igrants

o c!ain "igration and tea" &ors

• ?ati)is"

• an9 anglo %anadians resented t!e infl,' of strange ne& co"ersC acial

 L(ecing orderM  ease of assi"ilation

• >((onents of t!e o(en door:

o

>rganiDed laor =econo"icall9 t!reatened;

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23/43

o iddle class social refor"ers

•  LPee( %anada &!iteM: anti Asian feeling

o %!inese i""igrants =1880*s;

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24/43

• #!e reels: Ind,strial &orers of t!e &orld

• Western deferation of "iners18.3

• IWWW ;W>IS; %HI%A> 1.05

• I?B$S#IA $?I>?IS >I#I%A S#$ >Qt!ro& ca(italis"

• #!e re)ol,tionaries: t!e L>ne ig $nionM 

• ,ssian re)ol,tion 1.17: ols!e)is

• Western aor conference =1.18;  >$ =2 &ees into W Strie;:

ed scare of 1.1• a9

8/18/2019 Hisw 205 Notes

25/43

• ?o)a scotia: stries in t!e coal "ines

• %a(e reton =glace a9 S9dne9 "ines;

• re+,ent "ilitar9 occ,(ation

• solidarit9 a"ong "iners "ining co"",nities

• see slides

• ar"ers laor and &o"en in (olitics

• See slide =er,ar9 16t!;

• World War II

• #o&ard %anadian a,tono"9

• #!e rise of ?aDi er"an9 and a((ease"ent

• Sanct,ar9 denied

• %anada at &ar 1.3.-45

• i"ited liailit9 1.3.-40

• #o&ard canadaian a,tono"9

• oreign (olic9 s!ift a&a9 fro" great ritain and to&ards t!e ,s

• ri"e "inister ale'ander acenDie ing*s isolationis"

• ro&ing inde(endence: !ali,t treat9 =1.23; i"(erial conference

=1.26; stat,te of &est"inister =1.31;

• #!e rise of naDi er"an9 a((ease"ent

• 1.3 adol(! !itler

• 1.36-. S(anis! ci)il &ar: acenDie (a(inea, attalion rancisco

francoC

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26/43

• W!ere did %anada stad Isolationis" and a((ease"ent: 1.37 ing "et

 L"rC !itlerM 

•

• Sanct,ar9 denied: e&is! ref,ges in t!e 1.30*s

• Anti Se"itis" &ides(read in %anada

• I""igration +,otas: onl9 4000 acce(ted

• Qo9age of t!e stC o,is =.07

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27/43

o >gdns,rg agree"ent (er"anent oint oard of defense 1.40

o %anadian "oiliDation

o ?ational reso,rce "oiliDation act ,ne 1.40

o arrison d,t9

o Iceland ne&fo,ndland

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28/43

• ill 80 Lconscri(tion if necessar9 not necessaril9 conscri(tionM 

• 1.44: 2500 conscri(ts sa& action 6. died

• &o"en in &orld &ar II

• &o"en flooded into lao,r force

• %anadian &o"ens ar"9 cor( WA%s; %A =&o"ens di)ision; &o"ens

ro9al %anadian na)al ser)ice

• Societal fears =fe"ininit9 c!ildren;

• nd of c!ild care s,sidies

• T

• #!e rise of t!e acti)ist state

• %CBC Ho&e t!e "inister of e)er9t!ing

• %ro&n cor(orations O increased ta'es

• rice controld rationing

• Attit,des to&ards go)ern"ent

o cono"ic (lanning =fear of (ost &ar;

o ise of %% and organiDed lao,r: >ntario 1.43 Sasatc!e&an

1.44 feds 1.45o Ping "o)es left: fa"il9 allo&ances f,ll e"(lo9"ent

• $n eas9 ?eig!ors: %anada $S relations

• #!e ot!er +,iet re)ol,tion

• o,r (eriods: #!ree #!e"es

o oreign defense (olicies

o cono"ic (olicies

o %,lt,ral (olicies

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29/43

• %onsens,s and t!e StC a,rent 1.48-57

• ecti)es

8/18/2019 Hisw 205 Notes

30/43

o #o de"onstrate a,tono"9 and i"(ro)e international relations

=",ltilateralis" )s ilateralis";o #o a)oid creating dis,nit9 &it!in %anada

o #o ser)e canada*s econo"ic interests

• iddle (o&er  s,((ort for ,sa

o ?ato 1.4.

o Porean &ar 1.50-53

o %ontinental defense =de& line; 1.54

o S,eD crisis 1.56 =g9(t lester (earson noel (eace (riDe;

•

8/18/2019 Hisw 205 Notes

31/43

• #r,dea, eco"es leader in 1.68

• oreign defense (olic9

o I"age o)er s,stance  Qietna" =canada sa9 no;

o #!e Lt!ird o(tionM 1.72 =di)ert trade;

o #!e nort!&est (assage

o %anada !istoric internal &aters  rig!t to control access

o ISA an international strait  free access

o es,lt: SCS an!attan 1.6. (olar sea 1.85

• ise of econo"ic nationalis"

#rade ,nions and nationalis"

• Be"ands for %anadian La,tono"9M in international ,nions

• A gro&ing n,"er of trade ,nions roe a&a9 fro" t!eir ,s (arents:

(a(er &orers a,to &orers electrical &orers" co"",nications &orers

etc• la9ed 9 t!e %anadian card against ,s e"(lo9ers =(oliticiDed lao,r

str,ggles;

• Wra((ed t!e"sel)es in %anadian flag to (,s! go)ern"ent to legislate

=ad)ance notice se)erance (a9 (ension re-ins,rance (referential !iring;

• etrification

• %anada ,sed t!e i"(erial s9ste" of &eig!ts and "eas,re"ents ,ntil

1.70• (!ased i"(le"entation of "etric :

o te"(erat,re 1.75 (acaging 1.76 !ig!&a9 signage 1.77 gasolinesales 1.7.

o !9rid in e)er9da9 life =o((osition;

o

 

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32/43

 

1st discussion

• 1C &!9 did so "an9 ed i)er residents resist eco"ing (art of %anadain 186.-70 Bid it "ae an9 difference

o ?ot cons,lted on &eit!er or not t!e9 &anted to oin %anada

Bifferences are not acno&ledged

o etis a "i' et&een Indians and renc! ((l

o #!e9 &ere gi)en no c!oice

esist or e erased

o Bifferent &a9 of !olding land =no titles; c,sto"ar9 ,se

o $ncertaint9 ao,t f,t,re

o 186. sale of !c land to %anada

o &anted to ens,re t!eir land titles &o,ld e res(ecti)eo ee( t!eir c,lt,re

o and "ae s,re t!e9 &o,ld !a)e t!e sa"e rig!ts as &!ite ((l

o  o!n a "cdonald

o #!o"as scott &as a (ro national =for confederation; o,is riel ills

!i" e(resents >ntario and t!eir (olitical interests

o 1870 "anitoa enters confederation

o decrease in (o(,lation decrease in c,lt,re

o "etis go fro" .0G (o(,lation to 7G (o(,lation

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33/43

• 2C &!at &as t!e Enational (olic9* did it s,cceed If so for &!o

o #!e national (olic9 &as

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34/43

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35/43

• %reation of t!e reser)es

• )t in >tta&a

o Indian agent and far" instr,ctor

o

• 2C W!at %onstance ac!o,se arg,es t!at %anadian !istor9 is ro,ted in

racial categoriDation ass,"(tions and la&sC Bo 9o, agree $seindigeno,s !istor9 to "ae 9o,r (oint

• &!ite s,(erficial concern for t!e nati)es

• &!o is legiti"atel9 an Indian

• Aritrariness of t!e t!ings

• tta&a and local settlers

o #!e9 didn*t lie t!e con)iction not eca,se it &as &rong ,t

eca,se t!e9 entertain"ent &as eing (,t in ail• ?o c,riosit9 to act,all9 in)estigate nati)e c,lt,re

•

2 cases

o si"os 1.3.

o

8/18/2019 Hisw 205 Notes

36/43

o no indigeno,s &itnesses or (eo(le to testif9

Scientific racis"

o 1850 4 categories

o 1876 "ore restrictions  defined 9 "en and t!eir &i)es and

c!ildren t!e "an is t!e core of t!e Indian definition

o Wand,ta 1.03

o anitoa

o Indians are in)ited to (erfor" for &!ite ((l at a far"ers festi)al

o S,ndance grass dance etc all "ade illegal

ade illegal d,e to gi)ing s!it a&a9

%onsidered to e !eat!en dance

o 1.14 adition to act all indian dancing o,tside of reser)es

o 1.33 e'tended again sa9ing traditional dress is not necessar9 for

arresto scared of ,nno&n/ scared of t!eir religion/ traditions

o

• 3rd Discussion

• 1C &!at is t!e significance of Sero ) a,lt 1.21

• eliDa sero o!a& !er net &as confiscated for fis!ing &it!o,t a (ro)incial

license• s!e &as a &ido& !er !,sand died and !er son died in t!e &ar

• s!e &as located in t!e a9 of @,int9

• a,lt is t!e fis!er9 ins(ector and !e*s &!ite

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37/43

• #!is !a((ens on indigeno,s land !e taes !er net for not !a)ing license

• Sero rings t!e go)ern"ent to co,rt

• S!e is asing for 1000F

• So &!at  &!ere indigeno,s (eo(le s,ect to state la&s =(ro) or

federal; on reser)e or indigeno,s land or in near9 &ater&a9sC• Iss,e of so)ereignt9

• t!at t!e o!a& ne)er ga)e it ,(  t!eir so)ereignt9

• t!e leag,e of Indians of canada

• t!e9 forid an9 f,t,re cases (ast 1.27 for Indians to (a9 la&9ers to

c!allenge t!e g)tC

• egal s9ste" is not color lind

• #!e g)t is not e)en tr9ing to e fair

• ost of t!e records of t!e case &ere lost

o #!e a,t!or ,ses indigeno,s so,rces

o %ens,s data

o

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38/43

• (o&er str,ggle

• &or is s(eeding ,(

• "en &o"en and c!ildren are &oring no&

• starts t!e notion of a &oring fa"il9 &it! a fa"il9 econo"9

• rise of science

• Bar&in

• ise of scientific "anage"ent

• ngineering

• #!e ind,strialiDing cit9

• Bi)ision of ric! an (oor

• eogra(!ical segregation ased on &ealt!

• #elegra(! and tele(!one for co"",nication

• ?ationalis"

• Waste dis(osal eco"es an iss,e

•

,genics

4th Discussion

• 1C &!9 &ere Winni(eg and ca(e reton at t!e e(icenter of t!e laor

,nrest t!at follo&ed WWI• ig &ar contracts co"(anies are getting ric! ,t &ages are not getting

etter

• i""igrants

• ,nrest (ost &ar eca,se (eo(le got ric! of (oor e+,i("ent (ro)ided to

%anadian soldiers"an9 eastern ,ro(eans in %anada and ,ssianre)ol,tion reall9 affected t!e"

•

•

• 2C Ho& did race and ender (la9 o,t in t!e ee %l,n case

8/18/2019 Hisw 205 Notes

39/43

• Allot of "ales are co"ing o)er fro" c!ina se(arate fro" t!eir fa"ilies

t!e !ead ta' and discri"ination to&ards %!inese (eo(le (re)ented t!e"fro" ringing in o)er t!e rest of t!eir fa"il9

• At t!is (oint t!e !ead ta' &as at 500F

• >nl9 2G of %!inese (eo(le in egina &ere &o"en

• Head ta' co"es in in 1885• 1.03 t!e !ead ta' is at 500F

• 1.23 %!inese e'cl,sion act  ,ntil 1.47

• racis" and racial difference

• racial sl,rs are )er9 (,lic

• 1.12 &!ite &o"en*s laor la&

• (eo(le onl9 &anted to e ser)ed 9 &!ite "en

• diffic,lt to get (er"its for %!inese (eo(le

• &o"en &ere (a9ed ",c! less t!an "en

• food ser)ice is generall9 fe"ale

• c!inese "en &ere ani"aliDed

• c!inese %anadians co,ld note )ote in %anada

• after t!at a list of &!ere c!inese (eo(le co,ld )ote (ro)inciall9

• e"(lo9"ent restriction

• and ,siness segregation

• c!inese co,ld not get !ired 9 t!e g)t

• c!inese ((l co,ld not incor(orate

• 9ee cl,ng ro,g!t o)er !is &ife and r,ns a )er9 s,ccessf,l ,siness in

regina

•

a((lies for a (er"it to a((l9 &!ite &o"en in !is estalis!"ent• !e &ins t!e co,rt case

• t!e ",nici(alit9 is allo&ed to ignore co,rt decision on t!e "atter

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40/43

• !ierarc!9 of o((ression

5th Discussion

Significance of C QC !illi(s:

• >a)ille et&een Ha"ilton and #oronto

• PPP se(erates a "i'ed raced co,(le• ,9 is

8/18/2019 Hisw 205 Notes

41/43

6th Discussion

• 1C Bid race segregation e'ist in 20t! cent,r9 %anada

• Qiola Bes"ond

o Was on !er &a9 fro" Halifa' to K s!e sto((ed in a s"all to&n and

decided to &atc! a "o)ieC It &as a segregated t!eater &!ere t!e

lacs !ad to sit on t!e alcon9 s!e (aid for a floor seat ,t t!e9"ade !er (a9 for a alcon9 seat =less e'(ensi)e; s!e &as ased tolea)e an s!e ref,sedC

o #!e9 called t!e (olice on !er

o #!e9 tried to get !er to "o)e ,(stairs or lea)e

o S!e &as re"o)ed and sent to ailC W!ere s!e sat9ed o)er nig!t =12

!rs;o S!e &as not gi)en co,nsel for !er defense in t!e co,rt!o,se

o >nl9 &itness &as t!e "anager and ticet oot! attendant

o Her rig!ts &ere no read to !er

o S!e &as c!arged &it! 26F fineo Qiolated t!e t!eater act

#a' e)asion =(a9ing for less e'(ensi)e ticet to sit in "ore

e'(ensi)e seat; S!e ri((ed t!e go)ern"ent off 1 cent

o S!e is offered 1 "ont! in ail or 26F fine

o As s!e is eing re"o)ed s!e is in,red

o S!e tried to (a9 t!e "ore e'(ensi)e (rice ,t t!e9 &o,ldn*t let !er

#!e9 stated &e don*t sell to L9o,M (eo(le

o S!e is an entre(rene,r s!e created a ea,tician ,siness

o S!e is "arried

o S!e is of "i'ed race

o Her !,sand &as a arer

o S!e &as (art of t!e "iddle class

o S!e !ad &ides(read lins )er9 )isile in !er co"",nit9

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42/43

o S!e is tra)elling t!ro,g!o,t no)a scotia

o ,t !er car reas do&n &!ic! is &!9 s!e sto(s

o S!e e)ent,all9 get la&9er and !e does not arg,e it as a case of

racial discri"ination• Social segregation

•

• 2C Ho& Significant &as %anada*s %ontri,tion t t!e allied &ar effort in

WWII• %anada entered t!e &ar earl9 )ol,ntaril9

• Significant for &!o":

o Significant for canda

o Significant for allied forces

o Significant for )ictor9

• W!at did t!e &ar "ean to %anada:

• irst &ar as an a,tono"o,s nationC

• ade %anada econo"icall9 strong

• %!ance for %anadian (eo(le to rene& fait! in its go)ern"ent

• ene&ing a sense of o(ti"is"

• Ar"9 na)9 air force and (ro)iding goods

• A"ericans oin t!e &ar o)er 2 9ears in

• %anada eca"e an international training ase for (ilots fro" aro,nd t!e

&orld

1CHistorians of t!e cold &ar s(ea of international and do"estic Lco""it"entM as essential to ,nderstanding t!e 1.50*s &!at do t!e9"ean

• olitical and racial contain"ent

• %ontain"ent: W!at does not fit in social nor"s !as to e contained

• In t!e &est t!e atte"(t to contain co"",nis"

8/18/2019 Hisw 205 Notes

43/43

• WB*S

• %ontaining a t!reat to t!e %anadian &a9 of life

• %ensors!i(

• a9 oo"  d,e to econo"ic (ros(erit9 &!ic! is a res,lt of WWII

• cono"ic (ros(erit9 d,e to social aids go)ern"ent s(ending

constr,cting t!e correct %anadian

• In t!e 50*s i""igrants &ere c!osen &!ere t!e9 ca"e fro"C containing

t!eir ene"9 ideologies ased on &!ere t!e9 ca"e fro"C• Increased cons,"eris"

• ise of s,,rs and car o&ners!i(

• ?>AB

• Be"ogra(!ics

• S,r)eillance

• Bifen,ner

•

2C Has ac!o,se*s te't confir"ed or c!allenged 9o,r )ie& of %anadian!istor9 '(lain

• Scientific racis" e,genics

• acis"

• egal racis"

• And (olice indeference to&ards racist actsC

• o(,larit9 of racist gro,(s

• PPP

• reat lengt!s t!e s9ste" &o,ld go to not ad"it eing racist

• Alt!o,g! racis" did r,n ra"(ant not e)er9one &as racist t!ere &ere

"an9 instances &ere (eo(le &it!in t!e s9ste" recogniDed t!e in,sticesand !el( t!ose &!o needed itC

• W!ite is lo&er case in t!e oo

• 1C W!at are t!e origins of t!e +,iet re)ol,tion in @,eec &!at c!anged

and &!at did not•

• 2C W!9 do so "an9 !istorians call t!e 60*s and 70*s t!e ot!er +,iet

re)ol,tion in nglis! s(eaing %anada•

• 3C W!at acco,nts for t!e transfor"ation of %anadian cities d,ring t!e

1.70*s1.80*s - 1..0s

•