Hitler and the Final Hitler and the Final SolutionSolution

The Road To GenocideThe Road To Genocide

19331933

Jan 30, 1933 - Jan 30, 1933 - Adolf Hitler is apAdolf Hitler is appointed Chancellpointed Chancellor of Germanyor of Germany a nation with a a nation with a Jewish population Jewish population of 566,000. of 566,000.

FriedrichFriedrich

Friedrich had a good home and enough money when many in the Germany of the 1930's did not, but when Hitler came to power all this changed because Friedrich was Jewish.

April 1, 1933 - April 1, 1933 - Nazis stage boycott of Jewish shoNazis stage boycott of Jewish shops and businesses.ps and businesses.

March 22, 1933 - March 22, 1933 - Nazis open Nazis open Dachau concentration camp near Dachau concentration camp near Munich, to be followed by Buchenwald Munich, to be followed by Buchenwald near Weimar in central Germany, near Weimar in central Germany, Sachsenhausen near Berlin in Sachsenhausen near Berlin in northern Germany, and Ravensbrück northern Germany, and Ravensbrück for women.for women.

April 11, 1933 - April 11, 1933 - Nazis issue a Nazis issue a decree defining a non-Aryan as decree defining a non-Aryan as "anyone descended from non-Aryan, "anyone descended from non-Aryan, especially Jewish, parents or especially Jewish, parents or grandparents. One parent or grandparents. One parent or grandparent classifies the grandparent classifies the descendant as non-Aryan...especially descendant as non-Aryan...especially if one parent or grandparent was of if one parent or grandparent was of the Jewish faith."the Jewish faith."

July 14, 1933 - July 14, 1933 - Nazi Party is Nazi Party is declared the only legal party in declared the only legal party in Germany; Also, Nazis pass Law to Germany; Also, Nazis pass Law to strip Jewish immigrants from strip Jewish immigrants from Poland of their German Poland of their German citizenship.citizenship.

Sept 29, 1933Sept 29, 1933 -- Nazis prohibit Nazis prohibit Jews from owning land.Jews from owning land.

Oct 4, 1933Oct 4, 1933 -- Jews are prohibited Jews are prohibited from being newspaper editors.from being newspaper editors.

19341934

Jan 24, 1934Jan 24, 1934 -- Jews are banned Jews are banned from the German Labor Front.from the German Labor Front.

May 17, 1934May 17, 1934 -- Jews not allowed Jews not allowed national health insurance.national health insurance.

July 22, 1934July 22, 1934 -- Jews are prohibited Jews are prohibited from getting legal qualifications.from getting legal qualifications.

Aug 2, 1934 -Aug 2, 1934 - German President German President von Hindenburg dies. von Hindenburg dies. Hitler becomes Hitler becomes FührerFührer..

MausMaus

A memoir about Vladek A memoir about Vladek Spiegleman, a Jewish Spiegleman, a Jewish survivor of Hitler's survivor of Hitler's Europe, and about Europe, and about his son, a cartoonist his son, a cartoonist who tries to come to who tries to come to terms with his terms with his father, his story, and father, his story, and with history itself. with history itself. Cartoon format Cartoon format portrays Jews as portrays Jews as mice and Nazis as mice and Nazis as cats.cats.

19351935

May 21, 1935May 21, 1935 -- Nazis ban Jews Nazis ban Jews from serving in the military.from serving in the military.

Aug 6, 1935Aug 6, 1935 -- Nazis force Jewish Nazis force Jewish performers/artists to join Jewish performers/artists to join Jewish Cultural Unions.Cultural Unions.

Sept 15, 1935 - Sept 15, 1935 - Nuremberg Race Laws against JNuremberg Race Laws against Jews decreed.ews decreed.

19361936

Feb 10, 1936 -Feb 10, 1936 - The German The German Gestapo is placed above the law. Gestapo is placed above the law.

In March -In March - SS Deathshead division is SS Deathshead division is established to guard concentration established to guard concentration camps.camps.

19371937

In Jan -In Jan - Jews are banned from many Jews are banned from many professional occupations including professional occupations including teaching Germans, and from being teaching Germans, and from being accountants or dentists.accountants or dentists.

19381938

March 12/13, 1938 -March 12/13, 1938 - Nazi troops Nazi troops enter Austria, which has a population enter Austria, which has a population of 200,000 Jews, mainly living in of 200,000 Jews, mainly living in Vienna. Vienna. Hitler announces Hitler announces AnschlussAnschluss (union) with Austria. (union) with Austria.

In March - In March - After the Anschluss, the After the Anschluss, the SS is placed in charge of Jewish affairs SS is placed in charge of Jewish affairs in Austria. in Austria. MauthausenMauthausen concentration concentration camp near Linz is established..camp near Linz is established..

April 22, 1938 -April 22, 1938 - Nazis prohibit Nazis prohibit Aryan 'front-ownership' of Jewish Aryan 'front-ownership' of Jewish businesses.businesses.

April 26, 1938 -April 26, 1938 - Nazis order Jews to Nazis order Jews to register wealth and property.register wealth and property.

June 14, 1938 -June 14, 1938 - Nazis order Jewish Nazis order Jewish owned businesses to register.owned businesses to register.

July 6, 1938 -July 6, 1938 - Nazis prohibited Jews Nazis prohibited Jews from trading and providing a variety from trading and providing a variety of specified commercial services.of specified commercial services.

July 23, 1938 -July 23, 1938 - Nazis order Jews over age Nazis order Jews over age 15 to apply for identity cards from the police, 15 to apply for identity cards from the police, to be shown on demand to any police officer.to be shown on demand to any police officer.

July 25, 1938 -July 25, 1938 - Jewish doctors prohibited by Jewish doctors prohibited by law from practicing medicine.law from practicing medicine.

Aug 17, 1938 -Aug 17, 1938 - Nazis require Jewish women Nazis require Jewish women to add Sarah and men to add Israel to their to add Sarah and men to add Israel to their names on all legal documents including names on all legal documents including passports.passports.

Sept 27, 1938 -Sept 27, 1938 - Jews are prohibited Jews are prohibited from all legal practices.from all legal practices.

Oct 5, 1938 -Oct 5, 1938 - Law requires Jewish Law requires Jewish passports to be stamped with a large passports to be stamped with a large red "J."red "J."

Nov 9/10 - Nov 9/10 - KristallnachtKristallnacht - The Night of Broken Glass. - The Night of Broken Glass.

Nov 12, 1938 -Nov 12, 1938 - Nazis fine Jews one Nazis fine Jews one billion marks for damages related to billion marks for damages related to Kristallnacht. Kristallnacht.

Nov 15, 1938 -Nov 15, 1938 - Jewish pupils are Jewish pupils are expelled from all non-Jewish German expelled from all non-Jewish German schools.schools.

Dec 3, 1938 -Dec 3, 1938 - Law for compulsory Law for compulsory Aryanization of all Jewish businesses. Aryanization of all Jewish businesses.

19391939Everyone with a yellow star must hold it up for all to see.Everyone with a yellow star must hold it up for all to see.

Feb 21, 1939 -Feb 21, 1939 - Nazis force Jews to hand Nazis force Jews to hand over all gold and silver items.over all gold and silver items.

March 15/16 -March 15/16 - Nazi troops seize Nazi troops seize Czechoslovakia (Jewish pop. 350,000). Czechoslovakia (Jewish pop. 350,000).

April 30, 1939 -April 30, 1939 - Jews lose rights as Jews lose rights as tenants and are relocated into Jewish tenants and are relocated into Jewish houses.houses.

July 4, 1939 -July 4, 1939 - German Jews denied German Jews denied the right to hold government jobs.the right to hold government jobs.

Sept 1, 1939 -Sept 1, 1939 - Nazis invade Poland Nazis invade Poland (Jewish pop. 3.35 million, the largest (Jewish pop. 3.35 million, the largest in Europe). Beginning of SS activity in in Europe). Beginning of SS activity in Poland. Poland.

Sept 1, 1939 -Sept 1, 1939 - Jews in Germany are Jews in Germany are forbidden to be outdoors after 8 p.m. forbidden to be outdoors after 8 p.m. in winter and 9 p.m. in summer.in winter and 9 p.m. in summer.

Sept 21, 1939 -Sept 21, 1939 - Heydrich issues Heydrich issues instructions to SS instructions to SS Einsatzgruppen Einsatzgruppen (special action squads) (special action squads) in Poland regarding in Poland regarding treatment of Jews, treatment of Jews, stating they are to be stating they are to be gathered into ghettos gathered into ghettos near railroads for the near railroads for the future "final goal." He future "final goal." He also orders a census also orders a census and the establishment and the establishment of Jewish administrative of Jewish administrative councils within the councils within the ghettos to implement ghettos to implement Nazi policies and Nazi policies and decrees.decrees.

Sept 23, 1939 -Sept 23, 1939 - German Jews are forbidden German Jews are forbidden to own wireless (radio) sets.to own wireless (radio) sets.

Sept 29, 1939 -Sept 29, 1939 - Nazis and Soviets divide Nazis and Soviets divide up Poland. Over two million Jews reside in up Poland. Over two million Jews reside in Nazi controlled areas, leaving 1.3 million in Nazi controlled areas, leaving 1.3 million in the Soviet area.the Soviet area.

In Oct - In Oct - Nazis begin euthanasia on sick and diNazis begin euthanasia on sick and disabled in Germany.sabled in Germany.

Oct 12, 1939 -Oct 12, 1939 - Evacuation of Jews from Evacuation of Jews from Vienna. Vienna.

Oct 26, 1939 -Oct 26, 1939 - Forced labor decree Forced labor decree issued for Polish Jews aged 14 to 60.issued for Polish Jews aged 14 to 60.

Nov 23, 1939 -Nov 23, 1939 - Yellow stars Yellow stars required to be worn by Polish Jews required to be worn by Polish Jews over age 10.over age 10.

Four Perfect PebblesFour Perfect Pebbles

A harrowing and moving account of the A harrowing and moving account of the Blumenthal family's struggle to survive the Blumenthal family's struggle to survive the Holocaust. Opening in Bergen-Belsen, the Holocaust. Opening in Bergen-Belsen, the story retraces the events leading up to the story retraces the events leading up to the Blumenthals' imprisonment there. Blumenthals' imprisonment there.

19401940Yellow star number 1 must stand up.Yellow star number 1 must stand up.

Jan 25, 1940 -Jan 25, 1940 - Nazis choose the Nazis choose the town of Oswiecim (Auschwitz) in town of Oswiecim (Auschwitz) in Poland near Krakow as site of new Poland near Krakow as site of new concentration camp.concentration camp.

Feb 12, 1940 -Feb 12, 1940 - First deportation of First deportation of German Jews into occupied Poland.German Jews into occupied Poland.

April 9, 1940 -April 9, 1940 - Nazis invade Nazis invade Denmark (Jewish pop. 8,000) and Denmark (Jewish pop. 8,000) and Norway (Jewish pop. 2,000). Norway (Jewish pop. 2,000).

April 30, 1940 -April 30, 1940 - The Lodz Ghetto in The Lodz Ghetto in occupied Poland is occupied Poland is sealed off from the sealed off from the outside world with outside world with 230,000 Jews 230,000 Jews locked inside.locked inside.

May 10, 1940 -May 10, 1940 - Nazis invade France Nazis invade France (Jewish pop. 350,000), Belgium (Jewish pop. 350,000), Belgium (Jewish pop. 65,000), Holland (Jewish (Jewish pop. 65,000), Holland (Jewish pop. 140,000), and Luxembourg pop. 140,000), and Luxembourg (Jewish pop. 3,500).(Jewish pop. 3,500).

Oct 7, 1940 -Oct 7, 1940 - Nazis invade Romania Nazis invade Romania (Jewish pop. 34,000).(Jewish pop. 34,000).

In Nov -In Nov - The Krakow Ghetto is sealed off contThe Krakow Ghetto is sealed off containing 70,000 Jews.aining 70,000 Jews.

Nov 15, 1940 -Nov 15, 1940 - The The Warsaw Ghetto, Warsaw Ghetto, containing over 400,000 Jews, is containing over 400,000 Jews, is sealed off. sealed off.

19411941Yellow stars 2,3 and 4 must stand up.Yellow stars 2,3 and 4 must stand up.

In Jan -In Jan - A pogrom in Romania results A pogrom in Romania results in over 2,000 Jews killed.in over 2,000 Jews killed.

March 2, 1941 -March 2, 1941 - Nazis occupy Nazis occupy Bulgaria (Jewish pop. 50,000). Bulgaria (Jewish pop. 50,000).

March 7, 1941 -March 7, 1941 - German Jews German Jews ordered into forced labor. ordered into forced labor.

March 26, 1941 - March 26, 1941 - The German The German Army High Command gives approval Army High Command gives approval on on SS murder squadsSS murder squads (Einsatzgruppen) in occupied Poland.(Einsatzgruppen) in occupied Poland.

April 6, 1941 -April 6, 1941 - Nazis invade Nazis invade Yugoslavia (Jewish pop. 75,000) and Yugoslavia (Jewish pop. 75,000) and Greece (Jewish pop. 77,000).Greece (Jewish pop. 77,000).

June 22, 1941 -June 22, 1941 - Nazis invade the Soviet Nazis invade the Soviet Union (Jewish pop. 3 million). Union (Jewish pop. 3 million).

June 29/30 -June 29/30 - Romanian troops conduct a Romanian troops conduct a pogrom against Jews in the town of Jassy, pogrom against Jews in the town of Jassy, killing 10,000.killing 10,000.

Summer -Summer - Himmler tells Auschwitz Himmler tells Auschwitz Kommandant Höss, "The Führer has Kommandant Höss, "The Führer has ordered the Final Solution of the Jewish ordered the Final Solution of the Jewish question. We, the SS, have to carry out question. We, the SS, have to carry out this order...I have therefore chosen this order...I have therefore chosen Auschwitz for this purpose."Auschwitz for this purpose."

In July -In July - As the German Army advances, As the German Army advances, SS SS EinsatzgruppenEinsatzgruppen follow along and conduct follow along and conduct mass murder of Jews in seized lands.mass murder of Jews in seized lands.

In July -In July - Ghettos established at Ghettos established at KovnoKovno, , Minsk, Vitebsk and Zhitomer. Minsk, Vitebsk and Zhitomer.

July 21, 1941 -July 21, 1941 - MajdanekMajdanek cconcentration oncentration camp becomes operational. camp becomes operational.

July 25/26 -July 25/26 - 3,800 Jews killed during a 3,800 Jews killed during a pogrom by Lithuanians in Kovno.pogrom by Lithuanians in Kovno.

July 31, 1941 - July 31, 1941 - GöringGöring instructs instructs HeydrichHeydrich to prepare for Final Solution. to prepare for Final Solution.

In Aug -In Aug - Jews in Romania forced into Transnistria. By Jews in Romania forced into Transnistria. By December, 70,000 perish. December, 70,000 perish.

In Aug -In Aug - Ghettos established at Bialystok and Lvov. Ghettos established at Bialystok and Lvov.

Aug 26, 1941 -Aug 26, 1941 - The Hungarian Army rounds up 18,000 The Hungarian Army rounds up 18,000 Jews at Kamenets-Podolsk.Jews at Kamenets-Podolsk.

Sept 1, 1941 - Sept 1, 1941 - German Jews ordered to wear yellow stars.German Jews ordered to wear yellow stars.

Sept 3, 1941 -Sept 3, 1941 - The first test use of Zyklon-B gas at The first test use of Zyklon-B gas at Auschwitz.Auschwitz.

Sept 6, 1941 -Sept 6, 1941 - The Vilna Ghetto is The Vilna Ghetto is established containing 40,000 Jews.established containing 40,000 Jews.

Sept 17, 1941 -Sept 17, 1941 - Beginning of general deportation of GermBeginning of general deportation of German Jews.an Jews.

Sept 27/28 -Sept 27/28 - 23,000 Jews killed at 23,000 Jews killed at Kamenets-Podolsk, in the Ukraine.Kamenets-Podolsk, in the Ukraine.

Sept 29/30 -Sept 29/30 - SS SS EinsatzgruppenEinsatzgruppen murder 33,771 Jews at murder 33,771 Jews at BabiBabi YarYar near Kiev. near Kiev.

In Oct -In Oct - 35,000 Jews from Odessa 35,000 Jews from Odessa shot.shot.

Oct 23, 1941 -Oct 23, 1941 - Nazis forbid Nazis forbid emigration of Jews from the Reich.emigration of Jews from the Reich.

In Nov - In Nov - SS Einsatzgruppe B reports SS Einsatzgruppe B reports a tally of 45,476 Jews killed.a tally of 45,476 Jews killed.

Nov 24, 1941 -Nov 24, 1941 - Theresienstadt Theresienstadt Ghetto is established in Ghetto is established in Czechoslovakia. The Nazis will use it Czechoslovakia. The Nazis will use it as a model ghetto for propaganda as a model ghetto for propaganda purposes. purposes.

Nov 30, 1941 -Nov 30, 1941 - Near Riga, a mass Near Riga, a mass shooting of Latvian and German Jews.shooting of Latvian and German Jews.

Dec 8, 1941 -Dec 8, 1941 - In occupied Poland, near In occupied Poland, near Lodz, Lodz, ChelmnoChelmno extermination camp extermination camp becomes operational. Jews taken there becomes operational. Jews taken there are placed in mobile gas vans and are placed in mobile gas vans and driven to a burial place while carbon driven to a burial place while carbon monoxide from the engine exhaust is monoxide from the engine exhaust is fed into the sealed rear compartment, fed into the sealed rear compartment, killing them. The first gassing victims killing them. The first gassing victims include 5,000 Gypsies who had been include 5,000 Gypsies who had been deported from the Reich to Lodz. deported from the Reich to Lodz.

Anne Frank: Diary of a Young Anne Frank: Diary of a Young GirlGirl

Forced to remain in hiding from the Nazis for two years; Anne Forced to remain in hiding from the Nazis for two years; Anne kept a diary; lived in a set of rooms at the top of a kept a diary; lived in a set of rooms at the top of a warehouse with her family and other Jews; enjoyed history, warehouse with her family and other Jews; enjoyed history,

movie stars, Greek mythology, cats, writing, and boys.movie stars, Greek mythology, cats, writing, and boys.

19421942Yellow stars 5,6,7,8,9,10,11 and 12 must stand up.Yellow stars 5,6,7,8,9,10,11 and 12 must stand up.

In Jan -In Jan - Mass killings of Jews using Mass killings of Jews using ZyklonZyklon-B-B begin at Auschwitz-Birkenau begin at Auschwitz-Birkenau with the bodies being buried in mass with the bodies being buried in mass graves in a nearby meadow.graves in a nearby meadow.

Jan 20, 1942 -Jan 20, 1942 - WannseeWannsee Conference to coordinate the "Final S Conference to coordinate the "Final Solution."olution."

Jan 31, 1942 -Jan 31, 1942 - SS Einsatzgruppe A SS Einsatzgruppe A reports a tally of 229,052 Jews killed.reports a tally of 229,052 Jews killed.

In March -In March - Belzec extermination camp becomes Belzec extermination camp becomes operational. The camp is fitted with permanent operational. The camp is fitted with permanent gas chambers using carbon monoxide piped in gas chambers using carbon monoxide piped in from engines placed outside the chamber, but will from engines placed outside the chamber, but will later substitute Zyklon-B.later substitute Zyklon-B.

March 17, 1942 -March 17, 1942 - The deportation of Jews from The deportation of Jews from Lublin to Belzec. Lublin to Belzec.

March 24, 1942 -March 24, 1942 - The start of deportation of The start of deportation of Slovak Jews to Auschwitz.Slovak Jews to Auschwitz.

March 27, 1942 -March 27, 1942 - The start of deportation of The start of deportation of French Jews to Auschwitz.French Jews to Auschwitz.

March 28, 1942 -March 28, 1942 - Fritz Sauckel named Chief of Fritz Sauckel named Chief of Manpower to expedite recruitment of slave labor. Manpower to expedite recruitment of slave labor.

March 30, 1942 -March 30, 1942 - First trainloads of Jews from First trainloads of Jews from Paris arrive at Auschwitz.Paris arrive at Auschwitz.

In April -In April - First transports of Jews First transports of Jews arrive at Majdanek.arrive at Majdanek.

April 20, 1942 -April 20, 1942 - German German Jews are Jews are banned from using public banned from using public transportation.transportation.

In May -In May - In occupied Poland, Sobibor In occupied Poland, Sobibor extermination camp becomes extermination camp becomes operational. The camp is fitted with operational. The camp is fitted with three gas chambers using carbon three gas chambers using carbon monoxide piped in from engines, but monoxide piped in from engines, but will later substitute Zyklon-B.will later substitute Zyklon-B.

May 18, 1942 -May 18, 1942 - The New York Times The New York Times reports on an inside page that Nazis reports on an inside page that Nazis have machine-gunned over 100,000 have machine-gunned over 100,000 Jews in the Baltic states, 100,000 in Jews in the Baltic states, 100,000 in Poland and twice as many in western Poland and twice as many in western Russia. Russia.

I Have Lived a Thousand I Have Lived a Thousand YearsYears

A memoir of Elli Friedmann in which she tells about A memoir of Elli Friedmann in which she tells about her experiences at Auschwitz concentration camp her experiences at Auschwitz concentration camp

where she was taken at the age of thirteen in 1944 where she was taken at the age of thirteen in 1944 when the Nazis invaded her native Hungary.when the Nazis invaded her native Hungary.

In June -In June - Gas vans used in Riga. Gas vans used in Riga. June 1, 1942 -June 1, 1942 - Jews in France, Holland, Jews in France, Holland,

Belgium, Croatia, Slovakia, Romania Belgium, Croatia, Slovakia, Romania ordered to wear yellow stars. ordered to wear yellow stars.

June 5, 1942 -June 5, 1942 - SS report 97,000 persons SS report 97,000 persons have been "processed" in mobile gas have been "processed" in mobile gas vans.vans.

June 30, 1942 -June 30, 1942 - At Auschwitz, a At Auschwitz, a second gas chamber, Bunker II (the second gas chamber, Bunker II (the white farmhouse), is made white farmhouse), is made operational at Birkenau due to the operational at Birkenau due to the number of Jews arriving.number of Jews arriving.

July 2, 1942 -July 2, 1942 - Jews from Berlin sent to Jews from Berlin sent to Theresienstadt.Theresienstadt.

July 7, 1942 -July 7, 1942 - Himmler grants permission Himmler grants permission for sterilization experiments at Auschwitz.for sterilization experiments at Auschwitz.

July 14, 1942 -July 14, 1942 - Beginning of deportation of Beginning of deportation of Dutch JewsDutch Jews to Auschwitz. to Auschwitz.

July 16/17 -July 16/17 - 12,887 Jews of Paris are 12,887 Jews of Paris are rounded up and sent to Drancy Internment rounded up and sent to Drancy Internment Camp located outside the city. A total of Camp located outside the city. A total of approximately 74,000 Jews, including approximately 74,000 Jews, including 11,000 children, will eventually be 11,000 children, will eventually be transported from Drancy to Auschwitz, transported from Drancy to Auschwitz, Majdanek and Sobibor.Majdanek and Sobibor.

July 17/18 -July 17/18 - Himmler visits Auschwitz- Himmler visits Auschwitz-Birkenau for two days, inspecting all ongoing Birkenau for two days, inspecting all ongoing construction and expansion, then observes construction and expansion, then observes the extermination process from start to the extermination process from start to finish as two trainloads of Jews arrive from finish as two trainloads of Jews arrive from Holland.Holland.

July 22, 1942 -July 22, 1942 - Beginning of deportations Beginning of deportations from the Warsaw Ghetto to the new from the Warsaw Ghetto to the new extermination camp, Treblinka. Also, extermination camp, Treblinka. Also, beginning of the deportation of Belgian Jews beginning of the deportation of Belgian Jews to Auschwitz. to Auschwitz.

July 23, 1942 -July 23, 1942 - Treblinka extermination camp Treblinka extermination camp opened. The camp is fitted with two buildings opened. The camp is fitted with two buildings containing 10 gas chambers, each holding 200 containing 10 gas chambers, each holding 200 persons. Carbon monoxide gas is piped in from persons. Carbon monoxide gas is piped in from engines placed outside the chamber, but Zyklon-B will engines placed outside the chamber, but Zyklon-B will later be substituted. Bodies are burned in open pits.later be substituted. Bodies are burned in open pits.

In Aug -In Aug - The start of deportations of Croatian Jews to The start of deportations of Croatian Jews to Auschwitz. Auschwitz.

Aug 26-28 -Aug 26-28 - 7,000 Jews arrested in unoccupied 7,000 Jews arrested in unoccupied France. France.

Sept 9, 1942 -Sept 9, 1942 - Open pit burning of Open pit burning of bodies begins at Auschwitz in place bodies begins at Auschwitz in place of burial. of burial.

Sept 18, 1942 -Sept 18, 1942 - Reduction of food Reduction of food rations for Jews in Germany.rations for Jews in Germany.

Oct 5, 1942 -Oct 5, 1942 - Himmler orders all Jews in Himmler orders all Jews in concentration camps in Germany to be concentration camps in Germany to be sent to Auschwitz and Majdanek. sent to Auschwitz and Majdanek.

Oct 5, 1942 -Oct 5, 1942 - A German eyewitness observes SS mass mA German eyewitness observes SS mass murder.urder.

Oct 14, 1942 - Oct 14, 1942 - Mass killing of Jews from Mass killing of Jews from MizoczMizocz Ghetto in the Ukraine. Ghetto in the Ukraine.

Oct 25, 1942 -Oct 25, 1942 - Deportations of Jews from Deportations of Jews from Norway to Auschwitz begin.Norway to Auschwitz begin.

Oct 28, 1942 -Oct 28, 1942 - The first transport from The first transport from Theresienstadt arrives at Auschwitz.Theresienstadt arrives at Auschwitz.

In Nov -In Nov - The mass killing of 170,000 Jews in the The mass killing of 170,000 Jews in the area of Bialystok.area of Bialystok.

Dec 10, 1942 -Dec 10, 1942 - The first transport of Jews from The first transport of Jews from Germany arrives at Auschwitz.Germany arrives at Auschwitz.

In Dec -In Dec - Exterminations at Belzec cease after an Exterminations at Belzec cease after an estimated 600,000 Jews have been murdered. estimated 600,000 Jews have been murdered. The camp is then dismantled, plowed over and The camp is then dismantled, plowed over and planted.planted.

Dec 28, 1942 -Dec 28, 1942 - Sterilization experiments on Sterilization experiments on women at Birkenau begin.women at Birkenau begin.

19431943Yellow star 13 and 14 must stand up.Yellow star 13 and 14 must stand up.

In 1943 -In 1943 - The number of Jews killed The number of Jews killed by SS Einsatzgruppen passes one by SS Einsatzgruppen passes one million. Nazis then use million. Nazis then use special unitsspecial units of of slave laborers to dig up and burn the slave laborers to dig up and burn the bodies to remove all traces.bodies to remove all traces.

Jan 29, 1943 -Jan 29, 1943 - Nazis order all Gypsies Nazis order all Gypsies arrested and sent to extermination arrested and sent to extermination camps.camps.

In Feb -In Feb - Greek Jews are ordered into Greek Jews are ordered into ghettos.ghettos.

Feb 27, 1943 -Feb 27, 1943 - Jews working in Jews working in Berlin armaments industry are sent Berlin armaments industry are sent to Auschwitz.to Auschwitz.

In March -In March - The start of deportations The start of deportations of Jews from Greece to Auschwitz, of Jews from Greece to Auschwitz, lasting until August, totaling 49,900 lasting until August, totaling 49,900 persons.persons.

March 14, 1943 -March 14, 1943 - The Krakow Ghetto is liquidated.The Krakow Ghetto is liquidated.

April 9, 1943 -April 9, 1943 - Exterminations at Exterminations at Chelmno cease. The camp will be Chelmno cease. The camp will be reactivated in the spring of 1944 to reactivated in the spring of 1944 to liquidate ghettos. In all, Chelmno will liquidate ghettos. In all, Chelmno will total 300,000 deaths.total 300,000 deaths.

In May -In May - SS SS Dr. Josef Mengele arrives at Dr. Josef Mengele arrives at Auschwitz.Auschwitz.

May 19, 1943 -May 19, 1943 - Nazis declare Berlin to be Nazis declare Berlin to be JudenfreiJudenfrei (cleansed of Jews). (cleansed of Jews).

June 11, 1943June 11, 1943 -- Himmler orders Himmler orders liquidation of all Jewish ghettos in liquidation of all Jewish ghettos in occupied Poland.occupied Poland.

June 25, 1943 -June 25, 1943 - With four new With four new crematories at Auschwitz have a daily crematories at Auschwitz have a daily capacity of 4,756 bodies.capacity of 4,756 bodies.

Aug 16, 1943 -Aug 16, 1943 - The Bialystok Ghetto is The Bialystok Ghetto is liquidated.liquidated.

In Aug -In Aug - Exterminations cease at Treblinka, after Exterminations cease at Treblinka, after an estimated 870,000 deaths.an estimated 870,000 deaths.

In Sept -In Sept - The Vilna and Minsk Ghettos are The Vilna and Minsk Ghettos are liquidated.liquidated.

Sept 11, 1943 -Sept 11, 1943 - Germans occupy Rome, after Germans occupy Rome, after occupying northern and central Italy, containing occupying northern and central Italy, containing in all about 35,000 Jews. in all about 35,000 Jews.

Sept 11, 1943 -Sept 11, 1943 - Beginning of Jewish family Beginning of Jewish family transports from Theresienstadt to Auschwitz transports from Theresienstadt to Auschwitz

In Oct -In Oct - The Danish Underground The Danish Underground helps transport 7,220 Danish Jews to helps transport 7,220 Danish Jews to safety in safety in Sweden by seaSweden by sea..

Oct 16, 1943 -Oct 16, 1943 - Jews in Rome Jews in Rome rounded up, with over 1,000 sent to rounded up, with over 1,000 sent to Auschwitz.Auschwitz.

In Nov -In Nov - The Riga Ghetto is The Riga Ghetto is liquidated.liquidated.

Nov 3, 1943 -Nov 3, 1943 - Nazis carry out Nazis carry out Operation Harvest Festival in Operation Harvest Festival in occupied Poland, killing 42,000 Jews.occupied Poland, killing 42,000 Jews.

Dec 2, 1943 -Dec 2, 1943 - The first transport of The first transport of Jews from Vienna arrives at Jews from Vienna arrives at Auschwitz.Auschwitz.

Dec 16, 1943 -Dec 16, 1943 - The chief surgeon at The chief surgeon at Auschwitz reports that 106 castration Auschwitz reports that 106 castration operations have been performed.operations have been performed.

19441944Yellow star 15 and 16 must stand up.Yellow star 15 and 16 must stand up.

Jan 25, 1944 -Jan 25, 1944 - Diary entry by Hans Diary entry by Hans Frank, Gauleiter of Poland, concerning Frank, Gauleiter of Poland, concerning the fate of 2.5 million Jews originally the fate of 2.5 million Jews originally under his jurisdiction - "At the present under his jurisdiction - "At the present time we still have in the General time we still have in the General Government perhaps 100,000 Jews.“Government perhaps 100,000 Jews.“

In Feb -In Feb - Eichmann visits Auschwitz. Eichmann visits Auschwitz.

March 19, 1944 - March 19, 1944 - Nazis occupy Hungary Nazis occupy Hungary (Jewish pop. 725,000). Eichmann arrives with (Jewish pop. 725,000). Eichmann arrives with Gestapo "Special Section Commandos." Gestapo "Special Section Commandos."

April 7, 1944 -April 7, 1944 - Two Jewish inmates escape Two Jewish inmates escape from Auschwitz-Birkenau and make it safely from Auschwitz-Birkenau and make it safely to Czechoslovakia. One of them, Rudolf Vrba, to Czechoslovakia. One of them, Rudolf Vrba, submits a report to the Papal Nuncio in submits a report to the Papal Nuncio in Slovakia which is forwarded to the Vatican, Slovakia which is forwarded to the Vatican, received there in mid June.received there in mid June.

April 14, 1944 -April 14, 1944 - First transports of Jews First transports of Jews from Athens to Auschwitz, totaling 5,200 from Athens to Auschwitz, totaling 5,200 persons. persons.

May 8, 1944 -May 8, 1944 - Rudolf Höss returns to Rudolf Höss returns to Auschwitz, ordered by Himmler to oversee Auschwitz, ordered by Himmler to oversee the extermination of Hungarian Jews.the extermination of Hungarian Jews.

May 15, 1944 -May 15, 1944 - Beginning of deportation Beginning of deportation of Jews from Hungary to Auschwitz.of Jews from Hungary to Auschwitz.

May 16, 1944 -May 16, 1944 - Jews from Hungary arrive Jews from Hungary arrive at Auschwitz. at Auschwitz. By May 24, an estimated By May 24, an estimated 100,000 have been gassed. Between May 100,000 have been gassed. Between May 16 and May 31, the SS report collecting 88 16 and May 31, the SS report collecting 88 pounds of gold and white metal from the pounds of gold and white metal from the teeth of those gassed. By the end of June, teeth of those gassed. By the end of June, 381,661 persons - half of the Jews in 381,661 persons - half of the Jews in Hungary - arrive at Auschwitz. Hungary - arrive at Auschwitz.

Summer -Summer - Auschwitz-Birkenau Auschwitz-Birkenau records its highest-ever daily number records its highest-ever daily number of persons gassed and burned at just of persons gassed and burned at just over 9,000. Six huge pits are used to over 9,000. Six huge pits are used to burn bodies, as the number exceeds burn bodies, as the number exceeds the capacity of the crematories.the capacity of the crematories.

July 24, 1944 -July 24, 1944 - Soviet troops Soviet troops liberate first concentration camp at liberate first concentration camp at Majdanek where over 360,000 had Majdanek where over 360,000 had been murdered. been murdered.

Aug 4, 1944 -Aug 4, 1944 - Anne Frank and family arrested by Gestapo Anne Frank and family arrested by Gestapo in Amsterdam, then sent to Auschwitz. Anne and her sister in Amsterdam, then sent to Auschwitz. Anne and her sister Margot are later sent to Bergen-Belsen where Anne dies of Margot are later sent to Bergen-Belsen where Anne dies of typhus on March 15, 1945.typhus on March 15, 1945.

Aug 6, 1944 -Aug 6, 1944 - The last Jewish ghetto in Poland, Lodz, is The last Jewish ghetto in Poland, Lodz, is liquidated with 60,000 Jews sent to Auschwitz.liquidated with 60,000 Jews sent to Auschwitz.

Oct 15, 1944 -Oct 15, 1944 - Nazis seize control of the Hungarian puppet Nazis seize control of the Hungarian puppet government, then resume deporting Jews, which had government, then resume deporting Jews, which had temporarily ceased due to international political pressure to temporarily ceased due to international political pressure to stop Jewish persecutions. stop Jewish persecutions.

Oct 17, 1944 -Oct 17, 1944 - Eichmann arrives in Hungary. Eichmann arrives in Hungary. Oct 28, 1944 -Oct 28, 1944 - The last transport of Jews to be gassed, The last transport of Jews to be gassed,

2,000 from Theresienstadt, arrives at Auschwitz.2,000 from Theresienstadt, arrives at Auschwitz. Oct 30, 1944 -Oct 30, 1944 - Last use of gas chambers at Auschwitz. Last use of gas chambers at Auschwitz.

Nov 8, 1944 -Nov 8, 1944 - Nazis force 25,000 Jews to Nazis force 25,000 Jews to walk over 100 miles in rain and snow from walk over 100 miles in rain and snow from Budapest to the Austrian border, followed Budapest to the Austrian border, followed by a second forced march of 50,000 by a second forced march of 50,000 persons, ending at Mauthausen.persons, ending at Mauthausen.

Nov 25, 1944 -Nov 25, 1944 - Himmler orders the Himmler orders the destruction of the crematories at destruction of the crematories at Auschwitz. Auschwitz.

Late 1944 -Late 1944 - Oskar Schindler saves 1200 Oskar Schindler saves 1200 Jews by moving them from Plaszow labor Jews by moving them from Plaszow labor camp to his hometown of Brunnlitz.camp to his hometown of Brunnlitz.

19451945Yellow star 17 must stand up.Yellow star 17 must stand up.

In 1945 -In 1945 - As the Allies advance, the Nazis conduct As the Allies advance, the Nazis conduct death marchesdeath marches of concentration camp inmates away from outlying areas.of concentration camp inmates away from outlying areas.

Jan 6, 1945 -Jan 6, 1945 - Soviets liberate Budapest, freeing over 80,000 Jews. Soviets liberate Budapest, freeing over 80,000 Jews. Jan 14, 1945 -Jan 14, 1945 - Invasion of eastern Germany by Soviet troops. Invasion of eastern Germany by Soviet troops. Jan 17, 1945 -Jan 17, 1945 - Liberation of Warsaw by the Soviets. Liberation of Warsaw by the Soviets. Jan 18, 1945 -Jan 18, 1945 - Nazis evacuate 66,000 from Auschwitz. Nazis evacuate 66,000 from Auschwitz. Jan 27, 1945 -Jan 27, 1945 - Soviet troops liberate Auschwitz.Soviet troops liberate Auschwitz. By this time, an By this time, an

estimated 2,000,000 persons, including 1,500,000 Jews, have estimated 2,000,000 persons, including 1,500,000 Jews, have been murdered there. been murdered there.

April 4, 1945 -April 4, 1945 - Ohrdruf camp is liberated, later visited by Ohrdruf camp is liberated, later visited by General EisenhowerGeneral Eisenhower..

April 10, 1945 -April 10, 1945 - Allies liberate Buchenwald.Allies liberate Buchenwald. April 15, 1945 -April 15, 1945 - Approximately 40,000 prisoners freed at Approximately 40,000 prisoners freed at

Bergen-BelsenBergen-Belsen by the British, who report "both inside and outside by the British, who report "both inside and outside the huts was a carpet of dead bodies, human excreta, rags and the huts was a carpet of dead bodies, human excreta, rags and filth." filth."

April 23, 1945 -April 23, 1945 - Berlin reached by Soviet troops. Berlin reached by Soviet troops. April 29, 1945 -April 29, 1945 - U.S. 7th Army liberates Dachau.U.S. 7th Army liberates Dachau.

NightNight

Wiesel's account of Wiesel's account of his survival as a his survival as a teenager in the teenager in the Nazi death camps .Nazi death camps .

April 30, 1945 - April 30, 1945 - Hitler commits suicide in his Berlin bunker.Hitler commits suicide in his Berlin bunker.

April 30, 1945 -April 30, 1945 - Americans free 33,000 inmates from Americans free 33,000 inmates from concentration camps. concentration camps.

May 2, 1945 -May 2, 1945 - Theresienstadt taken over by the Red Theresienstadt taken over by the Red Cross.Cross.

May 5, 1945 -May 5, 1945 - MauthausenMauthausen liberated. liberated. May 7, 1945 -May 7, 1945 - Unconditional German surrender signed by Unconditional German surrender signed by

Gen. Jodl at Reims. Gen. Jodl at Reims. May 9, 1945 -May 9, 1945 - Hermann Göring captured by members of Hermann Göring captured by members of

U.S. 7th Army. U.S. 7th Army. May 23, 1945 -May 23, 1945 - SS Reichsführer Himmler commits suicide. SS Reichsführer Himmler commits suicide. Nov 20, 1945 - Nov 20, 1945 -

Opening of the Nuremberg International Military TribOpening of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal.unal.

How They DiedHow They Died

It is estimated that 2 million were killed by the It is estimated that 2 million were killed by the Einsatzgruppen,* 3.3 million in the gas Einsatzgruppen,* 3.3 million in the gas chambers, and about 500,000 died in the chambers, and about 500,000 died in the ghettos of Eastern Europe of hunger, ghettos of Eastern Europe of hunger, disease, and exhaustion, and as victims of disease, and exhaustion, and as victims of random terror and reprisals. See Lucy S. random terror and reprisals. See Lucy S. Davidowicz, Davidowicz, The Holocaust and the Historian The Holocaust and the Historian (1981), pp. 12-13.(1981), pp. 12-13.

**Einsatzgruppen, special duty troops of the SS’s security service and security Einsatzgruppen, special duty troops of the SS’s security service and security police, were assigned to each of the German armies invading the Soviet police, were assigned to each of the German armies invading the Soviet Union. They rounded up the Jews and killed them. The Jews were loaded on Union. They rounded up the Jews and killed them. The Jews were loaded on trucks or marched to remote areas. They were machine gunned into natural trucks or marched to remote areas. They were machine gunned into natural

ravines, antitank trenches or the mass graves they were ordered to dig.ravines, antitank trenches or the mass graves they were ordered to dig.

Death Toll By YearDeath Toll By YearEach person who sat represented 300,000 people who died.Each person who sat represented 300,000 people who died.

1933-19401933-1940 under 100,000under 100,000 19411941 1,100,0001,100,000 19421942 2,700,0002,700,000 19431943 500,000500,000 19441944 600,000600,000 19451945 100,000100,000 TotalTotal 5,100,0005,100,000 (This number is disputed. The actual number could be as high as (This number is disputed. The actual number could be as high as

7.1 million)7.1 million)