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HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was...

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HIV and Viral Hepatitis Brian Montague, DO MS MPH Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases
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Page 1: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

HIV and Viral Hepatitis 

Brian Montague, DO MS MPH Assistant Professor of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases 

Page 2: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Clinical Case 

• 18 year old Ugandan female, no prior medical history presented with 3‐4 week history of increased abdominal girth and RUQ pain.  She has no known hx of hepatitis.  She was anicteric.  Moderate ascites was noted on exam.  Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation.  Hepatitis B surface antigen was positive. Liver ultrasound confirmed presence of ascites, as well as a large mass in the liver. 

Page 3: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Outline 

• Why focus on hepatitis • Burden of disease • Transmission • Prevention • Management of chronic viral hepatitis (B/C) • First steps 

Page 4: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Why Focus on Hepatitis? 

• Liver disease leading cause of mortality amongst persons living with HIV – High rates of coinfection on those with hx of IVDU 

– Acute outbreaks amongst MSM 

– Advancing liver diseases complicates ART selection   

Soriano et al.Antiviral Research 85 (2010) 303–315 

Fig. 1. Estimated number of individuals with HIV, HBV and HCV worldwide 

Page 5: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Why Don’t We Focus on Hepatitis? 

• Challenges discussing substance abuse  

• For HCV: – treatment is long and difficult (and a money losing proposition) 

– Difficulty implementing treatment in typical clinical practice 

• For HBV: – complacency  based on efficacy of ART against HBV – burden of disease is greatest in regions with least capacity to monitor treatment  

Page 6: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

BURDEN OF DISEASE TRANSMISSION AND PREVENTION MANAGING CHRONIC HEPATITIS 

Page 7: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

HIV and Viral Hepatitis 

Hwang and Cheung NAJMS. 2011;4(1):7‐13 http://data.unaids.org/pub/globalreport/2008/2008_globalreport_graphics_presskit_en.pdf 

Page 8: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Disease Priorities: Where is Hepatitis? Recent “Priority” Areas • HIV  • Malaria • TB 

Neglected Tropical Diseases* • Buruli Ulcer • Chagas disease(American trypanosomiasis) • Cysticercosis • Dengue/dengue haemorrhagic fever • Dracunculiasis (guinea‐worm disease) • Echinococcosis • Fascioliasis • Human African trypanosomiasis • Leishmaniasis • Leprosy • Lymphatic filariasis • Onchocerciasis • Rabies • Schistosomiasis • Soil transmitted helminthiasis • Trachoma • Yaws • Podoconiosis • Snakebite • Other 'neglected' conditions: 

  

NCDs • Ischaemic and hypertensive heart disease • Stroke • Rheumatic heart disease • DM • COPD • Cancers • Depression and major psychoses • Road traffic accidents • Maternal and perinatal mortality • Malnutrition • ... 

*WHO 

Page 9: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Liver Disease Associated Mortality 

Lim & Kim. Clinics in Liver Disease 2008; 12(4):L733-746

Page 10: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Trends in Perimortal Diagnoses for Persons with HIV 

Disease  Pre‐HAART 

Early HAART 

Contemporary  HAART 

Septicemia  10.7  12.9  11.6 

Kidney Disease  7.8  9.4  11.7 

Liver Disease (excl viral hepatitis)  4.9  8  10.8 

Viral Hepatitis  1.2  3.4  10.9 

GI Bleed  1.5  2.1  1.8 

Ischemic Cardiac Disease  0.7  0.9  1.9 

• In US, impact is driven primarily by hepatitis C 

Hooshyar.  AIDS. 2007 Oct 1;21(15):2093‐100. 

Page 11: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Do Patients Live Long Enough to Experience Complications? 

Xu. Shanghai Hepatitis Cohort Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2003) 18, 1345–1352 

• Shanghai Hepatitis B Cohort • Mean age of diagnosis 34 without cirrhosis 37.9 with cirrhosis • > 10 years follow‐up 

Events occuring on average in age group 50‐60 years 

Page 12: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Shanghai Hepatitis B Cohort 

Xu. Shanghai Hepatitis Cohort Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2003) 18, 1345–1352 

Page 13: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Hepatitis C 

• Natural History – Approximately 85% of those infected remain chronically infected 

– Median time to cirrhosis 30 years with significant variability based on lifestyle and other factors  

• In most parts of the world infection happening in teens to early adult years based on risk fctors 

  

Page 14: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Survival Impact of Hepatitis C 

Niederau eta l. HEPATOLOGY Vol. 28, No. 6, 1998 

? Slower disease progression in children but studies in this area are sorely lacking 

Page 15: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Increased Rates of Progression with HIV 

Benhamou HEPATOLOGY October 1999 

Page 16: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Geographic Variability 

Asia • Largely vertical transmission 

of Hepatitis B • Iatrogenic transmission of 

Hepatitis C   

Africa • Significant early childhood 

transmission of Hepatitis B • Iatrogenic transmission of 

Hepatitis C  

• Earlier onset of hepatocellular carcinoma – Assoc with environmental 

aflatoxin exposure 

Natural history data from Africa is very limited. 

Page 17: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

BURDEN OF DISEASE 

TRANSMISSION AND PREVENTION MANAGING CHRONIC HEPATITIS 

Page 18: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Transmission of Hepatitis 

• Fecal/Oral – Hepatitis A – Hepatitis E 

• Vertical – Hepatitis B, less commonly D 

• Close Contacts/Sexual – Hepatitis B, D, less commonly C 

• Iatrogenic (injections, transfusions) – Hepatitis B and C  

Sanitation and hygeine 

Page 19: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

WHO Global Database on Blood Safety 

Africa • 95% of African countries were testing 100% of units for HIV • 83% of countries were testing for HBV  • 53% for HCV,  

 • Goal is to have 100% of the blood screened by 2012 for all of these TTI 

markers – Of the 155 countries that reported performing 100% screening for HIV, only 71 

screen in a quality‐assured manner defined as: • laboratories follow documented standard operating procedures  • Employment of an external quality assessment scheme. 

Asia •  In Asia all blood is 100% tested for HIV and HBV (except in Indonesia 

which tests 97%) • HCV testing has not been initiated in all countries 

Page 20: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Screening Strategies 

Vermeulen & Reddy ISBT Science Series (2010) 5, 308–313 

• Serology Positive, NAT negative:  22 samples for HIV,  71 for HBV,  86 for HCV 

• Additional diagnoses by NAT: 84 HIV, 232 HBV, 4 HCV 

Page 21: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Infections Attributable to Unsafe Injections 

 Kane et al.  Bull WHO 199 77(10) 

Page 22: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Vaccination • Hepatitis B 

– Effective vaccine with 3 dose series – Standard and accelerated vaccine schedules – Birth dose vaccine 

 • Limitations 

– Potential reduced efficacy in immunocompromised and ESRD patients – Cold chain – Out of hospital births 

 • In Development 

– Trials double dose vaccine – Vaccines with increased immunogenicity 

Page 23: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Immunogenicity of HepB Vaccine in Patients with HIV 

Parischa et al. BMC Infectious Diseases 2006, 6:65 

•Study of antibody response  to hepatitis B vaccine comparing patients with “high” CD4 count (>200) to low CD4 count (<200).  No protective response noted in any persons with CD4 < 50 

Therapeutic titers defined as > 100 

Page 24: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Vaccines in Development • Hepatitis E 

– No currently approved vaccine – Trial Nepal 2007 showed efficacy in predominantly young male cohort – Chinese vaccine in phase 3 trials 

 • Hepatitis C 

– Genetic diversity and mutability of virus has hindered vaccine development  

• Hepatitis D – Limited study – Given that infection requires preexisting hep B, hep B vaccination 

primary prevention target 

Page 25: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

BURDEN OF DISEASE TRANSMISSION AND PREVENTION 

MANAGING CHRONIC HEPATITIS 

Page 26: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Clinical Case 

• 38 year old HIV + man, diagnosed with hepatitis B 2 years prior.  Patient symptomatic with RUQ pain, no jaundice.  At time of dx, elevation in ALT noted at 146.  Patient started on ART with AZT, 3TC and nevirapine.  ALT improved to 46 at recheck after 1 year and patient experienced some symptomatic improvement.  On f/u today, he has mild RUQ pain, ALT 92. No jaundice.  No stigmata of cirrhosis.  

• What do you do now? 

Page 27: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

AASLD Guidelines: Eag Positive 

Page 28: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

AASLD Guidelines: Eag Negative 

Page 29: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

HIV and Hepatitis B Coinfection 

• Key antiretrovirals have activity against hepatitis B – Lamivudine (resistance mutations emerge after median 18m) 

– Tenofovir use increasing (durable response though breakthroughs may occur)  

• Limited screening, does it change management? – Earlier ART? – Earlier HCC screening? 

Page 30: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Is There a Role for Interferon? 

• HBV genotypes A & B more responsive • May be considered if no indication for HIV treatment  

• As we treat HIV earlier, role for interferon may be reduced 

Page 31: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Monitoring Hep B on HAART • HBV DNA at baseline 

 • Follow‐up HBV DNA until suppression (3m, 6m then q6m) 

 • HCC Screening (ultrasound) 2005 guidelines 

– Subsaharan Africans from age 20 – Asian males >40 females >50 – Caucasians >50 – Cape Verde?  Immigrants from Asia in childhood?  African Americans?  

• Revised criteria based on risk in any given population exceeding threshold.  How do you know?  

Page 32: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Defining Treatment Response 

Page 33: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Adapting for Resource Limited Settings 

• Standard Protocols – ALT monitoring feasible – HBV DNA cost prohibitive and rarely used ($150‐$200) 

– Lamivudine 1st line, but response not durable – Interferon feasible, but monitoring much less strict (and may be more expensive) 

 

Page 34: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Impact of HDV on Outcome HIV/HBV 

Sheng et al. HIV/AIDS • CID 2007:44 

Page 35: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Considerations for Tx HDV 

• 3TC shows little activity against HDV • TDF/FTC may reduce HDV replication somewhat • Interferon, TDF/FTC combinationreported • HDV viral load available for monitoring 

Lau et al. HEPATOLOGY Vol. 30, No. 2, 1999 

Page 36: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Hepatitis C • Criteria for Treatment 

– Detectable HCV RNA – Active inflammation as measured by transaminitis or biopsy 

• Treatment – Pegylated interferon + ribavirin (+/‐ small molecules) 

• Monitoring with treatment – CBC, LFTs monthly – TSH q12 w – HCV RNA baseline, +/‐ 4w, 12w, q12w until tx complete – More frequent lab tests may be necessary if significant cytopenias or 

hepatic inflammation develops 

• Counseling regarding ETOH use, pregnancy risk and ribavirin, etc.  

Page 37: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Monitoring IFN/RBV Treatment 

Page 38: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Risks Associated with Treatment 

• Autoimmune thyroiditis (~15%) • Cytopenias 

– Anemia (RBV) – Thrombocytopenia (IFN) – Neutropenia (IFN) 

• Decompensated Cirrhosis • Depression/Mania • Severe infections 

Page 39: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Adapting for Resource Limited Settings 

• HCV quantitative RNA, if available, is expensive.  Cost $160‐$200. 

• How often will patient be seen? • There are 50 patients behind them in line, how much counseling will they receive? 

• Can they afford the lab tests, much less the medications?  

• Do the risks of treatment outweigh the benefits?   

Page 40: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Hepatitis C Treatment Response 

Page 41: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Treatment Decision Tree HIV/Hep C 

V. Soriano et al. / Antiviral Research 85 (2010) 303–315 

Page 42: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Impact of HIV Response to Tx 

V. Soriano et al. / Antiviral Research 85 (2010) 303–315 

Page 43: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Anticipating Small Molecules 

Seden et al. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65: 1079–1085 

• Concern for interactions regarding boceprevir/telaprevir and Pis, NNRTIs, Maraviroc 

• May provide rationale for early treatment with deferred ART if cases identified early enough 

Page 44: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Considerations for ART in Cirrhotics 

• Abacavir CP 5‐6 dose adjust >6 contraindicated 

• Nevirapine contraindicated • Fosamprenavir only PI not contraindicated with advanced cirrhosis 

Page 45: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

Clinical Case 

• 18 year old female, biopsy was performed, pathology showed HCC 

• Palliative care team in hospital visited the patient and gave support 

• She was discharged home without further treatment 

Page 46: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

One Step at a Time Strategies • Blood bank safety • Safe injection technologies  • Education to family contacts regarding transmissability of 

Hep B and Hep C • Counsel patients regarding ETOH and herbal medicine use • Maternal screening for Hep B and birth dose vaccine 

– Monovalent vaccine for household contacts +/‐ with prescreening 

• Targeting tenofovir roll out where supplies are limited to those who are HBV positive  

Prevention is Key!  

Page 47: HIV and Viral Hepatitis - WordPress.com · anicteric. Moderate ascites was noted on exam. Liver was grossly enlarged with marked firmness on palpation. Hepatitis B surface antigen

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