HKDSE BIOLOGY – a modern approach (Combined Science) · 2013. 11. 1. · Preface HKDSE BIOLOGY...

HKDSE BIOLOGY – a modern approach (Combined Science) Amendment Booklet (2013)

© 2013 Aristo Educational Press Ltd.12-14/F Lok’s Industrial Building,204 Tsat Tsz Mui Road,North Point,Hong Kong.Tel.: 2811 2908Fax: 2565 6626Website: http://www.aristo.com.hk

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This publication shall not be distributed in any other binding or cover. All persons acquiring this publication shall observe and be bound by the above conditions.

First published November, 2013

Preface

HKDSE BIOLOGY – a modern approach (Combined Science) Amendment Booklet (2013) is written in response to the Supplementary Document (2012) jointly prepared by the Curriculum Development Council and the Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority, which is applicable for Combined Science (Biology) Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE) Examination in year 2014 and year 2015.

Based on the Supplementary Document, there are some necessary amendments to the textbooks. These amendments can be divided into three categories:

1. Extension — parts that are listed as ‘not the learning and assessment focus’.

2. Revised content — rewritten content according to the requirements mentioned in the recommendations.

3. Supplement — additional content that enhances understanding of concept and knowledge.

This booklet serves as a reference for teachers and students. It is important that teachers implement the curriculum based on your professional judgement and by considering students’ interests and abilities.

The authors November 2013

Book 1 Cells and Molecules of Life 1

Book 2A Organisms and Environment I (no amendment)

Book 2B Organisms and Environment II 6

Book 3 Health and Diseases 8

Book 4 Genetics and Evolution 10

Content

Book 1 Cells and Molecules of Life

Amendment Booklet (2013)

© 2013 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2

HKDSE Biology — a modern approach (Combined Science) 1 Cells and Molecules of Life

Chapter 2 Molecules of life

Page Category Details

31 Extension Table 2.3

Structural differences of starch, glycogen and cellulose

Chapter 4 Movement of substances across membranes


109 Extension Section 4.4B

Detailed mechanism of active transport

Chapter 5 Cell cycle and cell division


130-131 Extension Section 5.3

Details of cell cycle

138-139 Revised content Figure 5.13

Refer to p.5 of this booklet

Revised content Figure 5.13 Caption

'(c) Chromosomes continue to shorten and thicken. The nuclear membrane breaks down. Each chromosome is now visible as two chromatids.' Members of a homologous pair exchange genetic material with each other in a process called crossing over.

141 Revised content Last paragraph

'In the above activity, ... new genetic combinations are possible!'

The exchange of genetic materials between segments of homologous chromosomes (i.e. process of crossing over) during the first division of meiosis also increases the genetic variety of the gametes.

142 Revised content Diagram in Summary

Refer to p.6 of this booklet




Chapter 6 Metabolism and enzymes


166-168 Extension Section 6.5C

Modes and mechanism of enzyme inhibition

169 Extension Summary

'How is the rate of enzyme reactions affected by inhibitors? Competitive inhibitors compete with ... prevent substrates

from binding there.'

173 Extension Important words to learn

'competitive inhibitors'

'non-competitive inhibitors'

175 Extension Concept map

'competitive inhibitors'

'non-competitive inhibitors'

177 Extension Check your progress

Section 6.5

A. Multiple choice Q4

178 Extension Revision exercise


181 Extension Public examination questions





Meiosis I

Figure 5.13 Stages of meiosis (For simplicity, only four chromosomes appear in each cell in the drawings.)

(c) Chromosomes continue to shorten and thicken. The nuclear membrane breaks down. Each chromosome is now visible as two chromatids. Members of a homologous pair exchange genetic material with each other in a process called crossing over.

sites of crossing over

(b) Homologous chromosomes pair up.

a pair of homologous chromosomes

(a) Chromosomes shorten and become visible.

cytoplasm

nuclear membrane

chromosomes

(e) Spindle fibres contract and pull the homologous chromosomes apart. Members of each pair go to opposite poles. The cytoplasm starts to divide.

(d) Homologous chromosomes pair up in the middle of the cell, attaching to spindle fibres at their centromeres.

spindle fibre

(f) A new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes.

new nuclear membranes

(i) Spindle fibres contract and the chromatids separate at their centromeres and move to opposite poles. The cytoplasm starts to divide.

(j) A new nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes. There are now four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

(h) The spindle fibres form at right angles to the plane of the 1st division. Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cells, attaching to new spindle fibres by their centromeres.

spindle fibre

(g) The nuclear membranes break down.

Meiosis II

Revised content in Book 1, p.138-139Figure 5.13




Mitosis

duplicated chromosome (two chromatids)

chromosome duplication

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell (no homologous pairing)

homologous chromosomes pair up in the middle

homologous chromosomes separate (chromatids remain together)

chromosome duplication

diploid2n = 4

haploidn = 2

chromatids separate

2n 2n

n n n n

daughter cells formed by mitosis

pairing of homologous chromosomes

parent cell(before chromosome duplication) Meiosis

Meiosis I

daughter cells formed by meiosis

Meiosis II(no further chromosome duplication; chromatids separate)

Revised content in Book 1, p.142Diagram in Summary

Book 2B

Organisms and Environment II



HKDSE Biology — a modern approach (Combined Science) 2B Organisms and Environment II

Chapter 12 Stimuli, receptors and responses


42-44 Extension Section 12.9B

Mechanism of hearing

Book 3 Health and Diseases



HKDSE Biology — a modern approach (Combined Science) 3 Health and Diseases

Chapter 16 Personal health and diseases


12 Extension Section 16.2E

2. Alcohol abuse

Detail effects of alcohol on health

13-14 Extension Section 16.2E

3. Drug abuse

Detail effects of drug on health

Book 4 Genetics and Evolution



HKDSE Biology — a modern approach (Combined Science) 4 Genetics and Evolution

Chapter 17 Basic genetics


18 Extension Further reading

Linkage

24 Extension Last paragraph

Co-dominance

39 Extension Important words to learn

'codominance'

'codominant allele'

Chapter 18 Molecular genetics


56 Supplement Section 18.2A

Recombinant DNA technology

Refer to p.12-13 of this booklet

cont'd




Supplement to Book 4, p.56Recombinant DNA technology

Recombinant DNA technology refers to the techniques that combine DNA molecules of different

sources. A fragment of DNA from a donor cell or organism is isolated and inserted into the DNA

molecule of another cell or organism of the same, or a different, species. The resulting DNA which

contains a new combination of genes from two different organisms is called recombinant DNA.

Recombinant DNA technology basically involves the joining of different DNA molecules together.

A fragment of donor DNA containing a target gene is isolated, and is inserted into another

DNA molecule called a vector. The vector is used to transfer the target gene to a host cell. The

most commonly used vectors are plasmids. These are small rings of DNA found in bacteria.

They separate from the bacterial chromosome and are smaller than it. Plasmids can replicate

independently of the main chromosome and are transferred naturally between bacteria.

Figure S23.1 Plasmids of a bacterium

There are a number of methods to obtain the DNA containing the target gene. Directly cutting

out the target gene from donor DNA by restriction enzyme is one of the methods. The basic steps

of recombinant DNA technology using restriction enzyme are outlined below.

1. Obtaining the DNA containing the target gene

The DNA containing the target gene is obtained from the donor cell. The donor cell is a

nucleated cell that comes from biological tissues.

0.001mm

�Electronic micrograph of a plasmid (x20,000)

bacterial chromosome

plasmid




2. Cutting the DNA and the plasmid with a restriction enzyme

The donor DNA is cut by a restriction enzyme (e.g. restriction endonuclease), which can cut

DNA at certain specific base sequences. The cut ends of the DNA fragment have ‘sticky ends’

(exposed unpaired bases) that can pair with complementary bases on any other DNA strand.

A plasmid is extracted from a bacterial cell and cut open with the same restriction enzyme, so

that it has the same complementary sticky ends as the DNA fragment containing the target

gene.

3. Inserting the target gene into the vector

The target gene is inserted into the vector using an enzyme called DNA ligase, which joins

the two DNA molecules together by their sticky ends. The process is called ligation and a

recombinant DNA is formed.

Figure S23.2 The basic steps of recombinant DNA technology

donor cell bacterium

plasmid

plasmid

open plasmid

sticky ends

bacterial chromosome

target gene

restriction enzyme

target gene

recombinant DNA

sticky ends

DNA containing the target gene

Obtain DNA containing the target gene.

Cut donor DNA and the plasmid using the same restriction enzyme.

Insert the target gene into the plasmid using DNA ligase.

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HKDSE BIOLOGY – a modern approach (Combined Science) · 2013. 11. 1. · Preface HKDSE BIOLOGY...

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