HālawaValleyMālama‘Āina©

TheStewardsofHālawaValley©

ByNicholasTanaka

PlanB.ProjectforM.A.inHawaiianStudies

UniversityofHawai‘iatMānoa

2009

ii

iii

2009©byNicholasTanaka.AllRightsReserved.

iv

DedicationandMahalo

IamdedicatingthisprojecttoIrene

(Marciel)MurakamiandKenKamakea,twokānaka

whoseinfluenceonmehasbeenimmeasurable.

Maybothofyouwatchoverme,maikeao

polohiwaaKāneaikapōkupu‘aumakua.

Formymahalo,Ihavepeoplefrom

differentareasofmylife,andallareimportantto

whoIam.MahalotoSeanPuahiChunforhelping

meafterthepassingofKenKamakea.Mahaloto

thelateKanaluYoungforhelpingmegetintothe

M.A.programatHawaiianStudies,andforhis

adviceandinsight.MahalototheKāne‘Ohanafor

theirwarmthandsupport.Mahalonuiiā‘oe,e

HenoheanāpuaikawaokeleKānenokoumālama

mau‘anamaiia‘uamekekāko‘o‘anaokēiawahi

mea.MahalotoAuntyPualaniKauila,for

everything.MahalotoAuntyAprilDrexelfor

leadingmetothisasmyM.A.topic,andtotherest

oftheKamakakūokalanifacultyforputtingupwith

v

me.MahalotoUllaHassagerforintroducingmeto

HālawaValley.FinallymahalonuiloatoUncle

“Boots”MatthewsandAunty“Sweets”Matthews

fortheiryearsofselflessworkinHālawa,andfor

allthatIhavelearnedfromthebothofyou.

vi

Impetus

HālawaValleyO‘ahu,thesiteofanother

battlebetweencultureandprogressduringthe

early1990’sspurredasmallbutdedicatedgroupof

kānakatotakeastand.Thisstandwasoneof

many,andoutofitcameagroupnowcalledNā

KūpunaAMeNāKāko‘o.Theyarethesurvivors,nā

meakūpa‘a,thesteadfast;theyaretheoneswho

continueto“occupy”1Hālawa.Ithasnowgone

beyondoccupationandintoanewdirectionof

growth,restorationandrevitalizationasitisan

areaalmostlosttobulldozersandconcrete.This

documentisintendedtohonortheirperpetual

workofcaringfortheculturalsitesand‘āinaofour

kūpuna.ThisisagiftfortheHālawaValleyMālama

‘Āina,TheStewardsofHālawaValley.

1AtermusedregularlybyKūpunaSweetswhentalkingaboutHālawa.SeeInterviewonpages33-46.

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TableofContents

DedicationandMahalo..........................................iv

Impetus...................................................................vi

TableofContents..................................................vii

Preface....................................................................1

IntroductiontotheHistoryofHālawa....................2

CharacteristicsoftheValley...............................4

ProminenceofHinaandKū................................6

ManōConnections.............................................8

Mo‘oConnections..............................................9

Ali‘iLandTenureforHālawa............................10

LandCondemnedforH-3Construction............14

TimelinetotheStruggle.......................................17

1960..................................................................18

1963..................................................................18

1966..................................................................18

1970..................................................................18

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1972..................................................................19

1973..................................................................20

1974..................................................................20

1976..................................................................21

1980..................................................................22

1982..................................................................22

1983..................................................................23

1987..................................................................26

1992..................................................................26

1993..................................................................27

May12,1997(Mother’sDay)...........................28

December12,1997..........................................29

AftermathoftheH-3Construction......................30

InterviewwithKūpunaSweets.............................34

Hālawa:Presentandfuture..................................48

AppendixA...........................................................55

AppendixB...........................................................58

ix

AppendixC...........................................................59

Bibliography..........................................................61

1

Preface

Thisbookletistofulfillmyproject

requirementforaPlanB,tograduatefromthe

MasterofArtsProgramintheHawaiianStudies

DepartmentoftheUniversityofHawai‘iatMānoa.

ItistobeusedbyNāKūpunaAMeNāKāko‘oo

Hālawa.Itcanbeusedasaresourceandgivento

interestedpartiesforthepurposeofeducation,

partnerships,andtosecurefundingforHālawa.

ThisbookletcontainsabriefhistoryofHālawawith

someinformationonlandtenure,aswellassome

contemporaryinformationpertainingtothe

constructionoftheH-3anditscontroversy.It

documentstheexperienceofonememberofNā

KūpunaAMeNāKāko‘ooHālawa,andendswitha

summaryoffutureplansforHālawa.Thisbooklet

focusesonNāKupunaAMeNāKāko‘ooHālawa

becausetheyaretheoneswhoarethestewardsof

thevalleytoday.

2

IntroductiontotheHistoryofHālawa

AcomprehensivehistoryofHālawa,O‘ahu

hasbeencoveredinnumeroustexts.Such

resourcesareusedhereforclarificationpurposes.

Itisknownthatthereisaluakini,andanumberof

culturalitemsthroughoutthecomplexontheHale

MuaandtheHaleoPapa.2Itisimportanttonote

thatsomespecificdetailsarenotknownaboutthe

heiaucomplex.Immediateexamplesincludethe

exactnameoftheheiau,andthevariousali‘iwho

mayhavebeenbornatthesite.Adirectlinktothis

areasomewhatlacksinthemo‘olelo.Thesepoints

aremadequiteclearintheopeningoftheBishop

Museum’sTechnicalReport7,1995.3

Acombinationoftheexplanationsprovided

throughoutthetechnicalreportsupportthe

reasonsforthelackofinformationonHālawa

valleyanditsheiaucomplex.Thoseprimary2The“complex”referstotheluakini,HaleMua,andHaleoPapa.3Klieger.1995.viii-xii.

3

reasonsinclude:theneartotaldestructionofthe

Nanaululineageduringinterislandwarfarethat

resultedinobscuringtheregionalhistory;the

increaseinthearrivalofforeignersstartinginthe

late1700’s;andthewelldocumentedpopulation

collapsethatfollowed.Thesecombinedreasons

severelyreducedregionalinformants,andthelack

ofhistoricalwritingfocusingontheHālawa

ahupua‘aingeneral.4Allofthesefactorshave

renderedplaceslikeHālawawithlesshistorical

informationthanothermorewellknownand

documentedareas.Nonetheless,thereisa

reasonableamountofcontemporaryinformation

aboutHālawavalley.TheconstructionoftheH-3

freewayrequiredseveralstudiesonthisahupua‘a.

Howeverinretrospect,ithasheavilycontributedto

4ThewellknownHawaiianhistoriansofthenineteenthcentury—JohnPapa‘Ī‘ī,SamuelM.Kamakau,DavidMalo—havelimitedaccountsreferringtoHālawa,O‘ahu.Thereisalikelihoodthatoralmo‘olelofromresidentialinformantswithinthevalleycouldhavebeenrelevantsourcespriortothesewriters.

4

thedestructionofculturalsitesandnatural

resourcesthatwouldotherwisehavesurvived.

CharacteristicsoftheValley5

AswithallplacesthroughoutKaPae‘Āinao

Hawai‘i(Hawaiianarchipelago),theHālawa

ahupua‘acontainsmanycharacteristics.Although

thisprojectintendstofocusonthemaukaportion

ofHālawa,itisimportanttorememberthatan

ahupua‘afunctionsasanentirespacefor

interchangingresourcesextendingfrommaukato

makai.Therefore,itisessentialtotransferthis

culturalpracticeintoaresearchmethodologyby

presentingdifferentmo‘olelotoconnectand

correlateakua,‘aumākua,andkānakatoHālawa.

Hālawahasagreatamountofnatural

resources.ItsmakaiareaisconnectedtoPu‘uloa

whichservesasarichsource,evenmoresoin

earliertimes.Severalfishpondsintheareaserve

5ThefollowingsubsectionsareorderedinaHawaiianmannerwithAkua,‘Aumākua,thenAli‘i.

5

asatestamenttoitsvastoceanresources,priorto

thedevelopmentofPearlHarborandother

industrialcompounds.6Thetwomainrivers--

KamanaikiandKamananui--thatrunthrough

HālawabothemptyintoPu‘uloa.Theserivers

wouldhavesupportedmanyagriculturalterraces

withlifesustainingfreshwater.Someofthe

structuralfeaturesoftheseterracesarestillvisible

whentravelingthroughthevalleybeyondthe

currentHālawacomplex.

Therearetwootherheiauthatare

mentionedinmultiplesourcesreferencingthe

Hālawaahupua‘anamedWaikahiandWaipao.The

appearanceofWaiinbothtemplenamessignifies

thepresenceofabundantfreshwater.Sadlythe

abundantwaterisrarelyseentoday,exceptfor

occasionalflowsfromKamanaikiandKamananui.

Animpressiveamountofinformation

pertainingtothemakairegionofHālawaexists

6Klieger.1995.Pg.2.

6

becauseofthesevaluableresources.

Comparatively,themaukaregionhasless

publishedandreadilyaccessibleinformation.This

isnottosaythatthemaukaregionisanyless

valuable.Itiswhereseveralheiauarelocated,and

hostsalargeselectionofnativeplants—manythat

providemedicinalvalue.Asignificantamountof

lo‘iandmālaforkaloproductionaddstothe

wealthoftheagriculturaldevelopmentand

necessityforthisahupua‘a.However,itissadthat

incurrenttimethemaukaregionisusedfor

cementproduction,industrialbusinesses,and

housesacorrectionalfacility.Thesomewhat

centralizedlocationoftheseplacesmayhinder

futureindustrialuseanddevelopments.

ProminenceofHinaandKū7

NumerousfishpondsinPu‘uloasuggestthat

anabundanceofmakairesourcesneededtobe

7Hina(afemaleakua)isplacedbeforeKū(amaleakua)duetoherprominentdomainandthelocationofculturalitemsontheHaleoPapa(thewomen’sareaoftheheiaucomplex).

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protectedbyappropriateakua.8Severalfishing

markers--ko‘aorahu--andotherculturalitems

maintainthepresenceofrelevantakuainthe

makaiportionofHālawa.Onenotablesiteis

Kapākule,astonefishtrapatthemouthof

Pu‘uloa.9Thereisdocumentationoftwoki‘iakua

representingHinaandKū‘ulaatthisplace.10

Threerelatedki‘iakuaareevidentwithin

theHālawacomplex.Aki‘iakuaofHinasitsnear

severalpōhakuwithKūaboutthirtyyardsmauka,

andKū‘ulaabout30yardsmakaiontheHaleo

Papa.11TheprominenceoftheakuaHinaandKū

throughouttheHālawaahupua‘ahighlightsthe

importanceofmaukaandmakaiinterrelationships.

8FishpondslikeotherimportantHawaiianplaceshaveakuathatprotectthearea,andtheircaretakers.9KāneandKanaloaarerecognizedasthebuildersofthefishpond,butarenottheakuawhowatchoverit.10Sterling.1978.Pg42.11SeeAppendixAforphotographsofthese3pōhaku.Therearemanymorepōhakuinthevalley.Forthosewhoareinterested,itisrecommendedthattheyvisitthesiteinperson.

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ManōConnections

NearthepōhakurepresentationofHinaisa

ki‘iofamanō.Thismanōisfacingmakaisimilarto

therestoftheki‘ifoundwithinthecomplex.Its

directionalpositionsupportsthemaukatomakai

interconnections.Theki‘iseemstobeclosely

relatedtothreewell-knownmanō--Ka‘ahupāhau,

Kahi‘ukā,andKūpipi--ofthemakaiportionof

HālawaatPu‘uloa.

Thereisagoodmo‘olelorecalledby

HawaiianscholarMaryKawenaPuku‘ithattalks

aboutKa‘ahupāhauastheprotectorofthepeople

of‘EwaandPu‘uloa.Oneinterestingpartiswhen

shereferstothedrydockthatwasbuiltrightover

thehomeofKūpipi,thesonofKa‘ahupāhau,and

howitlatercollapsedintothesea.12Thestriking

evidence,especiallytothosewhodonotentertain

theideathatmuchHawaiianmo‘oleloisbasedon

fact(asaremostlegendsofearlyhistory),isthata

12Sterling.1978.Pg55.

9

14footlongcartilaginousspineofasharkwas

foundunderneaththewreckageofthedock.13

Mo‘oConnections

Anotherinterestingfeatureinthemauka

portionofHālawaisaki‘iofawahinewithafaint

renderingofamo‘oontheoppositesideofthe

pōhakudepictingthemanō.Onceagain,wecan

turntothemakaiportionofHālawaforamo‘olelo

aboutKānekua‘ana(themo‘o)anduseitto

connecttothemaukasiteoftheheiaucomplex.

Kānekua‘anawastheprotectorforthemokuof

‘Ewa.14

Thereisanotherun-namedmo‘o

mentionedforthisareawhowatchedoverLeilono

andNapehā.15Napehāisapoolofwateronthe

HālawasideofKapūkakī,whileLeilonoisonthe

Moanaluaside.Thismo‘ocouldpossiblybetheone

thatisfoundonthepōhakuattheHālawa

13Kleiger.1995.Pg11.14Kamakau.1964.Pg83.15Kamakau.1991.Pg48.

10

complex.Thisparticularmo‘owouldhavebeen

veryimportantasLeilonoisaplacefordeadsouls

andHawaiianswouldhavebeenverycarefulofthis

area.

Ali‘iLandTenureforHālawa

Thelandtenurehistoryisalittlecloudyas

therearenowrittendocumentstofollowpriorto

themaheleof1848.Themahelerecordsdo

providemorereferencessincethattimeasfaras

landtenureandownershipisconcerned.

TheearliestmentionofHālawainhistoryis

whenMō‘īkeha,thegrandsonofMaweke,brings

andplants‘awa.16Thisisquiteimportantas‘awa

playsahugeroleinthereligiousandcultural

structureofHawai‘i.ThefactthatMō‘īkehawasa

highrankingali‘isupportstheprobabilitythathe

heldsomeswayoverthearea,especiallywhen

16Fornander.1916-1920.Pg.608.

11

consideringthepointthathisfatherKeaunuiwas

creditedwithworkinthePu‘uloaarea.17

FromMō‘īkehatoKamehamehaI,itis

possibletotracethesuccessionofrulingali‘iwho

maintainedinfluenceoverHālawa.18Hereisabrief

listofpertinentali‘i:

Mō‘īkeha

Ho‘okamali‘I–SonofMō‘īkeha

Kahai–SonofHo‘okamali‘i

Kuolono–SonofKahai

Lauli-a-La‘a–marriesMa‘elo(daughterofKuolono)

Kahuoi–SonofLauli-a-La‘a

PuaaKahuoi–SonofKahuoi

Mā‘ilikūkahi–SonofPuaaKahuoi

17Fornander.1969:vol2.Pg.48.18Manyeventstranspiredwhichcausedchangesinali‘ileadershipandcanberesearchedinmultipletexts.Explicithistoricaldetailswillnotbecoveredinthisdocument.

12

Kalona–SonofMā‘ilikūkahi

Piliwale–SonofKalona

Kūkaniloko–DaughterofPiliwale

Kalaimanuia–DaughterofKūkaniloko

Ka‘ihikapu-a-Manuia–SonofKalaimanuia

Kakuhihewa–SonofKa‘ihikapu-a-Manuia

Kānekapu-a-Kakuhihewa–SonofKakuhihewa

Kaho‘owahaokalani–SonofKānekapu-a-

Kakuhihewa

Kauakahi-a-Kaho‘owaha–Sonof

Kaho‘owahaokalani

Kuali‘i–SonofKauakahi-a-Kaho‘owaha

Peleioholani–SonofKuali‘i

Kūmahana–SonofPeleioholani,deposedbya

councilofO‘ahuali‘i

13

Alapa‘inui–InvadesO‘ahu19

Kahahana–SonofPeleioholani,selectedtorule

O‘ahuafterdeposingKūmahana

Kahekilinui‘ahumanu–TakesO‘ahufromKahahana

byforce

Kalanikūpule–SonofKahekilinui‘ahumanu

KamehamehaI–TakesO‘ahubyforce

Whiletheseali‘inuiheldbroadcontrolover

theisland,directsupervisionofanahupua‘a(like

Hālawa)wouldbeconductedbylowerranking

ali‘i.20

Itshouldbenotedthattheinterislandwar

betweenKahekilinui‘ahumanuandtherulingali‘iof

19Alapa‘inuiinvadedO‘ahuduringthistimeandmadelandfallintheKāne‘ohearea,butthroughdiplomaticmeanswentnofurther.Kamakau1961.pg71-7220Theremaybeotheraccountsfrom‘ohanathatmayhaveresidedinthevalley,butarelikelykeptwithinthe‘ohanaandarenotaccessiblewithoutknowingthefamily.

14

‘Ewaresultedinthelatter’sdecimation.21This

decimationseverelyimpactedtheNanaululineal

descendantswhohailedfromthe‘Ewadistrict.

Withtheunificationofthearchipelagoby

KamehamehaI,Hālawawassplitandawardedto

histwohaolemilitaryadvisors,JohnYoungand

IsaacDavis.22TheshiftinlandtenurefromYoung

andDavisthroughthemostrecentowners—

BishopandQueenEmmaEstates—revealthe

parcelingofdifferentlandsections.23Someof

theselandswouldbecondemnedforthe

constructionoftheH-3freeway.

LandCondemnedforH-3Construction

TheentireHālawavalleywasnottakenfor

useintheH-3project.TheconstructionoftheH-3

freewaybrutallydestroyedmanyculturalsites,

21Kamakau.1961.Pg138.22Klieger.1995.Pg.36.23Itisnotwithinthescopeofthisdocumenttorepresentthedetailsofspecificlandtitleresearch.However,abrieftableforLandCommissionAwardsforHālawaisprovidedinAppendixBofthistext.AlsorefertoKlieger(1995)forcomprehensivelandtenurecoverage.

15

artifacts,andresourcesthatcanneverbereplaced

orrestoredtotheiroriginalstate,orregainits

usablecondition.Thecondemnationoflandwas

notunfamiliar.Thefederalgovernmenttookthe

islandofKaho‘olawefortheirownselfish

intentions,andwiththepromiseofreturningthe

islandtoausablecondition,theysimplyfailed.

In2003,Kaho‘olawewasreturnedtostate

controltobeheldintrustforasovereignHawaiian

governingentity.24Theislandhasnotbeen

restoredtoitsoriginal,usable,orhabitable

condition.Currently,thereremainsunexploded

ordnanceinthewaterssurroundingit,andinthe

earthandstrataoftheisland.Theutterdestruction

oftheisland’swatertablehasleftitcompletely

uninhabitable.Theimpacttotheislandof

Kaho‘olaweservesasacriticalturningpointinthe

HawaiianRenaissance,andaprecursortotheH-3

24http://kahoolawe.hawaii.gov/aboutkirc-overview.shtml

16

project.ThisisthefoundationfortheHālawa

struggle.

17

TimelinetotheStruggle

TheH-3isknownastheGovernorJohnA.

Burnsfreeway.Itisaninterstate,intrastateand

intra-islandfreeway.Itisusedtoserviceground

transportbetweenmilitaryinstallationssimilarto

thefunctionoftheH-1andH-2freeways.TheH-3

carriestheinterstatedesignationduetoitsFederal

fundingcomponent,anditisusedastheprimary

connectorbetweenKāne‘oheMarineCoreand

PearlHarborNavalBases.FormerDepartmentof

TransportationChiefTetsuoHaranoisthe

namesakeofthetunnels.Thefreewaypasses

throughHālawavalley,butwasnotoriginally

plannedinthiscorridor.

18

1960

TheplanfortheH-3startedin1960,andits

constructionwasauthorizedbythestatehoodact

inthesamemannerastheH-1andH-2freeways.25

1963

Planningbeganfortheroutingofthe

freewayfollowedbyprotestsandcriticism.26

1966

H-3designplanatthisstagehadthetrans-

Ko‘olauroutethroughMoanalua.

1970

Itseemsasthoughfromitsinceptionthat

thefreewaywascontroversial,asitsoriginalcourse

throughMoanalua,aswellasotherareaswas

heavilyopposed.Themainsourceofoppositionas

toitscoursethroughMoanaluawasfromthe

Damonestateandthepeoplelivingintheareaat25http://archives.starbulletin.com/97/12/03/news/story2.html26http://archives.starbulletin.com/97/12/03/news/story2.html

19

thetime,whichledtothecreationofMoanalua

GardensFoundationin1970.Theirmain

contentionwastopreservetheculturalandnatural

resourcesofthearea.27Itwasalsointhisyearthat

theEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)

requiredanEnvironmentalImpactStatement(EIS)

forfederallyfundedconstructionprojectslikethe

H-3.28

1972

StopH-3Associationbeganitslongbattle

againsttheconstructionprojectseekingtwo

injunctions:onechallengingtheEPArequirements

(asitwasnotfulfilled);andsecondthattheproject

didnotcomplywithsection4(f)oftheDepartment

ofTransportaion(DOT)actof1966.29Thissecond

27http://www.mgf-hawaii.com/28http://www.epa.gov/oecaerth/basics/nepa.html29StopH-3Ass'nv.Volpe,349F.Supp.1047(D.Hawaii1972);StopH-3Ass'nv.Volpe,353F.Supp.14(D.Hawaii1972)

20

challengewasbasedonthesignificanceofPōhaku

LuahineandMoanaluaValley.30

1973

In1973MoanaluaGardensFoundation

submittedpaperworktohaveMoanaluaValley

recognizedasaHistoricLandmark,31afterPōhaku

LuahinewasaddedtotheNationalRegister.

1974

CourtinjunctionsstoppingH-3were

dissolvedbyHawaiiDistrictCourt.TheHawaii

DistrictCourtfoundthatthePōhakuLuahine,

althoughofsignificanceshouldnotimpedetheH-

3’sconstruction,becausethefreewaywouldnot

30TheDepartmentofTransportationAct(DOTAct)of1966includedaspecialprovision-Section4(f)-whichstipulatedthattheFederalHighwayAdministration(FHWA)andotherDOTagenciescannotapprovetheuseoflandfrompubliclyownedparks,recreationalareas,wildlifeandwaterfowlrefuges,orpublicandprivatehistoricalsitesunlessthefollowingconditionsapply:1.Thereisnofeasibleandprudentalternativetotheuseofland.2.Theactionincludesallpossibleplanningtominimizeharmtothepropertyresultingfromuse.31http://www.nps.gov/hfc/products/library/proposed-areas.htm

21

infringeonitseverely,andthatMoanaluaValley’s

possibleeligibilityfortheNationalHistoricRegister

wasnotenoughtoafforditprotectionfromthe

freeway.32

1976

9thCircuitCourtofAppealsreversedand

remandedtheDistrictCourt’sdecision,findingthat

thefreewaywoulddisturbtheareaaroundPōhaku

Luahineandwascoveredunder4(f)rules.Italso

foundthattheDOTSecretarywasnon-compliant

withsection4(f)inreferencetoPōhakuLuahine

andMoanaluaValley.Thisdecisionstoppedthe

Moanaluaroute--citingthelackofattentiontoits

historicaspects.33Thusthefreewaywasrerouted

anditscoursewasplottedthroughHālawa.34

32StopH-3Ass’nvBrinegar.389F.Supp1102(D.Hawaii1974)33StopH-3Ass’nvBrinegar533f.2d434(9thCir1976)97S.ct.526,50L.ed.2d610.AlsoasStopH-3vColeman34Itseemsironicthatthefreewaywasreroutedinordertosaveonearea’sculturalandnaturalresourcesattheexpenseanddestructionofothers—includingHālawavalley.

22

1980

TheEISfortheNorthHālawaValleyroute

wasapproved.Theconstructionresumedagain,as

thefreewaywouldberealignedtothisnewroute.

1982

CourtInjunctionstoppingconstructionwas

liftedduetotherealignmentthroughHālawa

Valley,withtheaddedrequirementofasecond

EnvironmentalImpactStatementforthefreeway’s

impactonthevalleyandsurroundingarea.TheH-3

woulduselandfromHo‘omaluhiaParkandPali

GolfCourse.35

TheDistrictCourtheldthattheSecretary

properlyfoundtherewasnofeasibleandprudent

alternativetotheuseofHo‘omaluhiaPark.The

DistrictCourtalsoheldthattheSecretary

reasonablyrejectedcertainalternativestotheuse

ofPaliGolfCourse.

35StopH-3Ass’nvLewis,538F.Supp149(D.Hawaii1982)

23

1983

Halekouinterchangeconstructionbeganin

January,36inresponsetotheDistrictCourt'sorder,

followingthedecisionsasfarassection4(f)

compliance,andthesupplementalEISdocuments.

OnNovember29th,theStopH-3Association

challengedtheDOTSecretary'srejectionofthe

alternativestousethePaliGolfCourseand

Ho‘omaluhiaParkasbeingunsupportedbythe

record.TheychallengedtheDistrictCourt's

holdingsonthesamegrounds,andonthegrounds

thattheDistrictCourt'sdecisionwasmadeuponan

erroneousapplicationofCitizenstoPreserve

OvertonParkv.Volpe,401U.S.402,91S.Ct.814,

28L.Ed.2d136(1971).Afterathorough,probing,

andin-depthreviewoftheadministrativerecord,

the9thCircuitCourtagreedwiththecontentionsin

respecttothe"MakaiRealignment"alternativeand

the"NoBuild"alternative,andaccordingly,the9th

36http://archives.starbulletin.com/97/12/03/news/story2.html

24

CircuitCourtreversedthedecision,halting

constructiononNovember30th,1986.37

Amidstallthedelaysandcourtinjunctions,

numerousprotests,appeals,andotherpublic

outcries,SenatorDanielInouyedecidedtokeep

theprojectgoing.AspartofaDepartmentof

DefensebudgetbillinCongress,SenatorInouye

addedanexemptionfortheH-3from

environmentallaw.38ExemptingtheH-3from

section4(f)wastheonlywaytheprojectcould

continue.Anexcerptofthebillssubmittedby

SenatorInouyeincluded:

S.AMDT.2886toS.2405Toprovideanexemptionfrom

Section4(f)oftheFederalAidHighwayActfortheH-3

HighwayinHawaii.

Sponsor:SenInouye,DanielK.[HI](introduced

9/23/1986)cosponsors(1)

LatestMajorAction:9/23/1986Senateamendmentagreed

37StopH-3Ass’nvLewis740F2.d1442(9thCir1984)38http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/?&Db=d099&querybd=@BAND(@FIELD(FLD003+@1(01369))+@FIELD(FLD008+(m)))

25

to.Status:AmendmentSP2886agreedtoinSenatebyVoice

Vote.

S.AMDT.3116toH.J.RES.738Toprovideanexemptionfrom

Section4(f)oftheFederalAidHighwayActfortheH-3

Highway.

Sponsor:SenInouye,DanielK.[HI](introduced

10/2/1986)cosponsors(None)

LatestMajorAction:10/2/1986Senateamendmentagreed

to.Status:AmendmentSP3116agreedtoinSenatebyVoice

Vote.39

Thesebillswerepassedintolaw,exempting

theH-3fromsection4(f).Somesupporterswanted

thefreewaybecausetheyexpectedtheWindward

populationtogrowandbelievedtherewouldbea

needforanothertrans-Ko‘olaucorridor.Its

opponentsclaimedthateastO‘ahuwouldbethe

nextareaforpopulationgrowthaswasmentioned

intheO‘ahugeneralplan.

Hawai‘i’sprojectrequiringandestablishing

anEnvironmentalImpactStatementbyfederallaw

39Ibid.

26

becamethefirstinUnitedStateshistorytogetan

exemptionfromenvironmentallaw.40

1987

StopH-3triedagaintohaltconstruction.

However,theirattemptsfailedasthe9thCircuit

Courtruledthatthelegislationsubmittedby

SenatorInouyeandapprovedbyCongressplaced

theH-3ataNationallevelofimportance,and

thereforeitwasexempt.Constructionwould

continue.41

1992

Furtherprotestseruptedafteritwas

revealedthatmanyculturalsiteswerebeing

underplayedastotheirimportancealongwiththe

removalofiwi(bones)fromtheareaandheldat

BishopMuseum,astaterepository.42

40http://starbulletin.com/97/12/04/news/story3.html41StopH-3vDole870f2.d1419(9thcir1987-1989)42http://archives.starbulletin.com/1997/12/04/news/story3.html

27

April5,1992BarryNakamura,aBishop

Museumemployee,publicallycriticizedthe

contractarchaeologicalpracticesinHālawa.The

protestorswereupsetoverthepossible

destructionoftwomajorsites:onewasaluakini

locatedbytheHaleMua;thesecondwastheHale

oPapa.Someprotestorsstayedinthevalleyfor

extendedperiodsoftime;someremainedformore

thantwoyears.Protestorswerearrestedtokeep

theprojectmoving.Someofthosearrestedlater

becomepartofthehuinamedNāKūpunaAMeNā

Kāko‘o(afoundationwith501(c)3status).Overall,

thesuccessoftheprotestswouldresultin

requiringthestatetorealignthefreeway—

avoidingtheHaleoPapaandHalemuasites—ata

costof$10million.43

1993

The100yearanniversaryoftheoverthrow

oftheHawaiianMonarchyandsovereignnation

43Ibid

28

wasmarkedbymanyproteststhroughoutthe

state.ThedesecrationofplaceslikeKaho‘olawe

andHālawawereportrayedasademonstrationof

thesocialandculturalinjusticesshownto

HawaiiansatlargebytheAmericansystem.

May12,1997(Mother’sDay)

Tryingtogarnermorepublicsupportand

acceptanceoftheH-3freeway,the“GreatTrans

Ko‘olauTrek”wascreatedasasortofsoftopening

whererunnershadachancetoexperiencethe

freewayonfoot.44FormostHawaiians,thisevent

addedinsulttoinjuryaspeoplemadelightofthe

crossinganduseofthefreeway.Disturbingly,the

eventwasscheduledonMother’sdaywhich

ridiculedthestancebymostlywāhinewhowere

arrestedin1992forprotectingtheHaleoPapa

fromdestruction.

44http://archives.starbulletin.com/1997/05/09/news/story1.html

29

December12,1997

TheofficialopeningoftheH-3freewayto

thepublicatlargeforvehicularuse.

30

AftermathoftheH-3Construction

Atafinalfinancialcostof1.3Billiondollars,

this16.1mileroadhasbeenthemostexpensive

vehiclecrossingdollarpermileintheworld.45

Moneywasnottheonlyexcessivecostonthis

project;therewasahumancostduring

constructionaswell.Thereweretwodeathsonthe

project,andseveralwhowereseriouslyinjured.46

Duringconstruction,BarryNakamuraand

RussCordyhaddisagreedabouttheimportanceof

Hālawaandmanyofitsculturalsites.Although

postconstructionopinionsvariedwhentheroad

opened,oneinterestingissuewasunveiledinthe

media:

45http://archives.starbulletin.com/1997/12/04/news/story2.html46SeeAppendixCforArticleExcerpt.http://archives.starbulletin.com/1997/12/04/news/story3.html

31

“Ironically,bothmenagreethatsurveys

shouldhavebeentakenbeforeanygroundwas

broken.Ifthatwasdone,Cordybelievesthe

freewaywouldhaverunthroughMoanaluaValley-

-theoriginalproposedcorridor,changedafter

protests--sinceithasthefewestarcheological

sitesbasedonwhatisknowntoday.”47

Therewasalsomoretobesaidofthe

61,000artifactscollectedbytheBishopMuseum

duringitsworkinthevalley,andtheunlikelihood

oftheitemsreturn.48Theseitemswereinaddition

tosomeoftheiwithatwereremovedfromthe

area.

Therewerepleasfromthepublicforthe

returnofiwiandartifactsthatwentignored,like

therequestofDanielYanagida.Daniel’sstoryhas

beenoneofthemostheartwrenching(Ihave

47http://archives.starbulletin.com/1997/12/04/news/story3.html48Ibid.

32

heard)andconveyedinthisarticlebyAlan

MatsuokaoftheHonoluluStarBulletin.49

Tosome,anincidentduringtheconstructionoftheH-3Freewayshowsthewraththegodshaveforthosewhotamperwiththedead.

ThestorywastoldbyHekiliPai'aina,aspokesmanfortheHalawaCoalition,andpublishedina1994Star-Bulletinarticle.ItcontinuestocirculateinthenativeHawaiiancommunity.

Pai'ainasaidthestateTransportationDepartmentin1990desecratedancientHawaiianremainsthatwerefoundwhenbulldozingtheKukuiokaneheiauinKaneohe,whichwasinthefreeway'spath.

Thearea'spart-Hawaiiancaretaker,DanielYanagida,toldofficialstheywerehisancestors,andthathehadbeeninstructedbyhisgrandmothertowatchoverthem.Disturbingburialswillangerspirits,whowillexactrevengeifthebonesarenotre-internedquickly,accordingtoHawaiianculturalexperts.

ButPai'ainasaidneitherBishopMuseumnortheOfficeofHawaiianAffairswouldreleasethebonestoYanagidawithoutwrittenproof.

"DanielprotestedandsaidthatHawaiiansdidnotkeepwrittenrecordsofdeathstwocenturiesago,"hesaid."Allthe

49http://archives.starbulletin.com/1997/12/04/news/story3.html

33

knowledgeabouttheseburialswaspasseddownthroughthefamilythroughoralhistory."

YanagidawenttotheH-3constructionsiteeverydaytoaskarcheologiststoreturnthebones,butwasrefused,accordingtothestory.

Then--despitepassingarecentphysical--hediedthreemonthslaterattheageof43.

Yanagida'sfamilytodayrefusestopubliclytalkaboutthefreewayanditsimpactontheirlives.

"Idon'tcareforthefreewayatall,"wasallthathiswidow,Theresa,chosetosay.

Itisforreasonslikethestoryofthiskanaka

thatHawaiiansandlocalpeoplecontinuetofightin

Hālawaandaroundthearchipelagofornative

Hawaiianrights.50ForHālawa,thereisone

dedicatedgroupthathasremainedsteadfastto

continueontoday,theyareNāKūpunaAMeNā

Kāko‘o.

50Thetermsusedinthispassageareasfollows:Kanaka“aboriginal,nativeHawaiians,KānakaMaoli”;Hawaiiansthose“borninHawai‘iandloyaltotheLāhui,and/orHawaiianNationals”;LocalthosewhoarebornandliveinHawai‘iandhavetakenonitslocalcultureandlifestyle.

34

InterviewwithKūpunaSweets

Theinterviewsofsomeofthekūpunaof

Hālawabringforthmanyemotionsandmemories,

butoneinparticularstandsout.Itisanexcellent

exampleofthetypeofcharacterandstrengthit

tooktoperseverethroughalloftheyearsin

Hālawa.

Thisparticularinterviewdescribesmanyof

thedifferenthappeningsandexperiencesandalso

namesmanyofthepeoplethatwereinvolved.The

followingistheinterviewwithClara“Sweet”

Matthews:

Aloha,

MyNameisClara“Sweet”Matthews,my

husbandisRobert“Boot”Matthews,whoismy

workingpartnerinNorthHālawaValley,O‘ahu

since“MālamaHālawa”beganin1992April5.We

areretiredfarmersfromKonaandBootsisalsoa

retiredsurfinginstructorfromWaikīkībeachafter

35

andbeforefarming.WewereborninHonolulu,

andgrewupinHonolulu,O‘ahu.

Rightnow2009,wearestillMālamaika

‘ĀinaoHālawaValley.OurPositioninNorth

HālawaiscaretakersandcoordinatorswithBoots

astheculturalpractitionerforNorthHālawaValley

andKāko‘o,NickTanaka.

Iguesswecansaywehavecomealong

wayfromApril5,1992,wherefivewomensnuck

intoHālawaValleythroughKamananuistreamand

comingoutofthestreamaboutamilelater,right

acrossoftheHaleoPapawherewealllivedaslong

aswewereinthevalley.

OurpersonalstorybeginswhenIwokeup

earlyinthemorningandpreparedaturkeytoroast

intheovenforlunchandwhilepreparingother

foodstogowiththeturkeyIreceivedaphonecall

fromToniYardleyaskingifIwasgoingtoBishop

MuseumtolistentoBarryNakamura,whowasa

historianforBishopMuseum,sharehismana‘o

36

withthecommunityaboutwhatwasfoundin

NorthHālawaValley,O‘ahu.

AftertalkingtoToni,IcalledEllaPaguyoto

comewithustolistentoBarrysharewiththe

communityabouttheimportanceofwhatwas

foundandbeingcoveredup.

SoIchangedmyclothes,toldmyhusband

andsonstowatchtheturkeyandI’llbebacklater.

TonipicksmeupandthenwewenttogetEllawho

livesclosetobothofusthenwewereonourway

tothemuseum.

WhenwearrivedonthegroundsofBishop

museum,therealreadywasacrowdtherelistening

toBarrytalkaboutfindingtheHaleoPapaandthe

LuakiniHeiauwhichthemuseumandotherslike

MarianKale(DOTSpokesman)tryingtokeepthe

Hawaiiansfromlearningaboutthe“H”wordwhich

ofcourseisourHeiau.

37

Barrylosthisjobbecausehedidtheright

thingbyinformingthehostcultureoftheir

traditionasinthereligioustemplethatwouldhave

beendestroyedifnotforthecrucialinformation

thatwasgivenbyBarry.

BeforeBarrywasdonetherewasmuch

excitement,especiallythewomen.

DawnWassonputoutacall(likeadareor

challenge)forotherwomentojoinherandher

friendGladysPu‘uloa,bothwomencamefromthe

windwardsideofO‘ahu.Dawn’shusbandHank

Wassonwaswiththewomentohelphiswifeand

friendcarrytheirbagsandhelpthemtosetupon

theHaleoPapaheiau.

Inthemeantime,IhadtoconvinceEllato

comeintothevalleywithToniandI,forjustaday

ortwo.ShefinallyagreedbutIwouldhavetogo

hometogetourpillowsandblanketsforthethree

ofus.SoIwenthometogetwhatweneededand

38

toldmyfamily,IhavetogointothevalleybutI’ll

behomeinacoupleofdays.

SoIdidn’tfinishlunchbutmyfamilydid

finishcookingtheirownlunch.

WeheadedtoNorthHālawaValleyand

parkedourcaroutofthewaytoavoidtheguardof

Hālawaaccessroad.Wewentintothestream,

walkedaboutamileandlatercameout

unknowinglyrightacrossofHaleoPapaandfound

therestofthegangwasthereandtherewestayed.

Hankwastherenotonlytohelphiswifebut

allofuswhocameintoHālawatotheheiau.Thank

youHank.

UnselfishlywhileheadingforHālawawe

madeastopbecauseIwantedtobuysomecandies

forusbutnotthinkingwhatwearedoingforfood,

itneverdawnedonmeatallbut,luckilyDawnguys

hadfoodenoughforallofustoo.EverytimeHank

39

leftfororwenttowork,hecamebackwithfood

foreveryoneandthiswentonforsometime.

WhilelivinginHālawa,Iwasthewahine

whowouldcleantheareaandbigpōhakutoseeif

therewasanykindofcarvingorpukafordifferent

reasons.WhenIsaycleantheareaImeanpullthe

weedsandtrytofindmedicinalplantstogrowon

thepapa.

Onedaywehadayoungladynameof

LeianuenuefromPapakōlea,whocameinthe

valleywitharootof‘ōlenaandwantedtoplantthe

‘ōlena,soItoldhertostartitwherethemedicinal

gardenwillbe,soshedugasmallholeandputthe

‘ōlenainandcovereditandwetalkstoryforlittle

whileandthensheleft.

Aftersheleft,Itookthe‘ōlenaoutofthe

ground,brokeitintothreepartsandreplantedone

partwhereitwas,anotherpartabovewherethe

womenslept,thethirdwasplantedwhereourlittle

hālauontheflatsislocated.Whenweallmālama

40

Hālawa,Ifeellikeit’sappreciatedbyourancestors

ofold.IfeltitwhenIfirstcameinonApril5,when

Igotintothestreamandfoundtherewaswaterin

themudholes,IjokinglysaidIwouldhavebrought

mypukapantstoswim.Itookafewstepsandfell

facefirstintothemudholeandstilldon’tknow

howIfell.

It’sonlyaspiritualfeelingbutlikeahealing

mellowfeelinglikethekūpunaishappythatweare

alltakingcare,protectingoursacredandreligious

sitesaswellasourfloraandfaunaandallthat

comeswithmālama‘āina.Walkinginthefootsteps

ofourkūpunayoumālama‘āina,‘āinamālama

you,youputoneseedintheground,yougetmany

inreturn.Allthesefeelingswiththepresenceof

thekūpunaarerealfeelingsthatnotonlyBoots

andIfeelbutmanyothersfeelthesameway.

Therewereafewyoungpeoplewhocame

inthevalleyearlyontocomeseeandhelp

whenevertheycan.Oneofthefirstthingsthatwas

41

foundbytheseyoungpeoplewastheahuonthe

LuakinithentheahuontheHaleoPapaheiau,

whereKoniaFreitas,KaleikoaKaeo,KawikaLiu,

KekaiPerryandafewotheryoungpeoplestarted

tosituatethemselvesattheahuontheHaleoPapa

heiauandtheluakiniheiauandwhentheywere

situatedtheystartedtoolibackandforthtoeach

otherandatthetimetheycouldseeeachotherat

theahubecausetheH-3wasnotinthevalleyyet.

KawikaLiu’stransportationwashistwo

wheelbikethatherodefromKaimukītoUH

Mānoaandwhenevertheybakedsomethinginthe

imuatthelo‘ikalonexttoHawaiianStudies(Ka

PapaLo‘i‘oKānewai),hewouldcomealltheway

toHālawatobringthewomensomeofthefood

thattheyhadmadethatday.Hewouldstayand

talkforawhilethenheadforhomeinKaimukī.

AyoungcouplebythenamesofJohnand

EdwinaTalkingtoncameintothevalleyquiteearly

tohelpthewomendomanychoreswhichwere

42

appreciatedverymuch.Theystayedwiththe

womenforquiteawhilethentheyleftbutcame

intothevalleytovisit,sometimesstayingafew

days.

AnothergoodfriendwasJoyandafewof

herfriendsfromcoffeelinewhobroughtushot

coffeemanytimes,whichwasgreatlyappreciated

byallofusandourvisitors.

Wehadsupportersandvisitors,ayoung

prettyKoreangirlwhowouldvisitandbringlittle

thingstoeat.Onenightweweretalkingstory

abouthowwemissedeatingicecream.Thisgirl

leftbutwedidnotknowshewascomingback,

withagallonoficecream.Sheworkedinabarin

Waikīkī.

AfterafewmonthsinHālawa,keakuasent

usacookwithhisownfoodtocookinalargegold

poteveryMonday.WhenMondaycamewehad

manyaguestfordinnerregularly.Ourcookwas

NahuluLum.

43

GladysPu‘uloa’sthreeadultchildrencame

intothevalleywhenevertheycouldtohelptheir

mother,andwhatevertheycoulddotohelpmake

thingsbetterinthevalley.Afteracoupleof

months,Gladysleftustogohomeshewasthefirst

toleavethevalley.Ashortwhileafterhersonleft

togohome.

DawnWassonhadherhusbandandherson

whowasabighelptoDawnandGladys,andabig

helptotherestofusaswell.Dawnleftafew

weeksafterGladys.

Notallthewomenliketohikeinthe

mountainsorfurtherintothevalleyascasually,it

wasToniandIgoingalloveralmosteveryday.As

timewentby,ourbusinessontheoutsideneeded

tobetakencareof,soTonileftfirstthenafew

monthslaterIleft.

EllaPaguyowhoneededcoaxingtocomein

thevalleywithToniandI,stayedalittlemorethan

twoyears.Ella’shusbandandmothercamequite

44

often,andthenonedayhermother,Vivian,didnot

gohome.Shestayedwithusandhikedwithusinto

thevalleyandintothemountains.

Ella’shusband,Bernard,broughtinthefirst

hō‘i‘ofernshootsinNorthHālawaValley,withthe

helpofAuntyVivianandmyselftoplantthehō‘i‘o.

WhileAuntywasenjoyingoursacredforest,her

husbandhadcometovisither.Theywerebothin

theirlate60‘satthetime.

Wethankallofthemwithalohanui.

AboutAugust27,afewpeoplestartedto

gatherwoodtobuildalele,togiveho‘okupuand

askforwhatwasneeded.

OnthedayofAugust29th,MililaniTrask

Kia‘āinaforKaLāhuiHawai‘icameintothevalleyto

spendthenightwiththewomenofHālawaand

manyotherpeoplewhowasspendingthenight

also.

45

Themorningofthe30thofAugust1992,

everybodygotupearlytogetreadyforthedayand

decideiftheywerestayingwiththeleleinthe

middleofHālawaaccessroadandmightget

arrestedforinterferingwiththeconstructionofH-

3orstandonthesideandnotgetarrested.

ThosethatIremembergettingarrested

was,ToniYardley,MililaniTrask,KamakaPalakiko

vonOlehoffen,KukuiTabagvonOlehoffen,John

andEdwinaTalkington,AnitaGouveia,Laulani

Teale,StevenHelela,andmyselfSweetMatthews.

Thereweremanypeoplewhosupported

thewāhineoccupationofHaleoPapa,Hawaiian

andnon-Hawaiianalike.

TheoccupationofHaleoPapaheiaumade

peoplethink,especiallytheHawaiianpeopleabout

ourculture,traditions,nativefloraandfauna,

naturalresources,sacredandreligioussiteswhich

istodayontheendangeredspecieslist.

46

Someofususetocomeinthevalleyoncein

awhile,butinlate1997afewofuswithourlarge

‘ohanadecidedinsteadofmālama‘āinaonceina

while,wewilldoitmoreoftenbyschedule.

Sowitheagernessofthekūpunaand

kāko‘oIwenttoOfficeofHawaiianAffairstosign

upforpermittogointoHālawavalley,thisright

wasgiventousafterwegotarrestedin1992.We

startedbybuyingourowntoolsandwebought

foodtocook.Afterashorttimewedecidedto

spendacoupleofweekendssowecouldclear

biggerareas.Therewereafewpeoplethatdidnot

agreetosignwiththeDepartmentof

Transportationforpermit.

WiththisinmindIcalledformorehelpthat

gaveusIfeelajumpstart.Weneededanouthouse

sowebuiltonethatwasbadlyneeded.Weneeded

anareaforcampsites;weclearedtheseareasthat

wereneeded.Theboysclimbedthetreestocut

downandtakethemaway.

47

Weneededtablesandchairssowebuilt

them,thereissomuchthatwasdonebythefamily

andfriendsandNāKūpuna.

(Atthistimeshewouldliketorecognize

andthankthefollowingpeople.)

TonameafewoftheNāKūpunaandNāKāko‘o:

OlaniMatias,VienaNahinu,JodiNahinu,Uncle

LouisHangca,KukuiTabag(vonOlehoffen),Healani

Matthews,LopakaMatthews,BobMatthews,

UlyssesMatthews,BootsMatthews,Sweet

Matthews,SteveHelela,Umi,ReganPark,Lanakila

Park,WaynePark,YvonneArrington,Kainalu

Matthews,JoshDinson,TatianaDinson,Travis

Sanders,JoshCorriea.

48

Hālawa:Presentandfuture

CurrentlythehuiofNāKūpunaAMeNā

Kāko‘obringsinmanydifferentvolunteergroupsto

helpwiththemaintenanceofthevalley.The

volunteersaregivenaculturaltourregardingthe

religiousaspectsandvalueoftheheiaucomplex,

itssacredsites,andnaturalresourcesbyeitherthe

CulturalPractitioner-“Boots”Matthewsorby

Kāko‘o-“NākilihauaKaupō”NicholasTanaka.These

groupsarethemainlaborforceandcomein,on

average,twiceamonth.Mostweekendsarespent

bytheMatthews‘ohanaworkinginthevalley.The

expenseformanythingshavebeenattheburden

oftheMatthews‘ohana,andsomeofthe

volunteersthatdonatetoolsandotheritemsofuse

inHālawa.

RecentlyNāKūpunaameNāKako‘ohas

becomea501c3non-profit,andislookingforfunds

tokeepthevalleymaintainedinamannerthatis

pono.ThecenterpieceistohaveanEducational

49

Centerfor“at-risk”youthand/oranimmersion

school.Thespaceforthisschoolisontheflatsat

bridge17,wheretheconstructionofficeswere

situatedinthe1990’s.Itisabeautifulcalmarea

wherethestreamwrapsaroundtheflatswithvery

littlesoundfromtheH-3.Thiswillbeinadditionto

itscurrentuseasasiteutilizedbyHighSchool,

Universityandothercommunitygroupsthatcan

benefitfromwhatthevalleyhastooffer.

Theculturaltourandvolunteerworkisthe

mainstayofHālawa.Theculturaltourisaguided

experiencerevealinganumberofsignificantsites

alongwithinformationonculturalpracticesandits

applicableuses.Pōhaku,ki‘i,lā‘aulapa‘au,plant

useandotherareasareexplainedandquestions

areencouraged.Thisisalldoneforthepeoplethat

cometogainagreaterunderstandingofnotonly

HawaiianculturebutofHālawaitself.The

constructionoftheH-3andtheprotestsare

furthercoveredwithinformationgivenatthe

50

conclusionoftheworkingdaywithalunchmade

bytheMatthews‘ohana.

Forthefuture,thereismuchwaitingtobe

done.Theplansareinclusiveofalltheareasthat

theH-3hasimpactedfromHālawatoLuluku.The

InterpretiveDevelopmentPlanisajointeffort

betweenmanyofthepractitioners,Hawaiians,and

othersaffectedbytheH-3constructionalongwith

theStateofHawaiiDepartmentofTransportation,

FederalHighwayAdministration,andtheOfficeof

HawaiianAffairs.Theprocessisstillunderwayand

nothingisfinalizedbutitisveryencompassingand

containsmanyideasthatcouldbeimplementedin

thefuture.

Thesefutureendeavorsareculturallybased

andwilltakeagreatdealofworktocomplete.

Amplefundingwillcontinuetobeanissueasitis

unlikelythatthecapitalacquiredwillbeenoughfor

everythingthatisdesired.

51

Theplanconsistsofmanyparts:purpose,

culturaloverview,culturalidentity,objectives,

projectareas,planofaction,developmentprocess,

andapublicparticipationplan.Allofthesepoints

needtobeaddressedbeforegettingtothereal

meatoftheintendedprojecttosetaproper

foundationfortheentireprocess.

Notalloftheinformationispublicly

availablesodetailsatthispointintimeare

restricted.ThepartsthatIwillshareareplanned

forHālawaspecifically.Thefollowingisquoted

directlyfromtheInterpretiveDevelopmentPlan:

“NorthHālawaValleyservesasahealingand

learningcenterthroughthepreservationof

traditionalpractices.NorthHālawaValleyis

observedasahealingplaceforthemindandbody,

aplaceforlearningandaplaceforworship.

Practitioners,studentsandvisitorsareimmersed

intoanenvironmentthatisexperiencinghealing

throughtheeffortsofvolunteersworkingon

52

restoringnativevegetation,andthestabilization

andrestorationofculturalsites.Knowledgeand

educationarepromotedthroughtheteachingof

traditionalandcontemporarypracticesonthe

land.”

Specificareasnamedintheplanareknown

asBishopMuseumSites2010and2137;thesecan

befoundintheBishopMuseumreportsavailable

on-line.Theimpactstothedifferentculturalsites

withinandtothevalleyitselffromtheconstruction

oftheH-3arelistedas:

• DisturbanceofBurials

• Alteredstreamalignment,flowand

pollution

• Destructionofculturalsites

• Changestothelandform/topography

• Reductionofaccessintothevalley

• Increasehazards–landslides,uncovered

pits,erosion

• Ineffectiveerosionmeasures

53

• Impacttofloraandfaunaandintroduction

ofnon-nativespecies

• Exposureofsacredandnaturalresource

areastoabuse;artifactandplanttheft

• Impactoftrash,noiseandlight

• Obstructionanddisruptionofworshipsites

Alloftheseimpactsarecoveredalongwith

estimatedcostsforthemitigationprocessand

generalcostsforthefutureuseofthevalleyasa

viableresourceforculturalandeducationaluse.

Thisareashouldbeseenasadiamondintherough

justasitis,waitingtobepolishedintoabeaconfor

culturalpracticeandeducationalexperience.Its

relativelycentralizedlocationandeasierfuture

accesshasthecapabilitytobecomeanexcellent

experientialresource.

Thispossiblefutureoutcomewouldhonor

Hawai‘i’skūpuna,welcomeourmo‘opuna,and

helptoinspireHawai‘i’slāhui.Allofthesethings

54

canbeaccomplishedandhavebeenfoundedon

theactionsofafewdedicatedkānakathatbecame

NāKūpunaAMeNāKāko‘ooHālawa,theHālawa

ValleyMālama‘Āina.

55

AppendixA

Hina

56

Kū

57

I‘a‘Ula

58

AppendixB

LCA# Claimant Book# Page# Awarded1983 Kapule 6 107 yes1996 Naea 6 113 yes2016 Makakane 6 112 yes2042 Kauohilo 6 110 yes2043 Kawaha 5 3 yes2044 Kaupahi 6 109 yes2047 Kekio 6 108 yes2048 Kauhalu 6 107 yes2055 Kahawaiolaa 6 111 yes2057 Keawe 6 112 yes2059 Kaninauali'i no2091 Kelohanui no2096 Kenui 6 107 yes2131 Kanihoali'i 6 109 yes2137 Keawe 6 110 yes2139 Kinilau 6 108 yes2155 Pua'ali'ili'i 6 112 yes2156 Opunui 6 106 yes2157 Kanakaokai 7712 Kekuanao'a 10 629 yes8516B Kama'iku'i 10 393 yes9330 Ka'auku'u no9331 Pulao no9332 Kaheana 6 109 yes9332B Kealohanui 6 110 yes9332C Kekoanui no

59

AppendixC

StarBulletinforDecember4,1997:

June5,1990:CarpenterforemanOrlindoDomingo,52,waskilledandthreeotherworkersinjuredwhena47-tonbridgegirderslippedoffitssupportsandfell50feet.

Jan.26,1995:CarpenterStevenJ.Ouderkirk,28,waskilledwhenaconcreteretainingwallcollapsedonhiminamuddyHalawastreambed.

Inbothcases,thestateOccupationalSafetyandHealthDivisionplacednoblameonthestateoritscontractors.

AttorneyWayneKekina,whosefirmisrepresentingvictimsandtheirfamiliesinallthreecases,saidbothweresettledout-of-courtforanundisclosedamount,withinsurancecompaniesforengineersmakingthepayments.

ThestateinthefirstcasefinedHawaiianDredgingConstructionCo.$2,450forindirectsafetyviolations.Thefinewasreducedto$980afterthecompanyappealed.

Inthesecondcase,thestatefinedKiewitPacificCo.$17,500forgeneralunsafeworkingconditions--failingtoprotectemployeesfromcave-ins,andlooserockorsoil.Kiewitattorneysarguedareductionto$5,000.

July27,1996:Fourconstructionworkerswereinjuredwhenafreewaysectionwithfourgirderscollapsed,bringingdownawoodenplatformwheretheywerestanding.

60

Kekinasaidthecase,inwhichKiewitsupervisorsandtheproject'sarchitecturalengineersweresued,isexpectedtogototrialnextyear.TheOccupationalSafetydivisionfoundnosafetystandardviolationsbythestateoritscontractors.

Inadditiontothethreecases,atleasteightotherincidentsledtominorinjuries.

StateTransportationspokeswomanMarilynKalisaidtheH-3'scontractorsshouldbecommendedbecausetherewerenotmoreinjuries."Weregretanyinjuriesthatoccuredbutfeelitwasaverysafejob,"shesaid.

ShenotedthatexcavationofboththePaliandLikelikehighwaytunnelsresultedinanumberofdeaths,whiletheH-3tunnelswerebuilt"withoutanymajoraccidents."

Kekinasaidinjuriescanbeexpectedtooccurgiventhemagnitudeoftheproject.But,headded,"onedeathistoomany.Wejusthavetomakesurethateachtime,peopleareaccountableandattempttopreventthesekindsofaccidentsfromhappeningagain."`

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BibliographyFornander,Abraham.

FornanderCollectionofHawaiianAntiquitiesandFolklore.BishopMuseumPress.Honolulu,Hawaii.1916-1920AnAccountofthePolynesianRace,volumeII.CharlesE.Tuttle,Rutland,Vermont.1969

Kamakau,Samuel.KaPo‘eKahiko,ThePeopleofOld.BishopMuseumPress.Honolulu,Hawaii.1964.NāMo‘oleloakaPo‘eKahiko,TheTalesofthePeopleofOld.BishopMuseumPress.Honolulu,Hawai‘i.1991.RulingChiefsofHawaii.KamehamehaSchoolsPress.HonoluluHawai‘i.1961.

Klieger,P.Christiaan.NāMakaoHālawa:AHistoryofHālawaAhupua‘a,O‘ahu.BishopMuseumTechnicalReport7.BishopMuseumPress,Honolulu,Hawai‘i.1995.

Sterling,ElspethP.,andSummers,CatherineC.SitesofOahu.BishopMuseumPress,Honolulu,Hawai‘i.1978.

InternetSources:http://archives.starbulletin.com/97/12/03/news/story2.html

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http://archives.starbulletin.com/1997/12/04/news/story3.htmlhttp://archives.starbulletin.com/1997/05/09/news/story1.htmlhttp://altlaw.org/v1/cases/445985http://kahoolawe.hawaii.gov/aboutkirc-overview.shtmlhttp://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/?&Db=d099&querybd=@BAND(@FIELD(FLD003+@1(01369))+@FIELD(FLD008+(m)))http://www.mgf-hawaii.com/http://www.nps.gov/hfc/products/library/proposed-areas.htmhttp://openjurist.orgCourtcases:StopH-3Ass’nvVolpe 349F.Supp1047(D.Hawaii1972) 353F.Supp14(D.Hawaii1972)StopH-3Ass’nvBrinegar 389F.Supp1102(D.Hawaii1974) 533F.2d434(9thCircuit1976)StopH-3Ass’nvColeman 533F.2d434(9thCircuit1976)

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StopH-3Ass’nvLewis 538F.Supp149(D.Hawaii1982) 740F.2d1442(9thCircuit1984)StopH-3Ass’nvDole 740F.2d1442(9thCircuit1984) 870F.2d1419(9thCircuit1987-1989)