HLTFA311A Apply first aid.doc

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HLTFA311A - Apply first aid

Candidates Learning Guide

Author: John Bailey

Copyright

Text copyright © 2010, 2011, 2012 by John N. Bailey.

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78T9!511! : !pply (irst aid

ContentsDescription:..............................................................................................................Employability Skills:..................................................................................................Pre/ Co requisite Units:............................................................................................. Application of the Unit:.............................................................................................Introuction..............................................................................................................!his "earnin# $uie co%ers:......................................................................................"earnin# Pro#ram..................................................................................................... Aitional "earnin# Support.....................................................................................&acilitation................................................................................................................&le'ible "earnin#......................................................................................................Space........................................................................................................................

Stuy (esources.......................................................................................................!ime.........................................................................................................................Stuy Strate#ies.......................................................................................................Usin# this learnin# #uie:.........................................................................................

THE ICON KEY..............................................................................................17

)o* to #et the most out of your learnin# #uie........................................................ Aitional research+ reain# an note takin#...........................................................

PERFORMANCE CRITERIA..............................................................................19

ESSENTIAL SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE............................................................21

Essential Skills..........................................................................................................

Essential ,no*le#e.................................................................................................

RANGE STATEMENT......................................................................................24

EVIDENCE GUIDE..........................................................................................28

FIRST AID INTRODUCTION............................................................................29

TERMS USED IN THIS UNIT............................................................................30

1. ASSESS THE SITUATION............................................................................34

1.1 IDENTIFY ASSESS AND MINIMISE HAZARDS IN THE SITUATION THAT MAY POSE A RISK OF INJURYOR ILLNESS TO SELF AND OTHERS.........................................................................................

Ientify ha-ars in the situation............................................................................... Acti%ity : Car accient scenario...............................................................................

Emer#ency &irst Ai..................................................................................................Priorities in an Emeren!"...................................................................................................Emeren!" A!tion P#an........................................................................................................

)o* to Call an Ambulance........................................................................................&i#ure :!he Chain of Sur%i%al..................................................................................

1st Lin$ % Ear#" A!!ess.........................................................................................................&n' Lin$ % Ear#" (PR............................................................................................................)r' Lin$ % Ear#" De*+ri##ation...............................................................................................,t- Lin$% Ear#" A'an!e' (ar'ia! Li/e S0ort....................................................................

Cross Infection..........................................................................................................In t-e eent o/ 2#oo'32o'" F#0i' (onta!t.............................................................................

&irst Ai )y#iene.......................................................................................................2e/ore Treatment.................................................................................................................

D0rin Treatment................................................................................................................A/ter Treatment...................................................................................................................

Acti%ity :.................................................................................................................

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!able : Common )a-ar !ool...................................................................................Stanar precautions................................................................................................0bser%e an mana#e bystaners.............................................................................1o%in# the casualty..................................................................................................2hen an ho* to mo%e a casualty...........................................................................

Moin a (as0a#t"...............................................................................................................

"iftin# / 1o%in# !echniques.......................................................................................Drain.............................................................................................................................Arm Assistan!e....................................................................................................................(arr" Li/t.............................................................................................................................2#an$et Li/t..........................................................................................................................

T4o%Han'e' Seat.................................................................................................................

(oa accients.........................................................................................................(ar a!!i'ent........................................................................................................................Motor+i$e a!!i'ent..............................................................................................................

1.& MINIMISE IMMEDIATE RISK TO SELF AND (ASUALTY5S HEALTH AND SAFETY 2Y (ONTROLLIN6 ANY HAZARD IN A((ORDAN(E 7ITH O((UPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY RE8UIREMENTS..................

!ypes of physical ha-ars.........................................................................................!ypes of physical ha-ars an ho* they can a3ect you........................................... Acti%ity 4:.................................................................................................................1inimisin# immeiate risk........................................................................................

T"es o/ imme'iate ris$s.....................................................................................................

Case Stuy:............................................................................................................... Acti%ity 5:.................................................................................................................)o* to minimise risks by controllin# the ha-ars in accorance *ith 2)Srequirements............................................................................................................

Po#i!ies an' ro!e'0res......................................................................................................H"iene...............................................................................................................................Manaement o/ +#oo' or +o'" s0+stan!e si##ae...............................................................7aste manaement............................................................................................................S-ars.................................................................................................................................La0n'r"...............................................................................................................................

E'amples of minimisin# the risk by controllin# the ha-ar.......................................

)o* can *e control the risk6....................................................................................E'posure to bloo+ %omit an other boy 7uis........................................................

Nee'#e sti!$ in90r"...............................................................................................................2#oo' or ot-er +o'" :0i' s#as-es to t-e mo0t-; nose or s$in.............................................2#oo' or ot-er +o'" :0i' s#as-es to t-e e"es....................................................................

Assess casualty.........................................................................................................Si#ns of life...............................................................................................................&i#ure 4: Checkin# casualty for consciousness.........................................................Conscious person......................................................................................................Unconsciousness......................................................................................................

(a0ses o/ 0n!ons!io0sness.................................................................................................Re!onition.........................................................................................................................Manaement.......................................................................................................................Si'e Position........................................................................................................................

0b8ecti%es of (esuscitation.......................................................................................Casualty Assessment................................................................................................&i#ure 5: Primary Sur%ey..........................................................................................&i#ure 9: asic "ife Support &lo* Chart....................................................................0pen air*ay..............................................................................................................reathin#..................................................................................................................&i#ure ;: Checkin# casualty for breathin#................................................................ Air*ay.......................................................................................................................

6enera# Prin!i#es................................................................................................................

&i#ure


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Partia# O+str0!tion...............................................................................................................(om#ete O+str0!tion..........................................................................................................

1ana#ement of &orei#n oy Air*ay 1ana#ement >Chokin#?..................................Assess Seerit"...................................................................................................................E


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&.) RESPOND TO THE (ASUALTY IN A (ULTURALLY A7ARE; SENSITI@E AND RESPE(TFUL MANNER.,

Conentiality..........................................................................................................&., DETERMINE AND EBPLAIN THE NATURE OF (ASUALTY5S INJURY3 (ONDITION AND RELE@ANT FIRST AID PRO(EDURES TO PRO@IDE (OMFORT........................................................................

Determine an e'plain nature of in8ury an rst ai proceure................................

&.C SEEK (ONSENT FROM (ASUALTY PRIOR TO APPLYIN6 FIRST AID MANA6EMENT......................2elfare.....................................................................................................................

&. PRO@IDE FIRST AID MANA6EMENT IN A((ORDAN(E 7ITH ESTA2LISHED FIRST AID PRIN(IPLES AND AUSTRALIAN RESUS(ITATION (OUN(IL =AR(> 6UIDELINES AND3OR S TATE3TERRITORY RE6ULATIONS; LE6ISLATION AND POLI(IES AND INDUSTRY RE8UIREMENTS....................................

0%er%ie* of rst ai mana#ement processes...........................................................(ole of the rst aier................................................................................................"e#al liability.............................................................................................................

DUTY TO RES(UE................................................................................................................(ONSENT FOR TREATMENT..................................................................................................Re/0sa# an' Dis!ontin0ation o/ Treatment...........................................................................DO NOT ATTEMPT RESUS(ITATION5 ORDERS.......................................................................Fami#" Presen!e D0rin (PR................................................................................................

Duty of care..............................................................................................................&. SEEK FIRST AID ASSISTAN(E FROM OTHERS IN A TIMELY MANNER AND AS APPROPRIATE.........Seek assistance from others.....................................................................................1ethos.................................................................................................................... Acti%ity :...............................................................................................................

&. (ORRE(TLY OPERATE FIRST AID E8UIPMENT FOR FIRST AID MANA6EMENT A((ORDIN6 TO MANUFA(TURER3 SUPPLIER5S INSTRU(TIONS AND PRO(EDURES...................................................

&i#ure 5: 0'y#en therapy G o'y#en mask...............................................................&i#ure 9: Ambu ba#................................................................................................&i#ure ;: E'ample of a &irst Ai ,it.........................................................................&i#ure


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Sins an' S"mtoms......................................................................................................... 1

!reatment for An#ina..............................................................................................<)eart &ailure...........................................................................................................<

Sins an' S"mtoms......................................................................................................... 1

!reatment for )eart &ailure....................................................................................=(escue reathin#....................................................................................................=

Mo0t- to Mo0t- Res!0e 2reat-in.....................................................................................1Compressions.........................................................................................................@Re!onition o/ t-e Nee' /or (-est (omressions.............................................................. 1GLo!atin t-e Site /or (-est (omressions..........................................................................1G

1etho of Compression..........................................................................................@In/ants............................................................................................................................... 1G(-i#'ren an' A'0#ts...........................................................................................................1G

Depth of Compression............................................................................................(ate of Chest Compressions...................................................................................Cariopulmonary (esuscitation..............................................................................

(ar'io0#monar" Res0s!itation % =(PR>.............................................................................11

Compression Hentilation (atio................................................................................Steps for (esuscitation...........................................................................................

DRSA2(D.......................................................................................................................... 111

(-est (omression On#"....................................................................................................111M0#ti#e Res!0ers.............................................................................................................. 111D0ration o/ (PR................................................................................................................. 111Re!oer" (-e!$s............................................................................................................... 111

(esuscitation in late Pre#nancy..............................................................................Debrillation........................................................................................................... Australian (esuscitation Council $uieline ..4..................................................4

P0+#i! A!!ess De*+ri##ation =PAD>...................................................................................... 11) Treatment Re!ommen'ation /or 0sin an A0tomati! Eterna# De*+ri##ator =AED>..............11)

&i#ure =: Usin# an Automatic E'ternal Debrillator >AED?....................................5&i#ure @: AED al#orithm > (esuscitation $uielines?.....................................9Currency an assessment of CP( skills...................................................................;Seconary Sur%ey...................................................................................................;

Sins................................................................................................................................ 11S"mtoms........................................................................................................................ 11Histor".............................................................................................................................. 11Me'i!a# a#ert +ra!e#ets..................................................................................................... 11

)ea to !oes Assessment.......................................................................................<Hea'..................................................................................................................................11Ne!$.................................................................................................................................. 11(-est =T-ora>...................................................................................................................11Stoma!- =A+'omen> an' His =Pe#is>...............................................................................11Les.................................................................................................................................. 11Arms.................................................................................................................................. 11Sine................................................................................................................................. 11

Shock......................................................................................................................@A+so#0te F#0i' Loss % #o4 +#oo' o#0me =H"oo#aemia>....................................................11G

Re#atie F#0i' Loss............................................................................................................. 11GCariac &ailure >Cario#enic Shock?.......................................................................@

T-e 2o'"s (omensation Me!-anism...............................................................................11G

Si#ns an Symptoms of Shock................................................................................ Treatment o/ S-o!$............................................................................................................1&

)ea to !oe.............................................................................................................urns......................................................................................................................

Area o/ +0rns..................................................................................................................... 1&1

&i#ure 4: (ule of nines for boy surfaces..............................................................!ypes of burns........................................................................................................Depth of urns........................................................................................................Si#nicant urns.....................................................................................................

Sins an' S"mtoms o/ Partia# T-i!$ness 20rns................................................................ 1&&

Sins an' S"mtoms o/ F0## T-i!$ness 20rns....................................................................1&)&i#ure 4: 5 De#rees of urns................................................................................4!reatment of urns.................................................................................................4

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Electric Shock.........................................................................................................5E#e!tri!a# +0rns..................................................................................................................1&,(o#' +0rns......................................................................................................................... 1&C(-emi!a# 20rns an' S#as-es............................................................................................1&CRa'iation 20rns................................................................................................................. 1&CP-os-or0s 20rns..............................................................................................................1&CH"'ro:0ori! a!i'............................................................................................................... 1&C2it0men.............................................................................................................................1&CPetro#e0m Pro'0!ts............................................................................................................ 1&Smo$e In-a#ation............................................................................................................... 1&S0n+0rn............................................................................................................................. 1&

!rauma Accients...................................................................................................<6enera# Treatment /or Tra0ma A!!i'ents...........................................................................1&

1otorbike Accients...............................................................................................=!ria#e......................................................................................................................=E'ternal 2ouns.....................................................................................................@

A+rasions.......................................................................................................................... 1&GLa!erations........................................................................................................................1&GP0n!t0re 3 Penetratin....................................................................................................... 1&GAm0tation....................................................................................................................... 1&G

!reatment for E'ternal 2ouns..............................................................................@Internal leein#....................................................................................................4Sins an' S"mtoms......................................................................................................... 1)

!reatment for internal leein#..............................................................................4 Aller#ic (eaction >Anaphyla'is?..............................................................................4

Sins an' S"mtoms......................................................................................................... 1)1It!-in3-ies..................................................................................................................... 1)1

!reatment for Aller#ic (eactions.............................................................................4ites an Stin#s......................................................................................................4

Sna$e 2ites....................................................................................................................... 1)&

Si#ns an Symptoms..............................................................................................4!reatment for Snake ites......................................................................................4&i#ure 4: Applyin# a pressure immobilisation bana#e.........................................44

!ick ite..................................................................................................................45Sins an' S"mtoms......................................................................................................... 1),!reatment for !ick ites..........................................................................................45(eBback Spier......................................................................................................49

Sins an' S"mtoms......................................................................................................... 1)C

!reatment for (eBback Spiers.............................................................................49&unnel 2eb Spier..................................................................................................49

Sins an' S"mtoms......................................................................................................... 1)C

!reatment for &unnel 2eb Spier...........................................................................4;ee+ 2asp an Ant Stin#.........................................................................................4;

Re!onition....................................................................................................................... 1)

!reatment for ee+ 2asp an Ant Stin#..................................................................4<EpiPen.....................................................................................................................4<&i#ure 44: Desi#n an features of EpiBPen AutoBIn8ector.......................................4=&i#ure 45: EpiPen User $uie................................................................................4@

So!ia# ima!ts................................................................................................................... 1,A+o0t t-e stin.................................................................................................................. 1,

&irst ai !reatment for &ire Ants.............................................................................5&i#ure 49: &ire ant an itFs bite...............................................................................51arine Stin#ers.......................................................................................................5

Troi!a# Je##" Fis-............................................................................................................... 1,1

Irukan8i Jellysh.....................................................................................................5Sins an' S"mtoms......................................................................................................... 1,1

&i#ure 4;: Irukan8i Jellysh....................................................................................5Chirone' o' Jellysh.............................................................................................5

Sins an' S"mtoms o/ seere stins...............................................................................1,&

!reatment for Irukan8i Jellysh an Chirone' o' Jellysh....................................5

!reatment for onBtropical luebottle stin#s..........................................................5&i#ure 4


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!reatment for 0ther Jellysh...................................................................................54Sea Snakes.............................................................................................................55

Sins an' S"mtoms......................................................................................................... 1,,

!reatment for Sea Snakes.......................................................................................55&ish Stin#s..............................................................................................................55

Sins an' S"mtoms......................................................................................................... 1,,

!reatment for sh stin#s.........................................................................................59Poisonin#................................................................................................................59Sins an' S"mtoms......................................................................................................... 1,C

!reatment for Poisonin#..........................................................................................59Dru# o%erose........................................................................................................5;

T-e s"mtoms ar" 4i'e#"................................................................................................ 1,Reasons /or oer'ose........................................................................................................1,Ris$ /a!tors........................................................................................................................1,

&irst ai !reatment for Dru# 0%erose....................................................................5<Stroke.....................................................................................................................5<

Re!onition....................................................................................................................... 1,7arnin Sins....................................................................................................................1,

!reatment for Stroke...............................................................................................5=En%ironmental Conitions.......................................................................................5@)eat E'haustion......................................................................................................5@

Sins an' S"mtoms......................................................................................................... 1,G

!reatment for heat e'haustion...............................................................................5@)eat Stroke.............................................................................................................5@&i#ure 4=: )eat e'haustion an )eat stroke...........................................................9

Sins an' S"mtoms......................................................................................................... 1C

!reatment for )eat Stroke......................................................................................9)ypothermia...........................................................................................................9

Sins an' S"mtoms......................................................................................................... 1C1

!reatment for )ypothermia....................................................................................9&i#ure 4@: )ypothermia..........................................................................................9&rost ite................................................................................................................9&i#ure 5: &rostbite.................................................................................................9

Sins an' S"mtoms......................................................................................................... 1C&!reatment for &rostbite...........................................................................................94)ea In8uries...........................................................................................................94

Hea' In90r" S"mtoms Sins.........................................................................................1C)

!reatment for )ea in8ury.......................................................................................95Skull &racture: &irst Ai...........................................................................................99&i#ure 5: 1ana#ement of forei#n boy an obstruction >chokin#?........................99oseblees.............................................................................................................9;

S"mtoms......................................................................................................................... 1C

&irst ai treatment for ose lee..........................................................................9;Seek meical a%ice...............................................................................................9<

Fre0ent nose+#ee's......................................................................................................... 1C

!eeth In8ury.............................................................................................................9<

2a+" teet- ='e!i'0o0s teet->............................................................................................1CPermanent teeth.....................................................................................................9=0%er%ie* an Consierations *ith &racture an Dislocate Ja*...........................9@

Sins an' S"mtoms........................................................................................................1CG

Symptoms of a fracture >broken? 8a* inclue:......................................................;&irst Ai !reatment for &racture an Dislocate Ja*.............................................;Spinal In8ury............................................................................................................;Spinal column.........................................................................................................;&i#ure 5: Spinal column........................................................................................;Si#ns an Symptoms..............................................................................................;!reatment for Spinal In8ury.....................................................................................;Concussion.............................................................................................................;4

Sins an' S"mtoms......................................................................................................... 1)

!reatment for concussion.......................................................................................;4Eye In8uries.............................................................................................................;5

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Sins an' S"mtoms......................................................................................................... 1,

!reatment for Eye In8ury.........................................................................................;5Chest In8uries..........................................................................................................;9

S0!$in (-est 7o0n'........................................................................................................ 1CFra!t0re' Ri+s................................................................................................................... 1CF#ai# Sement.................................................................................................................... 1C

&i#ure 54: Penetratin# Chest *oun.......................................................................;9Sins an' S"mtoms......................................................................................................... 1&i#ure 55: Pneumothora'........................................................................................;;!reatment for Chest In8uries...................................................................................;; Abominal In8ury.....................................................................................................;<

Sins an' S"mtoms......................................................................................................... 1

!reatment for Abominal In8ury..............................................................................;=&i#ure 59: Dressin# an abominal *oun...............................................................;=Soft !issue In8uries..................................................................................................;=Sprain.....................................................................................................................;@

Sins an' S"mtoms......................................................................................................... 1G

1uscle strain...........................................................................................................;@Sins an' S"mtoms......................................................................................................... 1G

ruises....................................................................................................................


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Sins an' S"mtoms......................................................................................................... 1

!reatment for )yper%entilation...............................................................................=;Croup......................................................................................................................=;

Sins an' S"mtoms......................................................................................................... 1

!reatment for Croup...............................................................................................=;Epi#lottitis...............................................................................................................=<

Sins an' S"mtoms......................................................................................................... 1!reatment for Epi#lottitis........................................................................................=<

3. COMMUNICATE DETAILS OF THE INCIDENT...............................................188

).1 RE8UEST AM2ULAN(E SUPPORT AND3OR APPROPRIATE MEDI(AL ASSISTAN(E A((ORDIN6 TO RELE@ANT (IR(UMSTAN(ES USIN6 RELE@ANT (OMMUNI(ATION MEDIA AND E8UIPMENT..................1

Usin# rele%ant communication meia an equipment............................................=@ Acti%ity :............................................................................................................. =@Callin# KF Emer#ency Ser%ices...........................................................................@ G !he i#ital alternati%e...................................................................................@; G !he !e't Emer#ency Call Ser%ice..................................................................@"o#in# a call to Emer#ency Ser%ices.....................................................................@ Acti%ity 4:............................................................................................................. @

).& A((URATELY (ON@EY ASSESSMENT OF (ASUALTY5S (ONDITION AND MANA6EMENT A(TI@ITIES TO AM2ULAN(E SER@I(ES3 OTHER EMER6EN(Y SER@I(ES3 RELIE@IN6 PERSONNEL.........................1G)

!he casualtyFs conition.........................................................................................@4 Acti%ity 5:............................................................................................................. @4)anin# o%er to Emer#ency Ser%ices personnel.....................................................@5

).) A((URATELY RE(ORD DETAILS OF (ASUALTY5S PHYSI(AL (ONDITION; (HAN6ES IN (ONDITIONS; MANA6EMENT AND RESPONSE TO MANA6EMENT IN LINE 7ITH ESTA2LISHED PRO(EDURES..................................................................................................................1GC

Physical conition...................................................................................................@9Case Stuy: spraine ankle....................................................................................@;Chan#es in conitions.............................................................................................@;Case Stuy: Asthma attack.....................................................................................@;1ana#ement...........................................................................................................@<

(esponse to mana#ement......................................................................................@< Acti%ity 9:............................................................................................................. @=

)., MAINTAIN (ONFIDENTIALITY OF RE(ORDS AND INFORMATION IN LINE 7ITH PRI@A(Y PRIN(IPLES AND STATUTORY AND3OR OR6ANISATION POLI(IES...................................................1G

ational Pri%acy Act................................................................................................@@Pri%acy principles....................................................................................................@@

4. EVALUATE OWN PERFORMANCE...............................................................201

,.1 SEEK FEED2A(K FROM APPROPRIATE (LINI(AL EBPERT..................................................&1 Am I oin# a #oo 8ob6...........................................................................................SelfBappraisal..........................................................................................................Informal feeback...................................................................................................&ormal feeback.....................................................................................................Professional e%elopment.......................................................................................Seek feeback from appropriate clinical e'pert......................................................Seekin# feeback...................................................................................................$uielines for seekin# feeback.............................................................................(ecei%in# feeback.................................................................................................4

,.& RE(O6NISE THE POSSI2LE PSY(HOLO6I(AL IMPA(TS ON RES(UERS IN@OL@ED IN (RITI(AL IN(IDENTS.....................................................................................................................&,

Se%en simple strate#ies that *ork:.........................................................................5&i#ure 5@: Physical care pro#ram...........................................................................;

,.) PARTI(IPATE IN DE2RIEFIN63 E@ALUATION AS APPROPRIATE TO IMPRO@E FUTURE RESPONSE AND ADDRESS INDI@IDUAL NEEDS.......................................................................................&

Lour response to the accient/incient...................................................................;

APPENDI% 1...............................................................................................207

APPENDI% 2...............................................................................................208

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RESOURCE EVALUATION FORM....................................................................209

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78T9!511! : !pply (irst aid!escription:

This unit o( co)petency describes the sills and no+ledge re-uired topro*ide (irst aid response, li(e support, )anage)ent o( casualty&s', theincident and other (irst aiders, until the arri*al o( )edical or other assistance.

E"ploya#ility $%ills:

The re-uired outco)es described in this unit o( co)petency containapplicable (acets o( ;)ployability ills.

The ;)ployability ills u))ary o( the -uali(ication in +hich this unit o( co)petency is pacaged +ill assist in identi(ying ;)ployability illre-uire)ents.

re& Co re'uisite (nits:

There are no pre:re-uisites or co:re-uisites (or this co)petency unit.

This unit incorporates the content o( units<

• 78TC/=211! /er(or) C/=

• 78T9!211! /ro*ide basic e)ergency li(e support

Application of the (nit:

These sills and no+ledge )ay be applied in a range o( situations,including co))unity and +orplace settings.

Training /acage users should ensure i)ple)entation is consistent +ithany speci(ic +orplace and>or rele*ant legislati*e re-uire)ents in relationto (irst aid, including tate>Territory re-uire)ents (or currency.

!pplication o( these sills and no+ledge should be contextualised asre-uired to address speci(ic industry, enterprise or +orplace re-uire)entsand to address speci(ic riss and ha?ards and associated in@uries.

! current enior 9irst !id, 3orplace 8e*el 2 or 8e*el 2 -uali(ication )aypro*ide e*idence o( sills and no+ledge re-uired by this co)petency unit.7o+e*er, as +ith all e*idence o( co)petence, e*idence )ust be assessedagainst the re-uire)ents speci(ied in the co)petency unit.

)ntroduction

!s a +orer, a trainee or a (uture +orer you +ant to en@oy your +or andbeco)e no+n as a *aluable tea) )e)ber. This unit o( co)petency +illhelp you ac-uire the no+ledge and sills to +or e((ecti*ely as anindi*idual and in groups. It +ill gi*e you the basis to contribute to the goalso( the organisation +hich e)ploys you.

It is essential that you begin your training by beco)ing (a)iliar +ith theindustry standards to +hich organisations )ust con(or).

This unit o( co)petency introduces you to so)e o( the ey issues andresponsibilities o( +orers and organisations in this area. The unit also

pro*ides you +ith opportunities to de*elop the co)petencies necessary (or e)ployees to operate as tea) )e)bers.

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This Learning Guide co*ers:

• !ssess the situation.

• !pply (irst aid procedures.

• Co))unicate details o( the incident.

• ;*aluate o+n per(or)ance.

Learning rogra"

!s you progress through this unit you +ill de*elop sills in locating andunderstanding an organisations policies and procedures. Aou +ill build upa sound no+ledge o( the industry standards +ithin +hich organisations)ust operate. Aou should also beco)e )ore a+are o( the e((ect that your o+n sills in dealing +ith people has on your success, or other+ise, in the+orplace.

no+ledge o( your sills and capabilities +ill help you )ae in(or)ed

choices about your (urther study and career options.Additional Learning $upport

To obtain additional support you )ay<

• earch (or other resources in the 8earning =esource Centres o( your

learning institution. Aou )ay (ind boos, @ournals, *ideos and other )aterials +hich pro*ide extra in(or)ation (or topics in this unit.

• earch in your local library. ost libraries eep in(or)ation about

go*ern)ent depart)ents and other organisations, ser*ices andprogra)s.

•

Contact in(or)ation ser*ices such as In(olin, ;-ual pportunityCo))ission, and Co))issioner o( 3orplace !gree)ents. nionorganisations, and public relations and in(or)ation ser*ices pro*idedby *arious go*ern)ent depart)ents. any o( these ser*ices are listedin the telephone directory.

• Contact your local shire or council o((ice. any councils ha*e a

co))unity de*elop)ent or +el(are o((icer as +ell as an in(or)ationand re(erral ser*ice.

• Contact the rele*ant (acilitator by telephone, )ail or (acsi)ile.

Facilitation

Aour training organisation +ill pro*ide you +ith a (lexible learning (acilitator.Aour (acilitator +ill play an acti*e role in supporting your learning, +ill )aeregular contact +ith you and i( you ha*e (ace to (ace access, shouldarrange to see you at least once. !(ter you ha*e enrolled your (acilitator +ill contact you by telephone or letter as soon as possible to let you no+<

• 7o+ and +hen to )ae contact

• 3hat you need to do to co)plete this unit o( study

• 3hat support +ill be pro*ided.

7ere are so)e o( the things your (acilitator can do to )ae your study

easier.

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• i*e you a clear *isual ti)etable o( e*ents (or the se)ester or ter) in

+hich you are enrolled, including any deadlines (or assess)ents.

• Chec that you no+ ho+ to access library (acilities and ser*ices.

• Conduct s)all Dinterest groups" (or so)e o( the topics.

• se Daction sheets" and +ebsite updates to re)ind you about tass you

need to co)plete.

• et up a Dchat lineE. I( you ha*e access to telephone con(erencing or

*ideo con(erencing, your (acilitator can use these (or speci(ic topics or discussion sessions.

• Circulate a ne+sletter to eep you in(or)ed o( e*ents, topics and

resources o( interest to you.

• eep in touch +ith you by telephone or e)ail during your studies.

Fle+i#le Learning

tudying to beco)e a co)petent +orer and learning about current issuesin this area, is an interesting and exciting thing to do. Aou +ill establishrelationships +ith other candidates, (ello+ +orers and clients. Aou +illalso learn about your o+n ideas, attitudes and *alues. Aou +ill also ha*e(un F )ost o( the ti)e.

!t other ti)es, study can see) o*er+hel)ing and i)possibly de)anding,particularly +hen you ha*e an assign)ent to do and you aren"t sure ho+ totacle itG..and your (a)ily and (riends +ant you to spend ti)e +iththe)GGand a )o*ie you +ant to +atch is on tele*isionG.andG.o)eti)es being a candidate can be hard.

7ere are so)e ideas to help you through the hard ti)es. To studye((ecti*ely, you need space, resources and ti)e.

$pace

Try to set up a place at ho)e or at +or +here<

• Aou can eep your study )aterials

• Aou can be reasonably -uiet and (ree (ro) interruptions, and

• Aou can be reasonably co)(ortable, +ith good lighting, seating and a

(lat sur(ace (or +riting.

I( it is i)possible (or you to set up a study space, perhaps you could use

your local library. Aou +ill not be able to store your study )aterials there,but you +ill ha*e -uiet, a des and chair, and easy access to the other (acilities.

$tudy ,esources

The )ost basic resources you +ill need are<

• a chair

• a des or table

• a reading la)p or good light

•

a (older or (ile to eep your notes and study )aterials together

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• )aterials to record in(or)ation &pen and paper or noteboos, or a

co)puter and printer'

• re(erence )aterials, including a dictionary

! T (orget that other people can be *aluable study resources. Aour

(ello+ +orers, +or super*isor, other candidates, your (lexible learning(acilitator, your local librarian, and +orers in this area can also help you.

Ti"e

It is i)portant to plan your study ti)e. 3or out a ti)e that suits you andplan around it. ost people (ind that studying in short, concentrated blocso( ti)e &an hour or t+o' at regular inter*als &daily, e*ery second day, oncea +ee' is )ore e((ecti*e than trying to cra) a lot o( learning into a +holeday. Aou need ti)e to HdigestE the in(or)ation in one section be(ore you)o*e on to the next, and e*eryone needs regular breas (ro) study toa*oid o*erload. Be realistic in allocating ti)e (or study. 8oo at +hat isre-uired (or the unit and loo at your other co))it)ents.

ae up a study ti)etable and stic to it. Build in HdeadlinesE and setyoursel( goals (or co)pleting study tass. !llo+ ti)e (or reading andco)pleting acti*ities. =e)e)ber that it is the -uality o( the ti)e you spendstudying rather than the -uantity that is i)portant.

$tudy $trategies

i((erent people ha*e di((erent learning Dstyles". o)e people learn bestby listening or repeating things out loud. o)e learn best by doing, so)eby reading and )aing notes. !ssess your o+n learning style, and try toidenti(y any barriers to learning +hich )ight a((ect you. !re you easily

distracted !re you a(raid you +ill (ail !re you taing study tooseriously Not seriously enough o you ha*e supporti*e (riends and(a)ily 7ere are so)e ideas (or e((ecti*e study strategies.

ae notes. This o(ten helps you to re)e)ber ne+ or un(a)iliar in(or)ation. ! T +orry about spelling or neatness, as long as youcan read your o+n notes. eep your notes +ith the rest o( your study)aterials and add to the) as you go. se pictures and diagra)s i( thishelps.

nderline ey +ords +hen you are reading the )aterials in this learningguide. &! T underline things in other people"s boos'. This alsohelps you to re)e)ber i)portant points.

Tal to other people &(ello+ +orers, (ello+ candidates, (riends, (a)ily, your (acilitator' about +hat you are learning. !s +ell as helping you to clari(yand understand ne+ ideas, taling also gi*es you a chance to (ind outextra in(or)ation and to get (resh ideas and di((erent points o( *ie+.

(sing this learning guide:

! learning guide is @ust that, a guide to help you learn. ! learning guide isnot a text boo. Aour learning guide +ill

• describe the sills you need to de)onstrate to achie*e co)petency (or

this unit

• pro*ide in(or)ation and no+ledge to help you de*elop your sills



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• pro*ide you +ith structured learning acti*ities to help you absorb the

no+ledge and in(or)ation and practice your sills

• direct you to other sources o( additional no+ledge and in(or)ation

about topics (or this unit.



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The Icon ey

/ey oints;xplains the actions taen by a co)petent person.

E+a"ple

Illustrates the concept or co)petency by pro*iding exa)ples.

Acti*ity

/ro*ides acti*ities to rein(orce understanding o( the action.

Chart

/ro*ides i)ages that represent data sy)bolically. They are usedto present co)plex in(or)ation and nu)erical data in a si)ple,co)pact (or)at.

)ntended utco"es or #0ecti*es

tate)ents o( intended outco)es or ob@ecti*es are descriptions o( the +or that +ill be done.

Assess"ent

trategies +ith +hich in(or)ation +ill be collected in order to*alidate each intended outco)e or ob@ecti*e.



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Ho to get the "ost out of your learning guide

1. ,ead through the infor"ation in the learning guide carefully. 2a%e sureyou understand the "aterial.

o)e sections are -uite long and co*er co)plex ideas and in(or)ation. I(

you co)e across anything you ! T understand<

• tal to your (acilitator

• research the area using the boos and )aterials listed under

=esources

• discuss the issue +ith other people &your +orplace super*isor, (ello+

+orers, (ello+ candidates'

• try to relate the in(or)ation presented in this learning guide to your o+n

experience and to +hat you already no+.

!s yoursel( -uestions as you go< 9or exa)ple H7a*e I seen this

happening any+hereE HCould this apply to )eE H3hat i(G.E This +illhelp you to )ae sense o( ne+ )aterial and to build on your existingno+ledge.

. Tal% to people a#out your study.

Taling is a great +ay to rein(orce +hat you are learning.

3. 2a%e notes.

4. 5or% through the acti*ities.

;*en i( you are te)pted to sip so)e acti*ities, do the) any+ay. They arethere (or a reason, and e*en i( you already ha*e the no+ledge or sills

relating to a particular acti*ity, doing the) +ill help to rein(orce +hat youalready no+. I( you ! T understand an acti*ity, thin care(ully aboutthe +ay the -uestions or instructions are phrased. =ead the section againto see i( you can )ae sense o( it. I( you are still con(used, contact your (acilitator or discuss the acti*ity +ith other candidates, (ello+ +orers or +ith your +orplace super*isor.

Additional research6 reading and note ta%ing.

I( you are using the additional re(erences and resources suggested in thelearning guide to tae your no+ledge a step (urther, there are a (e+si)ple things to eep in )ind to )ae this ind o( research easier.

!l+ays )ae a note o( the author"s na)e, the title o( the boo or article,the edition, +hen it +as published, +here it +as published, and the na)eo( the publisher. I( you are taing notes about speci(ic ideas or in(or)ation,you +ill need to put the page nu)ber as +ell. This is called the re(erencein(or)ation. Aou +ill need this (or so)e assess)ent tass and it +ill helpyou to (ind the boo again i( needed.

eep your notes short and to the point. =elate your notes to the )aterialin your learning guide. /ut things into your o+n +ords. This +ill gi*e youa better understanding o( the )aterial.

tart o(( +ith a -uestion you +ant ans+ered +hen you are exploringadditional resource )aterials. This +ill structure your reading and sa*e

you ti)e.



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HLTFA311A - Apply first aid

Ele"ent /er(or)ance Criteria

1. Assess the situation.

1.1Identi(y assess and )ini)ise ha/ards in the situation that )aypose a ris o( in@ury or illness to sel( and others.

1.ini)ise i))ediate ris0 to sel( and casualty"s health and sa(ety bycontrolling any ha?ard in accordance +ith +or health and sa(etyre-uire)ents.

1.3 !ssess casualty and identi(y in@uries, illnesses and conditions

. Apply first aid procedures.

.1 !dopt a co))unication style to )atch the casualty"s le*el o(consciousness.

.se a*ailable resources and e)uipment to )ae the casualty asco)(ortable as possible.

.3=espond to the casualty in a culturally a+are, sensiti*e andrespect(ul )anner.

.4eter)ine and explain rele*ant (irst aid procedures to pro*ideco)(ort.

.7ee consent (ro) casualty prior to applying (irst aid)anage)ent.

.8/ro*ide first aid mana'ement in accordance +ith esta!ished firstaid princip!es and procedures

.9ee (irst aid assistance (ro) others in a ti)ely )anner and asappropriate.

.Correctly operate (irst aid e-uip)ent (or (irst aid )anage)entaccording to )anu(acturer> supplier"s instructions and procedures.

.; se sa(e )anual handling techni-ues.

.1<onitor casua!t"2s condition and respond in accordance +ithestablished (irst aid principles and procedures.

.119inalise casualty )anage)ent according to casualty"s needs and(irst aid principles.

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3. Co""unicate details of the incident.

3.1=e-uest a)bulance support and>or appropriate )edical

assistance according to rele*ant circu)stance.

3. !ccurately con*ey obser*ation o( casualty"s condition and)anage)ent acti*ities to a)bulance ser*ices>relie*ing personnel

3.3 !ccurately assess and report detai!s o( casualty"s physicalcondition, changes in conditions, )anage)ent and response to)anage)ent in line +ith established procedures.

3.4aintain con(identiality o( records and in(or)ation in line +ithpri*acy principles and statutory and>or organisation policies.

4. E*aluate on perfor"ance.

4.1 ee (eedbac (ro) appropriate c!inica! e3pert .

4.=ecognise the possible psychological i)pacts on rescuersin*ol*ed in critical incidents.

4.3/articipate in debrie(ing> e*aluation as appropriate to i)pro*e(uture response and address indi*idual needs.

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;ssential ills and no+ledge

Essential $%ills

It is critical that the candidate de)onstrate the ability to e((ecti*ely do thetas outlined in ele)ents and per(or)ance criteria o( this unit, )anage thetas and )anage contingencies in the context o( the identi(ied +or role

This includes the ability to<

• !pply (irst aid principles

• Call an a)bulance and>or )edical assistance according to rele*ant

circu)stances and report casualty&s' condition

• Co))unicate e((ecti*ely and asserti*ely in an incident

•Conduct an initial casualty assess)ent

• anage)ent o(<

• !naphylaxis using adrenalin auto:in@ector

• !*oiding asphyxia due to body position

• Bronchospas) using bronchodilator and spacer de*ice

• Cardiac arrest using single rescuer procedure, including the

de)onstration o( a sea)less changeo*er bet+een operators

• ;xternal hae)orrhage

• 9ractures, sprains and strains using ar) slings, roller bandages and

other appropriate i))obilisation techni-ues

• nconscious casualty including using a reco*ery position

• e)onstrate<

• ability to call an a)bulance

• consideration o( the +el(are o( the casualty

• sa(e )anual handling

• site )anage)ent to pre*ent (urther in@ury

• understanding o( causes contributing to asphyxia due to body position

• e)onstrate correct procedures (or per(or)ing C/= using a )aniin,

including standard precautions &i.e. as per unit 4L5C&#11A &erformC& '

• e)onstrate in(ection control, including use o( standard precautions

• ;*aluate o+n response and identi(y appropriate i)pro*e)ents +here

re-uired

• 9ollo+ tate and Territory +or health and sa(ety legislati*e

re-uire)ents

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• ae pro)pt and appropriate decisions relating to )anaging an

incident in the +orplace

• /lan an appropriate (irst aid response in line +ith established (irst aid

principles, !=C uidelines and guidelines o( !ustralian national peaclinical bodies, industry standards and tate > Territory legislation and

regulations and respond to contingencies in line +ith o+n sills

• /repare a +ritten incident report or pro*ide in(or)ation to enable

preparation o( an incident report

• /ro*ide assistance +ith sel(:)edication as per sub@ect"s o+n

)edication regi)e and>or ad)inister )edication in line +ithtate>Territory legislation and regulations, organisation policies and anya*ailable )edical>phar)aceutical instructions

• npac, acti*ate and (ollo+ pro)pts o( an !;

Essential /noledge

The candidate )ust be able to de)onstrate essential no+ledge re-uiredto e((ecti*ely do the tas outlined in ele)ents and per(or)ance criteria o( this unit, )anage the tas and )anage contingencies in the context o( theidenti(ied +or role

This includes a de)onstrated understanding o(<

• !+areness o( stress )anage)ent techni-ues and a*ailable support

• 9irst aid )anage)ent, based on a ris assess)ent rele*ant to the

+orplace or co))unity setting o(<

• abdo)inal in@uries

• allergic reactions

• altered and loss o( consciousness

• asth)a

• anaphylaxis

• bleeding

• burns F ther)al, che)ical, (riction, electrical

•

cardiac arrest• chest pain

• choing>air+ay obstruction

• dro+ning

• en*eno)ation F snae, spider, insect and )arine bites and stings

• en*iron)ental i)pact such as hypother)ia, hyperther)ia,

dehydration, heat stroe

• in@uries: cold and crush in@uriesK eye and ear in@uriesK head, nec and

spinal in@uriesK )inor sin in@uriesK needle stic in@uriesK so(t tissuein@uries including sprains, strains, dislocations, (ractures

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• )edical conditions, including cardiac conditions, epilepsy, diabetes,

asth)a and other respiratory conditions

• poisoning and toxic substances &including che)ical conta)ination'

• respiratory distress

• sei?ures

• shoc

• stroe

• substance )isuse F co))on drugs and alcohol, including illicit drugs

• unconsciousness, not breathing or not breathing nor)ally

• uidelines (or pro*ision o( (irst aid as outlined in !ustralian

=esuscitation Council &!=C' uidelines and guidelines o( !ustraliannational pea clinical bodies and tate > Territory legislation and

regulations• ocial > legal issues including<

• duty o( care

• con(identiality

• i)portance o( debrie(ing

• need to be culturally a+are, sensiti*e and respect(ul

• o+n sills and li)itations

• nderstanding o(<

• basic +or health and sa(ety re-uire)ents in the pro*ision o( (irst aid

• basic principles and concepts underlying the practice o( (irst aid

• chain o( sur*i*al

• in(ection control principles and procedures, including use o( standard

precautions

• priorities o( )anage)ent in (irst aid +hen dealing +ith li(e threatening

conditions

• procedures (or dealing +ith )a@or and )inor in@ury and illness

• nderstanding o( the use o( an !uto)ated ;xternal e(ibrillator &!;',

including +hen to use and +hen not to

• nderstanding the causes o( asphyxia due to body position

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=ange tate)entThe =ange tate)ent relates to the unit o( co)petency as a +hole. It allo+s (or di((erent+or en*iron)ents and situations that )ay a((ect per(or)ance. !dd any essentialoperating conditions that )ay be present +ith training and assess)ent depending on the+or situation, needs o( the candidate, accessibility o( the ite), and local industry andregional contexts.

Conte+tualisation toaddress specificre'uire"ents )ayinclude<

• 9irst aid pro*ision under speci(ic constraints or

circu)stances &eg. in con(ined spaces, in )ariti)e +oren*iron)ent or in +or en*iron)ent in*ol*ing identi(iedriss >ha?ards'

• 9ocus on (irst aid )anage)ent o( speci(ic types o( in@ury

Esta#lished first aidprinciples andprocedures include<

• !ustralian =esuscitation Council uidelines

• uidelines o( !ustralian national pea clinical bodies

• /ri)ary 9irst !id /rinciples to<

• /reser*e li(e

• /re*ent illness, in@ury and condition&s' beco)ing

+orse

• /ro)ote reco*ery

• /rotect the unconscious casualty

• tate>Territory legislation and regulations

Ha=ards )ay include<

• source or situation +ith the potential (or har) in ter)s o(

hu)an in@ury or ill:health, da)age to property, theen*iron)ent, or a co)bination o( these

• =ele*ant ha?ards )ay be classi(ied under the headings<

• Biological ha?ards

• Che)ical ha?ards

• 7a?ards associated +ith )anual handling

• /hysical ha?ards

,is%s )ay include< • ;n*iron)ental riss

• ;xposure to blood and other body substances

• =iss associated +ith the proxi)ity o( other +orers and

bystanders

• =iss (ro) body position

• =iss (ro) e-uip)ent, )achinery and substances

•=iss (ro) *ehicles

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• =iss (ro) (irst aid e-uip)ent

• =is o( (urther in@ury to the casualty



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Casualty>s condition is)anaged (or<

• !bdo)inal in@uries

• !ir+ay obstruction

• !llergic reactions

• !ltered and loss o( consciousness

• Bleeding

• Body position

• Burns F ther)al, che)ical, (riction, electrical

• Cardiac arrest

• Chest pain

•Choing>air+ay obstruction

• ;n*eno)ation F snae, spider, insect and )arine bites

and stings

• ;n*iron)ental i)pact such as hypother)ia,

hyperther)ia, dehydration, heat stroe

• In@uries< cold and crush in@uriesK eye and ear in@uriesK

head, nec and spinal in@uriesK )inor sin in@uriesK needlestic in@uriesK so(t tissue in@uries including sprains,strains, dislocations, (ractures

• edical conditions, including cardiac conditions,

epilepsy, diabetes, asth)a and other respiratoryconditions

• /oisoning and toxic substances &including che)ical

conta)ination'

• =espiratory distress

• ei?ures

• hoc

• troe

• ubstance )isuse F co))on drugs and alcohol,

including illicit drugs

• nconsciousness, not breathing or not breathing

nor)ally



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First aid "anage"ent )ust tae into accountK

• In(ection control

• 8egal and social responsibilities o( the (irst aider

• The setting in +hich (irst aid is pro*ided, including<

− Industry> site speci(ic regulations, codes etc.

− 8ocation and nature o( the incident

− 8ocation o( e)ergency ser*ices personnel situational

riss associated +ith, (or exa)ple, electrical andbiological ha?ards, +eather, )otor *ehicle accidents.

− tate and territory +or health and sa(ety legislati*e

re-uire)ents

− 3orplace policies and procedures

− 37 re-uire)ents

• The use and a*ailability o( (irst aid e-uip)ent and

resources

,esources ande'uip"ent are usedappropriate to the ris tobe )et and )ay include<

• !;

• !uto:in@ector

• Bronchodilator and pacer de*ice

• 9irst aid it

• /u((er> inhaler

• =esuscitation )as or barrier

Appropriate clinicale+pert )ay include<

• !)bulance o((icer> para)edic

• !ppropriately -uali(ied health care pro(essional

,eport details shouldinclude<

• Ti)e

• escription o( in@ury>illness

• 9irst aid )anage)ent

• Incident details

• 8ocation

• Lital signs



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,eport details )ayinclude<

• !d)inistration o( )edication including<

− date

− dose

− person ad)inistering

− ti)e

• 9luid intae> output, including (luid loss *ia<

− Blood

− 9aeces

− rine

−Lo)it

• In@ury report (or)s

• 3orplace docu)ents as per organisation re-uire)ents



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;*idence uideThe e*idence guide pro*ides ad*ice on assess)ent and )ust be read in con@unction +iththe /er(or)ance Criteria, =e-uired ills and no+ledge, the =ange tate)ent and the !ssess)ent uidelines (or this Training /acage. The e*idence guide supple)entsassess)ent re-uire)ents that apply to all units in this Training /acage. sers o( thise*idence guide should (irst read the pacage"s assess)ent guidelines.

Critical aspects ofassess"ent:

• The indi*idual being assessed )ust pro*ide e*idence o(

essential no+ledge and essential sills

• Co)petence should be de)onstrated +oring

indi*idually and as part o( a (irst aid tea)

• Consistency o( per(or)ance should be de)onstrated

o*er the re-uired range o( situations rele*ant to the

+orplace or co))unity setting

• Currency o( (irst aid no+ledge and sills is to be

de)onstrated in line !=C guidelines and guidelines o( !ustralian national pea clinical bodies andtate>Territory legislation and regulations

Conte+t and resourcesre'uired forassess"ent:

• ills in per(or)ing (irst aid procedures are to be

assessed through de)onstration, +ith -uestioning tocon(ir) essential no+ledge

• e)onstration o( (irst aid procedures o*er the re-uired

range o( situations rele*ant to the +orplace setting )ustbe de)onstrated using standard precautions and (irst aide-uip)ent including roller bandages, triangularbandages, other trau)a dressings, bronchodilator andspacer de*ice, adrenalin auto:in@ectors and !;

• 9or assess)ent purposes, de)onstration o( sills in

C/= procedures re-uires using a )odel o( the hu)anbody &resuscitation )aniin' in line +ith !=C uidelines

Access and e'uityconsiderations:

• !ll +orers in the health industry should be a+are o(

access and e-uity issues in relation to their o+n area o(

+or• !ll +orers should de*elop their ability to +or in a

culturally di*erse en*iron)ent

• In recognition o( particular health issues (acing !boriginal

and Torres trait Islander co))unities, +orers shouldbe a+are o( cultural, historical and current issuesi)pacting on health o( !boriginal and Torres traitIslander people

• !ssessors and trainers )ust tae into account rele*ant

access and e-uity issues, in particular relating to (actors

i)pacting on health o( !boriginal and>or Torres traitIslander clients and co))unities

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9irst !id IntroductionIn (irst aid our ai) is to loo a(ter and treat the casualty until (urther assistance arri*es &e.g. !)bulance'. 3e are usually able to de*ote all our resources to that one casualty. 3hen so)eone is seriously in@ured or sicit is ad*isable to al+ays call the !)bulance and bring the !)bulance tothe casualty not to tae the casualty to the !)bulance or edical Care. I( in doubt you should phone the !)bulance and (ollo+ their ad*ice.

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Ter)s used in this unitA#do"inal in0uries: Caused by blunt or penetrating trau)a and can

in*ol*e internal bleeding or the exposure o( the internal organs to air. uchin@uries in*ariably a((ect *ital organs.

Airay: The passage (ro) the nose and )outh through +hich air passesto the lungs.

Airay o#struction: /artial or co)plete blocage o( the breathingpassages to the lungs.

Allergic reaction: !bnor)al reaction o( the casualty to a (oreignsubstance, +hich )ay result in an itchy rash and pu((y eyelids, generals+elling, +hee?ing and breathing di((iculty, or acute collapse.

Altered and loss of consciousness: ?ALC@ !n altered le*el o( consciousness is any )easure o( arousal other than nor)al. 8e*el o( consciousness &8C' is a )easure)ent o( a personMs arousability andresponsi*eness to sti)uli (ro) the en*iron)ent.

Arousa#ility: The a)ount o( arousal. !rousal is a physiological andpsychological state o( being a+ae or reacti*e to sti)uli. It in*ol*es theacti*ation o( the reticular acti*ating syste) in the brain ste), theautono)ic ner*ous syste) and the endocrine syste), leading to increasedheart rate and blood pressure and a condition o( sensory alertness,)obility and readiness to respond.

Arteries: Blood *essels, +hich tae blood (ro) the heart.

Arterioles: )all arteries.

Asth"a: a chronic disease o( the air+ays o( the lungs, +hich can be)anaged +ith proper treat)ent.

Anaphyla+is: is a serious allergic reaction that a((ects a nu)ber o( di((erent areas o( the body at one ti)e, and can be (atal.

ac% lo: ! blo+ +ith the heel o( the hand applied )idline bet+een theshoulder blades.

asic Life $upport ?L$@: The preser*ation o( li(e by the establish)ent o( and >or )aintenance o( !ir+ay, Breathing and Circulation and relatede)ergency care +ithout the use o( e-uip)ent. Note< !ncillary de*ices

such as a resuscitation (ace )as, (ace shield or glo*es )ay be used to)ini)ise cross:in(ection riss.

rachial ulse< The brachial pulse is the best pulse to (eel in in(ants andis (ound in the inner aspect o( the elbo+.

Cardiac Arrest: This the cessation o( heart action con(ir)ed by theabsence o( the carotid pulse in an unconscious, non:breathing casualty.

Cardiopul"onary ,esuscitation ?C,@< The techni-ue o( in(lation o( thelungs and co)pression o( the heart, used in an atte)pt to re*i*e a person+ho has su((ered a cardiac arrest.

Carotid ulse: The pulse (elt in the )ain artery on each side o( the nec.

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Chest pains: )ay be a sy)pto) o( a nu)ber o( serious conditions and isgenerally considered a )edical e)ergency. ;*en though it )ay bedeter)ined that the pain is non:cardiac in origin, this is o(ten a diagnosis o( exclusion )ade a(ter ruling out )ore serious causes o( the pain.

Cho%ing: ! blocage o( the upper air+ay by (ood or other ob@ects, +hich

pre*ents a person (ro) breathing e((ecti*ely.

Circulation: Blood (lo+ through the heart and blood *essels to pro*ideoxygen and nutrients to the tissues.

Cyanosis: ! bluish discolouration o( the sin and lining o( the )outhassociated +ith inade-uate oxygen in the blood. ilated< 8arge, expanded.

!ehydration: This occu

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