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HNRS 227 Lecture #19 Chapter 20 The Earth’s Surface presented by Prof. Geller 31 October 2002.

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HNRS 227 Lecture #19 Chapter 20 The Earth’s Surface presented by Prof. Geller 31 October 2002
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Page 1: HNRS 227 Lecture #19 Chapter 20 The Earth’s Surface presented by Prof. Geller 31 October 2002.

HNRS 227 Lecture #19Chapter 20

The Earth’s Surfacepresented by Prof. Geller31 October 2002

Page 2: HNRS 227 Lecture #19 Chapter 20 The Earth’s Surface presented by Prof. Geller 31 October 2002.

Key Points of Chapter 19

Surface Building ProcessesEarthquakesMountainsVolcanoesSurface Tearing Down ProcessesDetermining Geologic TimeGeologic Time Scale

Page 3: HNRS 227 Lecture #19 Chapter 20 The Earth’s Surface presented by Prof. Geller 31 October 2002.

Surface Building Processes

Stress “stress is a force that tends to

compress, pull apart, or deform” different types of stress

compressive stresstensional stressshear stress

Strain “the adjustment to stress”

Page 4: HNRS 227 Lecture #19 Chapter 20 The Earth’s Surface presented by Prof. Geller 31 October 2002.

Stress and Strain

Page 5: HNRS 227 Lecture #19 Chapter 20 The Earth’s Surface presented by Prof. Geller 31 October 2002.

Surface Building Processes

Folds bends in

layered bedrockAnticline /\

Syncline \/

Page 6: HNRS 227 Lecture #19 Chapter 20 The Earth’s Surface presented by Prof. Geller 31 October 2002.

Surface Building Processes

Faulting formation of a crack caused by relative

movement of rock on either side of a fracturedifferent types - normal, reverse, thrust

Page 7: HNRS 227 Lecture #19 Chapter 20 The Earth’s Surface presented by Prof. Geller 31 October 2002.

Earthquakes

Defined as “quaking, shaking, vibrating, or upheaval of the ground”

Earthquake causes elastic rebound

theory

Intensity measure Richter Magnitude

not linear

Page 8: HNRS 227 Lecture #19 Chapter 20 The Earth’s Surface presented by Prof. Geller 31 October 2002.

Mountains

“elevated parts of the Earth’s crust that rise abruptly above the surrounding surface”

Causes folding, faulting,

volcanic activity

Page 9: HNRS 227 Lecture #19 Chapter 20 The Earth’s Surface presented by Prof. Geller 31 October 2002.

Volcanoes

“hill or mountain formed by the extrusion of lava or rock fragments from magma below”

Different types shield, cinder cone, composite (composite shown)

Page 10: HNRS 227 Lecture #19 Chapter 20 The Earth’s Surface presented by Prof. Geller 31 October 2002.

Tear-Down Processes

Weathering mechanical weathering chemical weathering

Erosion mass movement (mass wasting) running water (floodplain, delta) glacier wind (deflation and abrasion) impact cratering

Page 11: HNRS 227 Lecture #19 Chapter 20 The Earth’s Surface presented by Prof. Geller 31 October 2002.

Development of Geologic Time

Fossilization“Reading the Rocks”

principle of uniformity principle of original horizontality principle of superposition principle of crosscutting relationships principle of faunal succession radiometric dating

Geologic Time Scale

Page 12: HNRS 227 Lecture #19 Chapter 20 The Earth’s Surface presented by Prof. Geller 31 October 2002.

Geologic Time Scale


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