Hoa Ph Prelim

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PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

PRE SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD OR

PRIMITIVE

UP T·O

1521 TO

DATE

INFLUENCES.

GEOGRAPHICAL

The

Phi

lippines appears like a broken rosary

of

isla nds f loating along the southeastern rim

of

Asia, North

of

Borneo and South

of

Japan. She is bounded in the East by the mighty Pacific

and in the West by the shallow China Sea. t t ~ l l y

th

e Philippin

es

has 7,100 island

s,

and the

total land

area

is 115

,

707

square miles

299

,

681

sq. km

.

The

Ph

ilippines has a strategic posi

tion in relation to Asia and

to

the islands of the oriental

to

Asia and

to

the islands of

th

e

oriental world. She lies in the path

of

anything that may pass to and from-,the far East. This

strategic posi tion makes our country the trade

ce

nter of the Orient, citadel of Christianity

and democracy in East Asia, and the melting pot of the

wor

ld races a

nd

cultures. To sum it

all this strategic position is responsible in the contribution of different architectural ideas

which were used in

our

buildings. ·

There are

th r

ee main regional island groups, Luzon, the biggest island in

th

e North,

VISAYAS, of isl an ds on the midrib of the archipelago, an d MINDANAO the second

larger island which is the home to the Filipino Muslims. Luzon and Visayas have tenaciously

hung on

to th

e Christian Heritage

of

the Span

ia

rds, creating a very

not

iceable

Eura

sian Seg

ment, while Mindanao prides itself on being the home of the unconquered Mus

l ims-

the

original lndo-Malays

wh

o still have strong links physically and emotionally,

with

the rest of

Muslim Asia.

There

are

many volcanoes in the Philippines whose

eru

pt ions caused much damage to lives

and property. The most famous are the Taa l vo lcano in Batangas, which is active and

famous for its being the smallest volcano in the world, and the Mayon in Albay, Bicol,

famous the world over for its perf

ec t cone. Others are Banahaw in Qu ezon, Hibok-Hibok in

Camiguin island, and

Mt.

Apo in Davao.

GEOLOGICAL

The Philippine,s is rich in natural resources that are yet largely undeveloped as compared

to

other asian countries. Indigenous mater ials which was used in the pre -Spanish architecture

such as bamboo, coconut trees, palm, cogon grass, rattan, nipa are still very abundant.

About 44%

of

the land area is covered

with

forests. There are many kinds

of

trees which are

used for building construction. The sturdiest are molave,

ya

cal and guijo which could

with

stand the weather and dampness used for posts and structural parts, as well as

for

exposed

balconies for framings, tanguile and apitong is perferred. In Baguio City and Benguet, and

Mountain in Provinces there is an abundan

ce of

pine trees which

are

used

for

panelings. In

the lowlands , the redd

ish

n

arra

wood is·popular

as

panelings and

for

furniture.



SOUTH

CHIN

SE

SU U

SE

UT ilES

P CIFIC

OCE N

699



In the llocos and Pangasinan towns are found the clay, which is used to manufacture sun

dried and oven baked

red

bricks. This was introduced

by

the Spaniards in the 16th century.

limestone, adobe stone, marble, gypsum, granite and many volcanic rocks and prevalent

everywhere in the country. Limestone is found in Baguio, Bulacan, Laguna, La Union and

Bicol. Marble is found in Antipolo, Bulacan and Romblon. Marble quarried from Romblon is

comparable

to

Italian varieties. Coral stones

are

much

used

in the Visayas.

The riverbeds, which abound in the Philippines as a rich source of white and gray riversand

as

well as riverstones· The Philippines. although small

in

area

also yield a rich source

of

metals such as gold, silver, tin, iron nickel and c o ~ p e and also coal, asbestos, chromite,

manganese and lead.

I

CLIMATIC \

700

The traditional classification of climate in the P h i l i p ~ e s is based on four climatic types.

FIRST TYPE

Two pronounced seasons:

ry f rom November to April

Wst

u

ring the rest of the year

'

,

' -.,

··

All the regions on the western part

of

the islands of Luzon, Mindoro, Negros and

Palawan are of this type.

SECOND TYPE

No dry season; very pronounced maximum rain period from Novemberto January.

In this class fall Catanduanes, Sorsogon, the eastern part

of

Alb

ay, the eastern and

northern parts of Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur, a great portion of eastern

Mindanao.

THIR

TYPE

Seasons are not very pronounced, relatively dry from November to April and

wet

during the rest of the year. The maximum rain periods are not ve·ry pronounced,

with the short dry sea son lasting only from one to three months. Regions are the

Western parts of Cagayan, lsabela, Nueva Vizcaya, the eastern portion of the

Mountain Province; Southern Quezon , Masbate, Romblon Northeast Panay,

Eastern Negros, Central and southern Cebu, part of Northern Mindanao, and most

of eastern Palawan. ·

FOURTH TYPE

Rainfall more or less evenly distributed throughout lhe year. The regions affected

by this type are the Batanes province, Northeastern ~ z o n the southwestern part

of Camarines Norte, the western part of Camarines

o r t e

the western part of

Camarines Surand Albay, eastern Mindoro, Marinduque:\Western Leyte, Northern

Cebu, Bohol and most of Central, eastern and southern ~ a n a o

Over 50% of the rainfall

in

the Philippines is associated

with

t y p h o o ~

and tropical storms.

Typ.hoons are strongest in the oceans and they weaken

as

they hit lanq.



SOCIAL CULTURAL

The Filipino pe ople a r ~ not pure malay. They are a mixture of races. This came about when

foreigners came to these shores either to trade or to conquer the natives. Thus, some

natives intermarried with the Chinese, a few with the Japanese. Some with the Indians from

India, many with the Spaniards and later, with the Americans. The mixture of native or

Malay and foreigner..._ whether Chinese, Spanish or American, is called mestizo . In spite

of

this mixture

of

races

m

.

he prese

nt

filipino people, the majority belongs

to

the Malay race.

\

The Filipino people

hav e--

,many common traits. Perhaps the most important trait of the

Filipino is his hospitality. H ~ welcomes visitors, whether Filipino or non-Filipino, with open

arms and a warm heart. He jgives his visitors the best i 1 his house and he would go

to

the

.extent of incurring debts make his visitors contented, happy, and comfortabl

e.

The Filipino has close far;tlily ties. The family is the unit of society and consists

of

the

parents,

t h e ~ r a n d p a r e n J e

and children. The head

of

the family is the Father,

but

it is really

the mother who govetr1s. The mother is everything to everybody in the family. She is the

first teacher of the children, the treasurer of the home, the accountant, the censor, the

laundry-woman and the cook. Thus in many Filipino famili

es,

the father even calls the wife

Ma

ma or

mommy ,

he dutifully hands over his

sa

lary or earnings to the wife, who in

case of the father's illness, works to support the whole family. The problem

of

the family is

not

the problem of the parents alone; they

are

the problems of

all

the adu

lt

members of the

family. Almost all the adult children helps in the education of younger brothers and sisters.

Respect for the elders is one

of

the best Filipino traits. The Filipino parents exercise a moral

influence over their children. The latter obey their parents willingly and help them in their

work. The younger men, and women do not, as a rule, disturb their elders when the latter

a

re

talking or conversing with other people. Even among strangers, respect in s

hown

by

filipinos

by bowing to them or by using some words

of

respect. The Tagalog po is com

monly used by almost everybody to show respect even to a younger man or women, if the

latter is a stranger.

The Filipino is sentimental. He feels

sad

when a family member or a friend leaves his home.

When one leaves, he gives a send away gift or pabaon, and when he arrives he usually

br

ings a gift or pasalubong. leaving home for another country is always sad and is accom

panied by much crying and silent weeping. Almost the whole member of the family is pre

sent at the Airport or Bus Station

for

the send-

of f

.

Several values

of

the Filipinos are those

of

life, such as customs, usages, traditions, etc.

which the people regard as necessary and important in their dealings with one another.

One

of

these values is

pakikisama:·

or sense

of

togetherness or comradeship.

It

consists

of

doing somebody a good deed, such as helping a man build a house

without

asking for

compensation, or helping a man look for a job. Utang na Loob or debt of gratitude is

another famous

i l i ~ i n o

value. A person who receives favor from another, whether this is a

friend or stranger,

i s ~ x p e t e d

to pay this debt of gratitude for

do

i

ng

the same, or more, to

the man who

has

d o ~ him some good deed or who has done him a favor. Hiya or

Kahihiyaan is anothet, Filipino value .

It

means sense

of

shame. to a high degree. Be cau se

of this value, often, a Filipl{lo would do something foolish in order to save face. Thus even a

Filipino peasant although il\.poverty, will contract a debt or borrow money from relatives,

neighbors, or friends in order'to have a feast

of

baptism of his child. He spends the borrowed

money on food and other h i n ~ that would make his visitors happy and contented. He does

this in order to save face or hlya . He does not war:tt his neighbors

to

think that he could

not

afford

to

spend for his child's baptism.

7 1



In the different places

of

the Philippines, people do not have the same customs and tradi

tions. There are still those who live in the caves and mountains. Some

of

these ·are the

T bolis, and the Manyans. Other filipinos which we call the natives a

re

those from the Moun-

tain Provinces, and others are the llocanos

from

the North of Luzon, Pangasinan and Ka

pampangans

of

Pampanga from the Central Luzon and Tagalogs

of

Metro Manila and

Southern Manila, and the Bicolanos

of

Southern Luzon. There are the Visayans and the

Muslims

of

Visayas and Mindanao respectively. What is remarkable is that fo r a small island,

(although comprising 7,000 small islands)

there are

almost a hundred dialects. A foreigner

will

be

surprised to find out that to travel eight hours from Manila to llocos, he will

be

en·

countering different dialects every 30 minutes to 1 hour as he travels by ca r. n ~ may be lost

in the splendour of its mountains and seas but on practically every street corner, there w ill

be an English-speaking native swain who is able to point out directions. With

an

almost hun

jred

per cent literate population: the highest in Asia, it is the third largest English-speaking

group in

t h e ~ d

A l m o s r h a l {

of

its 54 million population is under fifty.

_ /······

HISTORIC L

~

According

to

an old scientific theory, the Philippines .was once a part

of

the Asian continent

during the pre-historic times.

About

25,000 years ago, the level

of

the

seas

rose

up

and

flooded the lower regions on the earth. The land-bridges connecting the Philippines and Asia

were submerged. Thus, it came to pass

that

the Philippines was separated from the big mass

of land

that

is Asia. The filipinos are virtually a race of races. They are the

product

of the mix

ture

of

various races.

of

the world.

Three and a half centuries of foreign rule-first by Spain and then by the United

States superimposed a Western-style culture on the Muslim way of life in this outcrop of

islands. Spain gave the Philippines i

ts

main religion, Roman Catholicism. American In

fluence shows in the country s bustling, skycraper cities, such as Manila and Makati and in

the use of English as the main language. ·

FIRST FILIPINOS

The first inhabitants

of

the Philippines were immigrants

of

Malayan origin. They were a

primitive people, with no knowledge

of

agriculture, who lived by hunting and fruit gathering.

From C. 3,000 B.C. onwards, the Malays were joined by a more advanced race from In

donesia. Gradually the

two

peoples merged, building up in tribal system known as the

Barangays .

In the 13th century A.D. the Filipinos were converted to Islam, which reached them through

missionaries who travelled

to

the islands from the Muslim empires of Indon

es

ia. Islamic in

fluence continued unchallenged for 300 years, until the arrival

of

the first Europeans-Spanish

explorers - in the 16th century.

FOR IGN RUL

In

1521

the ~ u r o p e a n explorer Ferdinand Magellan landed in the Philippines during his at

t ~ m p t to sail round the w o r l d ~ u t killed by a

Fil

ipino Chieftain Lapu-Lapu. In 1564 Miguel

Lopez de Legaspi, brought Chrisiianity and w ithin

20

years established Spanish Control over

all the inhabited areas ; with the ~ x c e p t i o n

of

the Muslim areas

of

Mindanao and Sulu. ·

I

7 2

Spanish rule lasted until the end the 19th century, when it was challenged by a growing

nationalist movement inspired by

t ~ e

Filipino wri ter and Patriot , Jose Rizal. An unsuccessful

revolt against Spain broke

out

in

1896.

Rizal was executed , but the rebellion continued under

the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo.

\



Rebel guerillas fought Spanish regulars until 1898. In that year, was broke out between the

United States and Spain, the immediate cause being American indignation over the op

pressive Spanish rule of Cuba.

s

part of America's Strategy,

A-dm

i

ral

Dewey destroyed a

3panish fleet in Manila Bay, and American troops. anded in the Philippines,

within

months,

Spain surrendered and under a treaty, ceded the islands

to

the United States

for

20 million

dollars.

The Filipinos had believed that the United States would give them independence,

but

they

now saw the prospect of self government removed to the distant future.

Fighting soon broke out ; it lasted

for two

yea

rs

before Filipino resistance was finally sup

pressed. But in 1935 the United States gave the islands internal self government, and pro

mised that they would become completely independent in ten years' time.

J P NESE INV SION

In December 1941 Japan launched. a surprise attack on the Philippines. Within a month

Japanese troops.

h d

occupied Manila, where they set

up

a puppet government. After fierce

battles at Bataan and corregidor, American and Filipino troops were forced to surrendP• in

May 1942. In October 1944 American Forces, under General Mc rthur returned

to

the coun

try, completing its liberation by July 1945.

INDEPENDEN E

The Philippines became an independent republ ic in 1946. The country repaired the devasta

tion of the second world war, notably under Ramon Magsaysay, President from

1953

to

1957. It survived a rebellion by communist guerillas, the Hukbalahaps (People's Liberation

rmy) popularly known as HUK's. The country also made slow but steady progress in de

veloping its economy. This was aided by large-scale American investment.

Under President FerdinandMarcos, re-elected to a second terms of office n 1969, discontent

again grew. Students allied with workers in mass anti-government demonstrations over the

issues

of

political corruption, poverty and continuing American influen

ce.

In the provinces,

Huk guerilla activity flared

up

again. Marcos placed the country

Ul )der

Martial Law, and in

1973 announced a new constitution which ena bled him

to

rule with unlimited powers for an

indefinite period.

February 1986 is a date of people power. Due

to

discontent in the dictatorial type of pre

sidency, a snap election was held.

With

the opposition

to

the present ruling party winning

according

to

Namfrel, an independent body to protect and Quick count

th

e polls and votes,

the people were divided as the present administration insists through its legal election arm

body

or

comelec. That

it

was the winning party. In the end, the opposition initiated a Civil

d i s o b e d ~ n c e to boycott peacefully all government crony businesses. Then Minister of Na

tional if'efense Juan Ponce Emile and Gen. Fidel Ramos supported by thousands of common

people' and sanctioned by the Catholic Bishops staged a peoples power rally . This forced

President Marcos

to

Flee

the Philippines. The new President, Madam Corazon

C.

Aquino,

became the tirst woman President.

0

7 3



RELIGIOUS

The average Filipino is deeply religious and dedicated to his church and fa

it

h. The Cathedral,

mosq·ue or chapel is the landmark of most communities; and although the constitution pro

vides

for

separation of church and state, the advise and guidance of religious leade

rs

re

mains influential in every

area

of

social life, including politics.

.

The Philippine Republic is the only catholic counfty

,,

east

of

the Mediterranean Sea, a legacy

of

Spanish Missionaries

wh

o begun teaching in the

17th

century, Catholicism has ben

fostered and expanded in the present century by U.S\German, and Belgian missionaries.

The Catholic educational association includes two

U n i v e ~ i t i e s

(Santo Tomas in Manila and

San Ca rlos in Cebu City), one hundred seminaries and c o f ~ g e s and more than 400 high and

200 elementary schools. The church runs 13 hospitals, 9 ~ s y l u m s and shelters, 31epers col

onies and many dispensaries. In recent years

it

has helpeqin the t ra ining of anti-communist

lea

de

rs

within these groups. / .

The Philippine lndependeht Church, popularly known althe Aglipayan Church, was formed

in 1902 under the leadership of Gregorio Aglipay, a

~ a n

Catholic priest, and lsabela de los

Reyes, a journalist politician. The doctrine was originally stated to be

that

of Roman Catholic

Church,

but

essential departured have appeared. For exa mple, the vernacular repla

ce

d Latin

completely

as

the liturgical language and national heroes were added to the

ca

lendar

of

Saints. The Aglipayan followers is strongest in Northern luzon American Protestantism

entered the Philippines afte Spanish ceded the islands to the U.S, in

1898

. The Pre

hysterians, Baptists, Methodist, Evangelical United Brethren, Disciples of Christ,

Epis

copaliens, and Congregationalists were all represented by 1902. It is reported that 80%

of

the Protestant population belongs to denominations which are members

of

the Philippine

Federation of Churches, which is similar to the National Council of Churches in the U.S. The

association of Christian School and Churches includes Sillman University in Iloilo. There are

several Protestants hosp

it

als

of

which Mary Johnson Hospital in Manila Prot

es

tant is best

known, and many clinics. In the field of social welfare. Protestant groups provide educa

tional leadership, rnedic

al

missionaries and agricultural missionaries.

Is

lam was introduced

to

the Philippin

es

shortly before the Spaniards arrived. Muslim Fili

pinos, called Moros, are concentrated in Su lu Archipelago, southern and western Min

danao, and southern Mindanao. Numbering more than 1,300.00 in 1960, the Moros are

easily the largest Non-Christian group. They are culturally advanced and cohesive, and any

planning

that

concerns the southern Philippines cannot ignore them.

RELIGIOUS DISTRIBUTION

Most Filipinos (93% in

1960

are Christians. More than 80% are Roman Catholics; 5% are

Aglipayans, adherents of the Independent Church formed by some Filipino in the ea rly years

of this country

as an

expression

of

religion and political nationalism. About 3% belong to

various Protestant churches. Muslims, who live· principally in Mindanao and the Sulu. Ar

chipelago, constitute about 5% of the population about 1o/o belong to the Iglesia ni Kristo, a

Filipino church founded in 191 1.

RCHITECTUR L CH R CTER

7 4

1

TH

EARLY PERIOD OR PRE·SPANISH ERA 8TH·15TH CENTURY)

• ·Architectl re in the Pre-Spanish

era

was expressed in the bahay-kubo style of dwell- ,

ings, which was cool and cozy and well adapted to tropical climate . Even before the /

Spanish colonial period, the Fi lipino lived in permanent homes and wore clothes and or/

namental handicrafts. Their houses were constructed

of

wood, bamboo and

p a l ~

leaves (nipa shingles). They were grouped into Barangays along river

Qanl<s.

/

/

I

/

I



In the

N;>Jth

. in

th

e Cordillera mountains, the lfugao built a one-room house on stilts

with

pyramidal roof. The structural parts

of

the house were built without nails and were

joined together

by I a p p i n ~

etc.

,

bU1 ::>

1

Ql

' 1 dol - - - ~

c: oqon ij ra ss roof on

lcc al s t r a 1 ~ h t st iCKs

<::allut

RUNO

tn

terfur

n

ed

W

th ra

tt ah

c: arv ed w<Xl d

WOOd

p r 6 t i U ~ M l J W OCJc J

w

nan g 17asKe.ts,.thr.t.Ke:ns

~ ~ ~ *

~ ~ - L - - - - - 1

c: lr

L.ular f

1xture

la

dde r

tb

t

r

t movu:t r .

1n the e V t n n ~

pumpltDian

haf3PD and

dDtal ~ /

hallp an

ammal

1nseL

t

t?.a.rritt

~ ~ ; amt7ul7ulan

lD at

I

:

I

I

I

705





·

\

\

I

I

, , , r ~ r ~ ~ : r > ~

~ j ~

~ J r ~ ~

707 .



708

· - ..- - -- · ·-- --·-· - - -·--·

=

-=- --

·-

NIP HUTS

u l ~

\

)

,

Home..s 1n Saq.aJa

ll

11

: .al 'e. p ~ n

u

e ,W/

s t r ~ w

tnatc.h

~ ~ ~

r66fs ·

sus

pendeJ.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~

~ n

ptllars

In the lowland areas, the nipa houses hilS at least three 3) differen t versions: llocos,

Central Luzon and Southern Luzon. The characteristic shape

for

all three is that

of

the

classic Malay Nipa House

with

the pitched roof

with

wide overhang wide windows, light

walls above stilts and front and back porches. In the farms and poorer villag

es,

the nipa

hut is literally a grass hut, made of bamboo poles, a roof with woven split canes

for

walls and split bamboo slats

for

flooring. This is locally called the B H Y

KUBO

{cube hou

se

). Structu

res

at

this stage were built

without

nails, lashing

of

ra

ttan

or

strip

of

bamboo were used.

ste. .p

rC>D

fln9

L £3 11 h 1p21

b.atalan

tnatih

S 2 i W 2 1 h ~ O t j 6 M

w a 1 1 1 n ~

Q . . _ _ _ = ~

\. 1 b.arni76D posts



n aK43ta I

t

1111Kas at? at

n

paKo na

y ar1

sa K aw ay an

~ h L y

r6Df 6ver t?at alan w/c

s.erv. s .also

as

l

K1t.Lhen

thatc..h roof1n<3

r6Df

~ X te n i

ct \

l? at a

n

· p a

t7 ao

n

an g

a

sa lup.a



The Mindanao House in the.South echoes the qualiti

es

of its Muslim population. It has

a proud, aggressive air with its prowlike roof, the polychrome, extravagant wooden car

vings derived from the Malay Mythical bird, the sari-manok, the silken Muslim canopies

in the interio rs The Maranao crowned his house with a majestic roof and deGorated ·the

protruding ends

of

floor beams

with

intricate carvings.



lNTERlOR

OF

1 JIOP.O

HoUSE

7



7 2

Particularly in the Eastern and Southern regions where most people are sea-going the

houses look like boa.s many

o

them actually built on stilts buried beneath the water.

aKan h o u s ~ s

have stl.e.p ~ t c h -

~ d rt>6fs :and

wooden -board

~ r

s ~ e

d

rna

tt1114

''' u u walls .



2

SP NISH

ERA (16TH-19TH CENTURY 1521 18981

• In the sixteenth century, the scattered islands became a colony of Spain. W ith Spanish

power and the Christian faith came European Culture and new forms of building. On the

t ropical landscape rose City Walls, fortresses, government buildings,

chur

ches and con

vents, and grand houses. The builde rs of

the

period included Spanish

fr

iars, Chine

se

and native art isans, architects from the peninsula , and the

maestros de

obras . The

natives lea rned to

work

with brick and stone, and had to contend with the intricacies of

the baroque and rococo.

a locos Province in the North

The

Vigan House

The features of the locos house are derived from the sturdier look and stronger con

s

tr

uction of the whole house, a resu lt

of

the llocano householder's character. The

llocano believes in Frugality, solidi

ty

durability and no non-sense practicality.

encloses the space under the main tloor'"of the house with walls of limestone, coral,

even hollow-blocks and cemen t thus creating an extra floor of living space. The

llocano house is highly functional and relatively free f rom useless decorative items.

The other notable distinction of traditional locos houses is a marked Spanish flavor.

Because the llocos provinces w ere amo.ng the first to be settled by the Spaniards,

locos towns enjoyed

th

e best

of

Sj)ffnish culture longest and are today the

most

typically Spanish in architecture. The best example

is

Vigan in llocos Sur w i

th

its an

cient cobblestone streets, brick houses, tiled roofs, elaborate grillwork stone arches

and colonnades. ost I ocos homes and towns display their familiarity with 17th cen

tury

Europ

ean

te

chnology in arches and domes, in the skillfully executed long spans

betwe.en

co

lumns and other typically

u

ropean construction features.

7 3



7 4

VIG N

HOUS RUINS

Vigan, llocos Sur, Philippines

Fragment of a ruin of an original Vigan House, Vigan House generally refers to Antillan de-

sign

of

brick, lime, and mortar with ti le roofing and

h

i ipine h rdwoods. Built in the early

decades

of

the 19th century, these relics

of

Filipino and Spanish craftsmanship are being

restored by the government.

Presently there is no other place in the Philippines richer in Hispanic tradition than Vigan.

capital

of

llocos Sur

pr

ovince.

un

pedazo de Espana

en el

Oriente.

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A spacious hall caida and a reception room sala occupy the center a ld largest par·

tion of the second floor with bedrooms on either side and kitchen,

an

d terrace

azotea in the back. The sides

of

the house are curtain

wa

ls.bearing no weight since

the heavy tile roof is supported by sturdy wooden

or

stone columns and are therefore

no mor

e than wooden frames, trellises, sliding

window pa

nes made of squares of

mother-of-pearl , capiz

sh

ells balustrades of wood or iron grills called ver

andilla

s.

The second floor projects a good two meters over the first floor walls and adds to the

light, airy appearance of the house. The azotea

or

open porch is usually provided

w

ith

a ceramic balustrade, banks of flowering plants, large rain-catching

ja

rs.

lt

bears

much of the household traffic

to

and

from

the kicthen, other living areas and the

back stairs .

To sum

up

the characteristics of an antillan house, wide

windows

running along the

len

gth

and bre

adt

h of the house (to ma ke air conditioning unnecessary), high ceil

ings tile roofs in th'e traditional high-pi

tc

hed design, eaves and overhangs, high

ings, polished wooden floors, are essential features. The generous use of jalousies

sliding iowed windows, mother-of-pearl panes an d panels, ceramic balustrades,

brick walls,. stone paving are other items of this traditional architecture.

c.

Batanes 18th

Century

The

no

thern most frontier of the Philippine Archipelago, is the Batanes islands inhabited

by

some 12 000 inhabitants called the

lvatans

an ethnic group. lvatan towns were laid

out with

a sharply angular corners at generally 90° streets

ar

e straight li

ne

d. That is

how these lvatan

town

s were laid out 200 years ago when the lvatans first came down

f rom their mountain-bound villages to live on the Littorals in more compact settlements.

The Dominican Mi

ss

ionaries, Fathers Baltazar Calderon and Bartolome Artigu

ez

selected the plac

es

where the towns were

to

be located. This done, ropes were used to

mark out the streets and the lots on which houses were to be built.

The

IVATAN

HOUSE

At the arrival of Western Civilization through the Dominican

Mi

ss ionaries a

nd

the re

presentatives of the Spanish Government in 1783, the lvatans were dwelling in huts

made mostly of light and peris

ot

ble materials. The

huts

were low partly because high

structures would have been easily destroyed

by

typhoons, and partly because Batanes

did not have enol,lgh suitable timber nor suitable tools

for

larger constructions. Cogan

grass was the chief roofing material. To close the sides of the hut, cogan and sticks

were used. Occasionally, th:JYalling

of

the house was made of stones held precariously

together

by

mud mixed

wit

h chopped cog on.

Once the Spanish government and the missions were established permanently, public

buildings like churches and tribunates {town halls). and other constructions like fortifica·

tions and bridges necessitated stronger materials.

La

rge timber from

luzon

were im

port

ed, and more advanced tools and Technology of carpentry and masonry were in

troduced. Masons and carpenters from Cagayan, the llokos and Pampanga were assign

ed to Batanes. Saws and other implements and tools were brought in. Most important

of

ali, ca l lime) was introduced.

Lime was long known to lvatans before

the

coming of

the

Spaniards,

bu

t its only u

se

se

ems to have been as ingredient for the preparat ion of mamahen (betel nut chew

or buyo). The imported craftsmen under the direc tion

of

the missionari

es

and the

Spanish officials gave the na t ive popula

ti

on opportunity for apprenticeship in the

new

skills of lime making and

the

use of recently acquired and more advanced tools.

The resuH was the gradual development of what is now known as the traditional

IVATAN- HOUSE made of th ick (about 2 ft . ) stone and lime wall with thick that

ched roof made of several laye

rs

o

cog on and held together by seasoned sticks

or

reeds and rattan. The primary consideration in the making

of

the lvatan house is the

durability and effective res istance to the power of the s t r ~ typhoons.



7 9



72

An

lvatan house is cool in the

hot

season, and warm in the cold ·season. The tradi

tional lvatan family usually

owns

two

houses, one contains the living room

rakuh)

and the other contains the kitchen kus ina). The rakuh, or parlor, shares a space

with the sleeping quarters and holds all household furnishing and equipment that

should

not

be exposed to smoke.

The doors and windows

of

both the rakuh and kusina are comparatively fewer and

smaller than those of other rural homes in most parts of Luzon. The rakuh has

generally

two

doors and

two

windows, all found on three walls, while the fourth wall

is frequently windowless and facing the direction from which storm winds blow

strongest.

The kusina has no chimney in spite

of

the thick smoke

that

cooking generates, be

cai Jse during windy days, a chimney can suck in

wind that

would scatter sparks from

the stove and thus start a fire because of the

dry

cogan and sticks that make up the

roof ..

There are two reasons for the separation of the two buildigns: An lvatan kusina at

cooking time is filled

with

smoke, there being no chimney, and the doors win

dows- where there

is one are

low

and

sma

ll. For this reason, the inside, of a kusina

is normally sootblack soon after regular use, and everything kept in it, farm tools,

baskets, etc. quickly become dark brown due to the cumulative effect of the smoke.

The other reason is security in

case

of fire.

In

recent times, fires have

been

very rare,

but

in case either of the two houses burn, the remaining section secures the owner

against homelessness.



d ahay na ato

. .

up to

1920 s

In the nineteenth century evolved the bahay na bate (house

of

stone). a happy mar

riage

of

the basic native form·hip-roof, elevated quarters, large windows, post-and

lintel construction - and European influence - large, specialized interior spaces,

classical ornaments, and the

use

of masonry. The churches were on one hand, sim

ple in plan and box-like in structure, but on the other hand, had richly decorated

facades and ornately carved altars in the baroque and rococo styles

as

interpreted,

or

modified, by local artisans. In this period emerged a Filipino style, a synthesis

of

native and western forms.

The bahay

na

bato is a structure that meets the challenges of the Philippine

landscape.

It

uses sawali {woven bamboo slats). This type of ceiling was

. cooler, readily available and surer protection against earthquakes. There

was no danger of boards falling on your head when an earthquake happen

ed. The roof

of

the provincial houses was made

of

Thatch.

SHI l..L.

Q

House builders

of

any age have mined the materials from the sea, the

forest, the earth and from the farm. From the sea comes a variety of

capiz shells

for

windows, oyster shells which are ground for mortar,

and blocks

of

coral stone for walls . The same material is used

for

most

of the Spanish-type churches in the Visayas. T

he farm

yields as much

building materials as the sea. For mortar, molasses {pulot) from g r ~

cane and egg white from the chicken coop are mixed with lime for

cementing purposes.

In

Vigan, the ancient builders used the sap of

the Sablot Shrub to mix with lime for cementing the old houses in

town.

The abundant supply

of

Philippine hardwood (narra, molave,

tanguile, kamagong, mahogany, etc.) from the forests are used for

beams, posts, walls, and floors. And the good earth with its deposits

of local stones, bricks and tiles from Clay and volcanic

turf

adobe

stones, becomes an inexhaustible source

of

building materials .

The bahay na functions well in relation to Filipino lifestyle, customs and

values , since the filipino has an extended family so that there are at least

two or

three generations living under one roof. There is no sharp demarcation between

adult space and space

for

the

~ h i l d r e n

in the Filipino town house. Basically a close

knit family, the Filipino wants to share the warmth and ·kinship

of

each family

member thus there is no strict line

of

space that divides parents and children, old and

young.

It is common knowledge that children can play hide-and -seek, tug of war , etc . n the

upstairs rooms including the master's bedroom.

As

long as the children

do

not

create a pandemonium or play

too

close to expensive furnishing. The Filipino house

is their one big playground until they

grow

up. Bedrooms were small and few (two or

three at the most). In proportion to the number of occupants. Other rooms like the

sala or the upper floor landing can be transformed into sleeping quarters and the

filipino will

not

mind the arrangement at all. Many families in the provinces love to lay

out

the mars in the living room during

hot

summer nights so that they can enjoy the

breeze that comes through the open ventanilla (transom).

721



7

Other features of the bahay na bato that make

t

a uniquely Filipino building concept

include the

banguera

, dishrack) was a carry-over from the bangahan of the nipa

house, where pots are kept to drain, sl

at

floors in the kitchen which

is

similar to the

sahig

floor) of the bahay kubo, and the fact that these houses

re

built on stilts.

Whether the posts are embedded on the wall

or

exposed.

A Banguera Oishrack)

Another feature is the ventanilla. The idea of having an extra

window

for more ven

tilation is very filipino. There is also the presence of the media-aqua awning)

popular at the turn of the century

wh

ich gave double protection from sun and rain.

Movable walls, presence of barandillas or traceries on the wall and use of glass and

mirrors espejol to create illusions.

of

transparency and space give the feeli

ng

that

there are

no

real physical boundaries in the stone house

s

there is none among the

family members.



P'.....C::SIMIW l ~ A I U E . D • R S N A ~

~ l t > l l l t N C . I I l PS.ATU IIt.JN4" I N d U S ~ CAIIIW.INO.S

c::IN IT S ~ . . . u > S T ~ Y I I I . A ~

pot::f_. y

......

BL.. A U I G s t . ~ c ;AL L S

N O ~ L A D A ,INTR.At-1\.l

C & G 8 * ' \ ~

14,19.,7 .

,... Cl'1,of.l..eT·1"Y'f'l f L OC:>IC

~ •·

C o ' ~

~ H e R S 'TI-IS

~ y

N A

~ T O

I..SPT.O,..,. ,

. (.p;APJE :MaS Hl:'I.ISS

IN

~

•

N\III VA

723



7 4

EXAMPLES

a) ate Spanish -

Ph

ilippine period up

to

1898 the roof ing is 45° gradient or less.

Building materials for construction were available frcm the local market, but cer

tain items were imported

from

abroad . Fo r instance, galvan ized

ir

on roofing

sh

eets or clay roofing tiles or glazed

ba

throom ti les were imported articles, Fire

bricks, limestone, hardwoods, capiz shells tor window panes) and lumber were

available locally.

Two-storied dwellings

of

wealthy Manilans

ofte

n had provisions

for

the

garage of horse-dra

wn

coaches quarters

for

stable boys and maid

s

com

modious salas,

as

well as verandahs. Foundation works were simple. hard

wood posts usually anchored on buried stones piedra china )

or

adobe are

examples. Wide windows and sliding window shutter were common; so

were high ceilings, heavy door jambs and

ca

rved doors; decorative iron

grills were

of

typical Spanish arti

str

y .

]

\

-

=

-- - -

_ _ _ _

I

g

I

.

This latter part of the nineteenth century saw the rise of the first filipino architects.

Felix Roxas, trained in England and Spain,

who

designed churches government

buildings, and upper

clas:> residences, and Arcadia Arellano, tra ined

as

a maestro

de obras, who

Qui

lt houses that were remarkable for their elegance.



ANCESTRAL

HOUSES OF NEGROS

The decades from 1860 to 1890 saw the scions of the Iloilo merchant families furiously

carving our haciendas

fro

m the wilderness and planting them to sugarcane. The success

in business

of

the hacenderos made them erect mansions and plantation houses. The

earliest houses had wall

of

plain planks held together by slats. The ground floor walls

usually rested on a low stone base of coquina or coral rock. The roof, hipped and very

steep, was always

of

ipa

palm shingles.

By 1870, elaborate lace like grillwork with designs as intricate

as

handmade tatting

began to appear, together with carved exterior paneling. Transoms with floral and

foliate

scrollwork pierced to increase ventilation made their appearance in the 1880 s.

By then, wrought

iron

grills were decorated with cast lead ornaments which usually

featured rosenes and fleur-de-lis. The influence

of

art nouveau crept in the 1890 s and

swirling vines and

flow

ers giddi ly decorated staircase balustrades Opulence became

the norm as fretwork arches appeared all over the salas and comedores (living and

dining rooms). The capiz

shell

windows, unique

to

the Philippines, were replaced by

etched glass panes imported

r

Germany , which gave way to colored glass towards

the turn of the century.

7 5



7 6



ANCESTRAL HOUSE IN NEGROS

• TUAZON HOUSE,

arlegui

St. Manila

Built toward the end

of

the nineteenth century n elegant structure of wood

and brick. Entrance to the house is through tall massive wooden doors, whose

panels are decorated

with

floral carvings. Light comes in through

wrought iron

grilles overhead backed with glass pane. A brass knocker,

shaped like a hand wearing a fob watch on its wrist, summons the caretaker

from within . The large gate is typical of the porte cochere built for horse

drawn carriages. Slabs of piedra

china

once used s ballasts in chinese junks)

line the inner courtyard.

long winding stairway, whose polish shines in the dim light, lead up to the main

house on the landing is a mirrored-hat-and-umbrella stand. To the right, the airy din

ing room is coaled by the wind from the garden below) through long rectangular

swinging windows covered with opaque glass. The entire breadth of the room is wall

ed

in by pierced-through decorative sidings. Another steep flight of narrow step leads

up to the loft, where exces loads of accumulated memories

re

stored, kept in rows of

trunks. One corner is flushed with unwanted book shelves and aparador wardrobe

cabinets).

Two

huge brass beds of Filipino manufacture dominate the center

of

the

room. Ivory saints encased in glass-domed virinas crowd the top of one aparador.

In the sitting room,

two

round marble-topped tables with heavy claw supports

are

found. Overhead is

a

chandelier and multicolored tuliplike glass shades lighting the

outer recesses

of

the sala. Stately doors with heavy brass fittings .lead to the

bedrooms on both sides of the sitting room . The balustrades below the window

casings

re

also reinforced by sliding doors. Multicolored gl

ss

panes decorate the

panel above the window. The flooring of the house

is

of

narra slabs

18

i n h e s

0.46

m}

wide.

727



728

[] 1

•

• AQUILINO CALIXTO HOUSE 1920)

Corner

of

Extremadura an d Lepanto St. Manila

This two-storey house is built without using nails: Its parts were pains takingly

tenored and glued together , Section y Section. A latticed porch opens into the

spacious airness

of

the living room. Its ceilings are high in receding t t r n s with

chandeliers at the center, and its doors tall, the partit ion walls are topped with delicate

wood panels perforated with floral scrolls. The allow light and wind to circulate

around the house. A grandfather s clock stand against one wall.

wo

corner cup

boards and a mirrored sideboard holds the family porcelains and crystals.



-

'

.. .__ - ··· ····· .......

.

··

- ·- ·· .....

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.

OL.O HOUS

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......

. ....J

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