HOA Review #1Causes of Independence Movements

Social Structure in Latin AmericaImportant PeopleMonroe Doctrine

War of 1812

Causes of American Revolution (SPERM)

• The Enlightenment• British rule & laws• Conflict in Boston• Social Divisions• Economic Freedom

Unrest in Boston• Tea Act (1773)

– Increased the tax on tea– Stated colonists could only

buy tea from British companies (London Company)

– Increased punishment for illegal trade or smuggling tea

• Boston Tea Party: colonists snuck onto tea ships and dumped the chests of tea into the harbor.

“The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor” by: Nathan Currier, 1846

British Response to Tea Party• In order to punish the colonists, Parliament passed the

Coercive or “Intolerable” Acts (1774)– Boston Port Act: closed the Boston port until all tea had been repaid– Massachusetts Government Act: reinstate British control in MA;

King appointed new governors & outlawed town meetings– Administration of Justice Act: allowed governors to move trials of accused

royal officials to Great Britain if he believed the official could not get a fair trial in Massachusetts

– Quartering Act: required colonists to provide housing for British soldiers

– Quebec Act: Extended the boundaries of the British-controlled Quebec, west of the Mississippi River

Causes of Latin American Revolutions• The Enlightenment• The American & French

Revolutions• Economic problems• Nationalism• Social Divisions

Latin American Social Hierarchy• Peninsulares: colonial leaders born in Spain or Portugal;

held all important military and political positions.• Creoles: colonial-born white aristocrats; controlled

most of the land and business• Mestizos (Native/White) & Mulattoes (Black/White) –

mixed races; worked as servants and unskilled laborers• Slaves

Why didn’t the creoles like the peninsular Spaniards?

• Peninsulares came to power as government administrators or in private enterprises

Role of the Catholic Church• Priests and monks converted

Natives & taught them loyalty to the crown.

• The clergy held high positions and worked with the colonial government.

• By 1800, the Catholic Church controlled almost half the wealth in Latin America.

• Spain and Portugal implemented trade restrictions and high taxes to finance wars, the church and the expansion of their empire

Evaluate the impact of economic measures and political ideas, in promoting independence in two colonies in the region.

Analyze the political, economic, and military reasons for US victory in the American Revolution.

Why did America win the Revolution?• Guerilla Warfare (knowledge of terrain)• Espionage• New weapons (long-barrel rifle)• Leadership (Washington)• Foreign Aide (France-Lafayette, Prussia-von Steuben) Battle

of Saratoga• Willpower/mentality – fighting for their lives, not just the

king

Important People• Washington• Jefferson

– Wrote essays criticizing the English monarchy, supported “natural rights,” claimed government allegiance to the king was voluntary, appointed by the Second Continental Congress to draft the Declaration of Independence, third president

• San Martin– Argentine: Educated in Spain and acquainted with Enlightenment ideas, believed in

individual rights and autonomy of nations, although he remained a moderate monarchist. In the Americas, he participated in government meetings sharing these ideas (revolutionary movements already begun), conceived the idea of a revolutionary militia as main force in Chile and Peru, accepted wide array of people into military, became revolutionary authority of Peru and helped consolidate the success of wars of independence in the South (Argentina, Chile, Peru)

Important People• Bolivar

– Spent youth in Europe, where he learned the ideas of enlightenment, from a wealthy, aristocratic family, which allowed him to gain the support of the elite in Venezuela, defended republican principles in emerging Latin American nations; in order to achieve his aims, he marched his troops from Venezuela towards the south through Colombia, Ecuador and Peru; believed that all groups should participate in the independence movement, including the indigenous population (mostly fearful of slave revolts)

• L’Ouveture – Former slave, inspired by American/French Revolutions and Enlightenment,

led slave revolt at same time as Haitian Revolution, killed and replaced by Dessalines (more radical)

Compare and Contrast the contribution of two of the leaders in the process of independence movements in the Americas.

Compare and contrast two leaders• Compare: influences of Enlightenment, reaction

to colonial mismanagement, concepts of republican ideals

• Contrast: Differences in social structure, political experience, involvement in actual conflict, military vs. political leadership, elected vs. non-elected

FOR WHAT REASONS, AND FOR WHAT RESULTS, WAS THE MONROE DOCTRINE ESTABLISHED IN 1823?

Monroe Doctrine• December 2, 1823• Efforts by European nations to colonize

land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.

• Also stated that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries.

• The Doctrine was issued at a time when nearly all Latin American colonies of Spain and Portugal had achieved independence (except Cuba and Puerto Rico)

• The U.S. wanted to guarantee no European power would move into Latin America

Monroe Doctrine’s Usage• Against Russia’s expansion into NW U.S.• Against Spanish/English interest in the Yucatan Peninsula• Warn Spain to stay out of Dominican Republic• Against the involvement of France in Mexico• Against European interest to build the Panama Canal• Against British involvement in disputes between

Venezuela and British Guiana• Military intervention in Dominican Republic, Haiti,

Nicaragua, Cuba and Puerto Rico

Why did the United States go to war against British North America in 1812?

War of 1812• Causes• Effects

Foreign Relations post-Revolutionary Period• In the early 1800’s France

and Britain victimized the United States.

• Navies of both countries seized 1,500 American merchant ships.

• By 1807, the British had captured 10,000 American sailors. (Most were forced to serve in British military)

The U.S.S. Chesapeake

• Explain the Chesapeake Incident.• In 1806, Royal Navy deserters joined

the crew of the USS Chesapeake• British admiral issued orders that any

warship could search the Chesapeake for deserters.

• On June 22, 1807, the British ship, Leopard, encountered it and requested a search

• Chesapeake captain, James Barron refused to allow a search

• The British fired, killing 3 Americans and wounding 18.

• The British arrested four men• How did President Jefferson respond

to the Chesapeake Incident? • He passed the Embargo Act!

Embargo Act• Describe the purpose of the Embargo Act. Was it successful?• President Jefferson signed the Embargo Act which stopped the export

of goods and forbade American ships from sailing for foreign ports.• Jefferson thought that by depriving European countries of American

products they would stop harassing the young nation………… he was wrong.

• The Embargo Act had almost no effect on Britain and France. Instead, recession and unemployment swept the United States.

• Jefferson left office in 1809 but not before he convinced Congress to repeal the Embargo Act.

• It was now up to new president, James Madison, to solve foreign issues.

Causes of the War of 1812• Describe the causes of the War of

1812. • British blockade of US ships stopped

flow of goods to Napoleonic Europe• Search and seizure of neutral North

American trade ships & cargo by France and England

• Impressment of American sailors into the British Royal Navy

• British support of Natives against American expansion

• Possible American desire to annex Canada

British Aide to Native Americans• Who was Tecumseh?• Leader of Shawnee• Formed a confederation of

other tribes and allied with British & British Canadians

• Goal was to establish an American Indian nation under British protection

Fighting the War of 1812• Napoleon still

controlled parts of Europe.

• During the first two years, England focused on defeating Napoleon, so they fought a defensive battle in the Americas.

• This will eventually change in 1814, when Napoleon is defeated

End of the War of 1812• What did the Treaty of Ghent

declare?• Signed on Christmas Eve, 1814• Ended the war (acted more as

an armistice than a treaty)• Both sides agreed to return to

pre-1812 borders• War ended in a stalemate • Why do you think the Treaty

did not include anything about Native territory or impressment?

Battle of New Orleans• Explain the causes/effects of the

Battle of Orleans. • British attempted to capture New

Orleans and seize control of Mississippi River.

• Americans under command of General Andrew Jackson

• Greatest U.S. victory of the war (U.S. only suffered 100 casualties, compared to England’s 2,000)

• Important because it ended British operations in the U.S., and marked the start of Jackson’s march to presidency.

Effects of the War of 1812• List three effects of the War of

1812.• British kept Canada • Britain realized they needed to

improve relations with the U.S.• Rush-Bagot Treaty reduced

naval forces on the Great Lakes• Britain fortified border (the

U.S. never invaded)