Holy Smoke Batman! It’s April!!!!!!

Somewhere in Gotham…

Tasks•To review all close reading formula…very quickly…•To give you an opportunity to revise these.Learning Outcomes•To refresh expectations about each question type and how to tackle it in the best manner.Next StepsPrivate revision

Many close reading questions have one key aim, and that is to test whether or not you understand the basic meaning of the passage itself.

You will be asked to gather as much evidence as you can and select the areas that you can most easily transfer into your own words…

Some AdviceSimple words from the original passage may be used if there is no obvious alternative.

If there is an obvious alternative then you should use it.

Figures of speech must be put into plain language

Old fashioned terms/ technical terms must be put in simple, formal and modern English

Formula:Locate relevant parts of passage (Look for quotes or line references in question)

Consider how many marks are available.

Highlight in passage pieces of relevant text- match these to marks available.

Translate information into your OWN WORDS-bullet point to make each separate point clear.

Some Advice• Simple words from the original passage

may be used if there is no obvious alternative.

• If there is an obvious alternative then you should use it.

• Figures of speech must be put into plain language

• Old fashioned terms/ technical terms must be put in simple, formal and modern English

Example…

Thinking of Grandpa now, I recall the clouds of pungent smoke that he puffed from his favourite briar, his small shrewd eyes, still very blue, and the gleaming dome rising from fleecy tufts of white hair.

Question:What three characteristics of “Grandpa” does the author remember? 3 marks

Example…

Thinking of Grandpa now, I recall the clouds of pungent smoke that he puffed from his favourite briar, his small shrewd eyes, still very blue, and the gleaming dome rising from fleecy tufts of white hair.

Question:What three characteristics of “Grandpa” does the author remember? 3 marks

Example…Thinking of Grandpa now, I recall the clouds of pungent smoke that he puffed from his favourite briar, his small shrewd eyes, still very blue, and the gleaming dome rising from fleecy tufts of white hair.

AnswerShe remembers her grandfather smoked a strong smelling pipe. He also had intelligent blue eyes and a bald head with a little fluffy white hair.

Example…Thinking of Grandpa now, I recall the clouds of pungent smoke that he puffed from his favourite briar, his small shrewd eyes, still very blue, and the gleaming dome rising from fleecy tufts of white hair.

AnswerShe remembers her grandfather smoked a strong smelling pipe. He also had intelligent blue eyes and a bald head with a little fluffy white hair.

Although you may not know the word briar…there are clues from ‘pungent’ and ‘smoke’.

You must translate ‘shrewd’ but remember… blue is blue and eyes are eyes. There is no need to say ‘human optical devices.’

You must translate ‘gleaming dome’ as well as ‘fleecy tufts’

The film Wall-E is over rated. After the first twenty minutes, the Pixar animation is essentially a standard Disney Cartoon. It is technically brilliant, slick and witty, but it follows the well worn formula of cute anthropomorphic creatures (albeit robots instead of animals) struggling against overwhelming odds, finding love, winning through and delivering the anticipated charge of sentimental uplift.

But those first 20 minutes are really something. It is not just the relative courage of the dystopian vision of an uninhabitable earth, it is the fact that a company as mainstream as Disney has returned to wordless storytelling. The fascination of Wall-E is that it is stunning up to the point when dialogue is introduced, after which it becomes clever, but familiar entertainment.

Why does the writer prefer the first 20 minutes of the film to the rest of it? (4)

The film Wall-E is over rated. After the first twenty minutes, the Pixar animation is essentially a standard Disney Cartoon. It is technically brilliant, slick and witty, but it follows the well worn formula of cute anthropomorphic creatures (albeit robots instead of animals) struggling against overwhelming odds, finding love, winning through and delivering the anticipated charge of sentimental uplift.

But those first 20 minutes are really something. It is not just the relative courage of the dystopian vision of an uninhabitable earth, it is the fact that a company as mainstream as Disney has returned to wordless storytelling. The fascination of Wall-E is that it is stunning up to the point when dialogue is introduced, after which it becomes clever, but familiar entertainment.

Why does the writer prefer the first 20 minutes of the film to the rest of it? (4)

First Twenty Minutes• Brave and bold idea to present a

vision of earth that cannot support life

• The film is beautiful to look at• The narrative is told without

speech.

Rest of the film…• Enjoyable and clever storytelling• But it is fairly predictable and

standard Disney.• It is a typical underdog story• Slightly over romanticised happily

ever after style ending.

The consensus on what constitutes public good manners has broken down to the extent that Transport for London is now running a multi million pound campaign just to remind us not to eat stinking burgers on the Tube and to give up our bus seat for old folk.

I suppose we should be grateful that, instead of threatening more penalties, they are calling upon our better nature. The Government, on the other hand, seems to live under the delusion that if just one more pleasure is prohibited, another set of draconian rules introduced, 1000 more speed cameras installed, a CCTV mounted on every corner, human beings will at last fall into line.

What according to the writer is the fundamental difference in approach between TFL and the Government? (2 marks)

The consensus on what constitutes public good manners has broken down to the extent that Transport for London is now running a multi million pound campaign just to remind us not to eat stinking burgers on the Tube and to give up our bus seat for old folk.

I suppose we should be grateful that, instead of threatening more penalties, they are calling upon our better nature. The Government, on the other hand, seems to live under the delusion that if just one more pleasure is prohibited, another set of draconian rules introduced, 1000 more speed cameras installed, a CCTV mounted on every corner, human beings will at last fall into line.

What according to the writer is the fundamental difference in approach between TFL and the Government? (2 marks)

The consensus on what constitutes public good manners has broken down to the extent that Transport for London is now running a multi million pound campaign just to remind us not to eat stinking burgers on the Tube and to give up our bus seat for old folk.

I suppose we should be grateful that, instead of threatening more penalties, they are calling upon our better nature. The Government, on the other hand, seems to live under the delusion that if just one more pleasure is prohibited, another set of draconian rules introduced, 1000 more speed cameras installed, a CCTV mounted on every corner, human beings will at last fall into line.

What according to the writer is the fundamental difference in approach between TFL and the Government? (2 marks)

• Transport for London are hoping to persuade/encourage us to behave in a decent manner towards other people.

• On the other hand, the Government is attempting to force people to behave a certain way by threatening punishment if they do not act as planned.

Of course those born since the 1970s may find celebrity on the Elizabeth Taylor scale hard to understand. The whole concept of celebrity has been degraded over the last two decades by an avalanche of media coverage which makes no pretence of interest in the actual work that well-known people do, but instead focuses entirely on the personal lives, and most particularly the personal appearance, of anyone who has ever been in the public eye for anything, from behaving like an idiot on reality TV to having sex with a Premier League footballer.

What three main criticisms does the writer make of the way the media treat celebrities today? (3 marks)

Of course those born since the 1970s may find celebrity on the Elizabeth Taylor scale hard to understand. The whole concept of celebrity has been degraded over the last two decades by an avalanche of media coverage which makes no pretence of interest in the actual work that well-known people do, but instead focuses entirely on the personal lives, and most particularly the personal appearance, of anyone who has ever been in the public eye for anything, from behaving like an idiot on reality TV to having sex with a Premier League footballer.

What three main criticisms does the writer make of the way the media treat celebrities today? (3 marks)

Of course those born since the 1970s may find celebrity on the Elizabeth Taylor scale hard to understand. The whole concept of celebrity has been degraded over the last two decades by an avalanche of media coverage which makes no pretence of interest in the actual work that well-known people do, but instead focuses entirely on the personal lives, and most particularly the personal appearance, of anyone who has ever been in the public eye for anything, from behaving like an idiot on reality TV to having sex with a Premier League footballer.

What three main criticisms does the writer make of the way the media treat celebrities today? (3 marks)

• Nobody seems to care about what celebrities actually do for a living.

• Is more concerned about what happens in their private lives.

• Focuses entirely on the way that they look.• The way we define a celebrity is now too

wide.

Similarities…

They both symbolised the spirit of the ageThey were absolutely determined to succeedThey accumulated great wealth with little concern for othersThey both had weaknesses

DifferencesGoody is admired while Goodwin is hated.

As well as showing that you understand the writer’s general meaning, you will also be asked more precise questions, to show that you understand particular words and phrases.

In a CONTEXT question, you will be asked to a) explain the meaning of a word or phrase and b) explain how you came to this meaning from the clues in the text.

You must quote and explain these words.

Some tips…

If the context question is worth 2 marks, you will generally be awarded 1 mark for getting the meaning right, and 1 mark for the evidence and explanation.

It is usually advisable to give two pieces of evidence to secure the marks.

Generally, if you get the meaning wrong…you will not get the marks.

Formula:

1. Locate key word (Look for quotes or line references in question)

2.  Give definition of key word

3. Quote 2 linked words or phrases from the text that helped you work out the meaning of the key word

4. Explain how these linked words and phrases relate to the key word

Example…

The rumour that Douglas was a prisoner was still unsubstantiated. There had been no witnesses to his bailing out on the plane, and no solid information could be expected from beyond enemy lines for weeks, perhaps even months.

Show how the context helps you arrive at the meaning of the word unsubstantiated.

Example…

The rumour that Douglas was a prisoner was still unsubstantiated. There had been no witnesses to his bailing out on the plane, and no solid information could be expected from beyond enemy lines for weeks, perhaps even months.

Show how the context helps you arrive at the meaning of the word unsubstantiated.

Example…

Unsubstantiated clearly means unconfirmed. (1)

The context shows this as it says that there were ‘no witnesses’ that could say if the news was true. (1/2)

This is further shown with ‘no solid information’ which repeats the idea of there being no real proof. (1/2)

Sometimes, the question will ask you to define the meaning of an entire phrase.

This example is taken from your homework questions.

“One of them is a belief in the grandeur of the everyday, where the ordinary is just the unique in hiding. As it says in Docherty, ‘messiahs are born in stables’. That being so, as a boy I kept finding Bethlehem round every corner. So many things amazed me.” Question – Show how the lines above help you to arrive at the meaning of “the ordinary is just the unique in hiding.” (2)

Sometimes, the question will ask you to define the meaning of an entire phrase.

This example is taken from your homework questions.

“One of them is a belief in the grandeur of the everyday, where the ordinary is just the unique in hiding. As it says in Docherty, ‘messiahs are born in stables’. That being so, as a boy I kept finding Bethlehem round every corner. So many things amazed me.” Question – Show how the lines above help you to arrive at the meaning of “the ordinary is just the unique in hiding.” (2)

You must translate what you think this expression means. Suggestion that remarkable things may be found in unremarkable places.

This is seen in ‘grandeur of the everyday’ which suggests beauty and wonder in ordinary experiences.

This supports the meaning as Christ (someone very special and unique) was born in a very mundane place.

• Formula:1. Read the linking sentence

carefully

2. Quote a phrase from the linking sentence that refers BACK to the point/ ideas expressed in the last paragraph. Explain link in your own words.

3. Quote a phrase from the linking sentence that INTRODUCES the point/ ideas expressed in the following paragraph. Explain link in your own words.

• At the same time plans are advanced for ‘accommodation centres’, which will have the immediate effect of preventing natural integration, while children of immigrants are to be denied the harmonising effect of inter-racial schooling. Meanwhile, ever more sophisticated technology is to be employed to stem the numbers of young men who risk their lives clinging to the underside of trains and lorries, or are paying obscene sums of money to the 21st century’s own version of slave traders – those traffickers in human misery who make their fortunes on the back of others’ desperation.

• Yet at the heart of this ever more draconian approach to immigration policy lie a number of misconceptions. The UK is not a group of nations swamped by a tidal wave of immigration. Relatively speaking, Europe contends with a trickle of refugees compared with countries who border areas of famine, desperate poverty, or violent political upheaval. The countries of origin of the highest numbers coming here change from year to year, depending of the hotspots of global conflict. A significant proportion of refugees want nothing more than to be able to return to that homeland when conditions allow.

Answers‘ever more draconian approach to immigration policy’ links back to the previous paragraph which talks of the strict new policies. Expressions such as ‘preventing natural integration’ and ‘denied the harmonising effect’ reveal that the policies are damaging.

‘a number of misconceptions’ links forward to the fact that many people in the public fail to understand the facts about immigration. Expressions such as ‘relatively speaking Europe deals with a trickle of refugees’, reveals that the problem is not the ‘tidal wave’ that people think it is.

• At the same time plans are advanced for ‘accommodation centres’, which will have the immediate effect of preventing natural integration, while children of immigrants are to be denied the harmonising effect of inter-racial schooling. Meanwhile, ever more sophisticated technology is to be employed to stem the numbers of young men who risk their lives clinging to the underside of trains and lorries, or are paying obscene sums of money to the 21st century’s own version of slave traders – those traffickers in human misery who make their fortunes on the back of others’ desperation.

• Yet at the heart of this ever more draconian approach to immigration policy lie a number of misconceptions. The UK is not a group of nations swamped by a tidal wave of immigration. Relatively speaking, Europe contends with a trickle of refugees compared with countries who border areas of famine, desperate poverty, or violent political upheaval. The countries of origin of the highest numbers coming here change from year to year, depending of the hotspots of global conflict. A significant proportion of refugees want nothing more than to be able to return to that homeland when conditions allow.

• Formula:1. Read the linking sentence

carefully

2. Quote a phrase from the linking sentence that refers BACK to the point/ ideas expressed in the last paragraph. Explain link in your own words.

3. Quote a phrase from the linking sentence that INTRODUCES the point/ ideas expressed in the following paragraph. Explain link in your own words.

• Word Choice questions are when you are asked to identify words used by the writer because of their effect.

• You have to identify the words, the effect they have and explain how they achieve this effect.

• Generally, one example for one mark.

1. Colloquial language / slang. An informal tone is created. Perhaps uses second person (you), informal reference to a person e.g. using their first name or a nickname, abbreviations.

2. Emotive language – strong words to stir / manipulate emotions. These words will have strong connotations. Emotive language often reveals the writer’s attitude to their topic.

3. Jargon – technical / formal language.

4. Archaisms – old fashioned words.

5. Dialect – the opposite to standard English; English spoken in a particular area, e.g. Glaswegian dialect. This makes language more expressive, lively and natural.

Formula:

1. Locate key word (Look for quotes or line references in question)

2.  Give definition of key word

3. Quote 2 linked words or phrases from the text that helped you work out the meaning of the key word

4. Explain how these linked words and phrases relate to the key word

Imagery Question

It’s time for the 2011 census and I urge everyone to fill the forms in as best as they can and understand that this is a really important exercise. The census is all about providing the state with key demographic data so that it can understand the nature of our communities much better than it does. It is a snapshot of the UK on one particular day in one particular year, but the data has profound ramifications for all communities and for some time to come.

Show how the writer’s use of imagery clarifies what he is saying about the census.

Imagery QuestionIt’s time for the 2011 census and I urge everyone to fill the forms in as best as they can and understand that this is a really important exercise. The census is all about providing the state with key demographic data so that it can understand the nature of our communities much better than it does. It is a snapshot of the UK on one particular day in one particular year, but the data has profound ramifications for all communities and for some time to come.

Show how the writer’s use of imagery clarifies what he is saying about the census.

‘snapshot’The count of the population is being compared to a photographJust as a snapshot captures a picture (of people at a certain moment) which can be looked at and studied at a later date, so too does the census provide a description of what the country was like at any particular day.This is effective as it emphasizes that the census gives an exact picture of the country on that particular day.

Of course those born since the 1970s may find celebrity on the Elizabeth Taylor scale hard to understand. The whole concept of celebrity has been degraded over the last two decades by an avalanche of media coverage which makes no pretence of interest in the actual work that well-known people do, but instead focuses entirely on the personal lives, and most particularly the personal appearance, of anyone who has ever been in the public eye for anything, from behaving like an idiot on reality TV to having sex with a Premier League footballer.

Show how the writer’s use of imagery clarifies what she is saying about the media’s coverage of celebrity over the last two decades.

Of course those born since the 1970s may find celebrity on the Elizabeth Taylor scale hard to understand. The whole concept of celebrity has been degraded over the last two decades by an avalanche of media coverage which makes no pretence of interest in the actual work that well-known people do, but instead focuses entirely on the personal lives, and most particularly the personal appearance, of anyone who has ever been in the public eye for anything, from behaving like an idiot on reality TV to having sex with a Premier League footballer.

Show how the writer’s use of imagery clarifies what she is saying about the media’s coverage of celebrity over the last two decades.

Imagery Question

Last week, on holiday in the US, I went to a supermarket near Fort Myers to buy breakfast cereal with the children and suffered the first of a series of choice overdoses. A vast canyon of cereals stretched to the horizon, a universe of flakes, crunchies and additives, an overflowing cornucopia of baffling breakfast options. The children whooped and began grabbing at the boxes. A fight broke out over Trix, Fruit Loops, Chex or Cheerios, and then another over the specific variety of Cheerios.

Show how the writer’s use of imagery clarifies what he is saying about the census.

Imagery Question

Last week, on holiday in the US, I went to a supermarket near Fort Myers to buy breakfast cereal with the children and suffered the first of a series of choice overdoses. A vast canyon of cereals stretched to the horizon, a universe of flakes, crunchies and additives, an overflowing cornucopia of baffling breakfast options. The children whooped and began grabbing at the boxes. A fight broke out over Trix, Fruit Loops, Chex or Cheerios, and then another over the specific variety of Cheerios.

Show how the writer’s use of imagery clarifies what he is saying about the census.

Imagery QuestionIt’s time for the 2011 census and I urge everyone to fill the forms in as best as they can and understand that this is a really important exercise. The census is all about providing the state with key demographic data so that it can understand the nature of our communities much better than it does. It is a snapshot of the UK on one particular day in one particular year, but the data has profound ramifications for all communities and for some time to come.

Show how the writer’s use of imagery clarifies what he is saying about the census.

‘snapshot’The count of the population is being compared to a photographJust as a snapshot captures a picture (of people at a certain moment) which can be looked at and studied at a later date, so too does the census provide a description of what the country was like at any particular day.This is effective as it emphasizes that the census gives an exact picture of the country on that particular day.

Tone does not relate directly to the meaning of a piece of writing, but rather to the way in which it is said. It refers to the way in which the writer makes a particular attitude or feeling clear.

It would be impossible to identify every kind of tone that is used by a writer as there are as many as there are attitudes. However, they can be categorised. You must first decide if the writer is being serious or light hearted.

• Humorous• Flippant• Informal• Conversational• Chatty• Friendly• Ironic• Tongue and cheek• Satirical• Serious• Formal• Emotive

One of the most frequently assessed elements of language found in Higher Close Reading passages are sentence structure questions.

These questions challenge you to identify and comment on the impact that different sentence types have on the impact and meaning of a piece of writing.

The question will not specifically be about the meaning of the sentence, but rather it will challenge your awareness of how it has been put together.

The formula for sentence structure is not an exact science…it depends very much on what you are being presented with. However, as a general rule…

1. Locate relevant parts of passage (Look for quotes or line references in question)

2. Highlight in passage features of sentence structure.

3. Identify the example of sentence structure. Quote where possible.

4. Comment on its impact in line with the question. Generally it will be one mark per feature identified and explained.

The first thing that we need to be aware of are the different types of sentence that can be found in our writing…

They are as follows…

• A statement• A question• An exclamation• A command• A minor sentence

• You have been given a print out of these…

For the following questions, your task is to simply identify the feature of sentence structure, comment on why it has been used and discuss what the writer has aimed to make clear with it.

Consider the purpose of the piece. How does the sentence structure help to get the writer’s message across?

We will do the first example together…

Few vehicles are built more solidly or handle more surely than the Porsche 924S.

Release the rear hatch, fold the rear seats and the 924S’s sporting ability is superbly matched by its transporting ability.

Fuel economy? Outstanding. Resale values? Reassuringly high. Warranties? Excellent. As you would expect.

There is a two year unlimited mileage warranty. A ten year Porsche long life anti corrosion warranty. Not forgetting 12,000 mile service intervals.

As you can see, the fun doesn’t have to stop when the family starts.

Choose two of the extended images contained in the paragraph above. Show how effective each example of imagery is in describing the boy’s awakening.

Few vehicles are built more solidly or handle more surely than the Porsche 924S.

Release the rear hatch, fold the rear seats and the 924S’s sporting ability is superbly matched by its transporting ability.

Fuel economy? Outstanding. Resale values? Reassuringly high. Warranties? Excellent. As you would expect.

There is a two year unlimited mileage warranty. A ten year Porsche long life anti corrosion warranty. Not forgetting 12,000 mile service intervals.

As you can see, the fun doesn’t have to stop when the family starts.

Choose two of the extended images contained in the paragraph above. Show how effective each example of imagery is in describing the boy’s awakening.

Short paragraphs. This makes the piece easy to read and understand for the reader. Also, most paragraphs take the form of statements which give clear and direct information.

Few vehicles are built more solidly or handle more surely than the Porsche 924S.

Release the rear hatch, fold the rear seats and the 924S’s sporting ability is superbly matched by its transporting ability.

Fuel economy? Outstanding. Resale values? Reassuringly high. Warranties? Excellent. As you would expect.

There is a two year unlimited mileage warranty. A ten year Porsche long life anti corrosion warranty. Not forgetting 12,000 mile service intervals.

As you can see, the fun doesn’t have to stop when the family starts.

Choose two of the extended images contained in the paragraph above. Show how effective each example of imagery is in describing the boy’s awakening.

Almost a command. It is strongly persuasive and encourages the reader to adopt the point of view of the writer. This can be seen through the use of the word ‘superb’

Few vehicles are built more solidly or handle more surely than the Porsche 924S.

Release the rear hatch, fold the rear seats and the 924S’s sporting ability is superbly matched by its transporting ability.

Fuel economy? Outstanding. Resale values? Reassuringly high. Warranties? Excellent. As you would expect.

There is a two year unlimited mileage warranty. A ten year Porsche long life anti corrosion warranty. Not forgetting 12,000 mile service intervals.

As you can see, the fun doesn’t have to stop when the family starts.

Choose two of the extended images contained in the paragraph above. Show how effective each example of imagery is in describing the boy’s awakening.

Paragraph three is a series of questions and answers in the form of short direct statements. This allows the writer to engage the reader as it sets up an almost conversational tone making the piece seem chatty and friendly.

Few vehicles are built more solidly or handle more surely than the Porsche 924S.

Release the rear hatch, fold the rear seats and the 924S’s sporting ability is superbly matched by its transporting ability.

Fuel economy? Outstanding. Resale values? Reassuringly high. Warranties? Excellent. As you would expect.

There is a two year unlimited mileage warranty. A ten year Porsche long life anti corrosion warranty. Not forgetting 12,000 mile service intervals.

As you can see, the fun doesn’t have to stop when the family starts.

Choose two of the extended images contained in the paragraph above. Show how effective each example of imagery is in describing the boy’s awakening.

All sentences are short, making imformation appear direct and accessible for the reader. This suits the persuasive slant of the piece and indicates that this may be an advertisement or review style piece.

Alongside a firm knowledge of the different types of sentence that a writer can use, you must also develop an awareness of the specific function of punctuation used in writing.

Like word choice, no piece of punctuation is placed there by accident. It is up to you to make a reasoned comment on the purpose of this punctuation.

Generally you will be asked to comment on punctuation as part of a wider question on sentence structure, but from time to time, you will be asked about it in isolation.

“………………………..”

These things…

Inverted commas are used for four main purposes:

1. To indicate the title of a play, book, television programme etc…“Macbeth”, “Sunset Song”, “The X Files”

2. For spoken words…“Did you have a good weekend?” asked Anne

3. For quotationsAs George Orwell said, “All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others”.

4. To mark off an individual word or phrase from the rest of the sentence.

This might be done, for instance, if a word from a foreign language is used. It can also indicate that the author wants us to recognise that he is distancing himself from the use of a certain term which might be commonly used but which he does not necessarily agree with:

In Victorian times foreign travel was the preserve of the “superior” classes of society.

The effect of inverted commas here is rather like using the words “so called”.

:; -

These things…

: A colon usually introduces a quotation, a list or an explanation or expansion of the previous statement.

; A semi colon is generally a finishing pause, marking the end of a sentence but less firmly than a full stop does. It often comes between two statements which are loosely connected or which balance or contrast one another. It can also be used to separate a list of phrases.

- A single dash can be used to add an extra piece of information very much as a colon does. It can also indicate a breaking off in a sentence. A series of dashes might be used to convey an outpouring of ideas or emotions.

-…- Two dashes can mark off an extra, non essential piece of information in the middle of a sentence- a technique known as parenthesis

When approaching the final evaluation question in your Close Reading paper, it is vital that you are aware of the two general question types you will be asked. Often, you will be asked to decide which passage of the two you have read you preferred. You will also be asked to refer to the authors’ ideas and style or both.

3 types of evaluation question:

• How effective/ to what extent is…successful with reference to technique (imagery/ word choice/ tone)

• How effective/ to what extent is…successful with reference to an example/ illustration/ anecdote/ conclusion

• Evaluate the key ideas of each passage.

It is best to consider evaluation questions under these three headings.

1.Technique2.Conclusion3.Key Ideas*

There is a rough formula for each question type which we will look at in turn. We will leave the final question till later.

Formula•Point•Evidence – quote & identify the image•Evaluate- analyse the image•Repeat according to number of marks•State how effectively point is therefore made