STANDARD 8.E.5: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the processes that alter the structure of Earth and provide resources for life on the planet. PERFORMANCE INDICATORS: 8.E.5B.1 Analyze and interpret data to describe patterns in the location of volcanoes and earthquakes related to tectonic plate boundaries, interactions, and hot spots. 8.E.5B.2 Construct explanations of how forces inside Earth result in earthquakes and volcanoes. 8.E.5B.3 Define problems that may be caused by a catastrophic event resulting from plate movements and design possible devices or solutions to minimize the effects of that event on Earth’s surface and/or human structures. 8.E.5B.2 Construct explanations of how forces inside Earth result in earthquakes and volcanoes. Convection Currents ________________ _______________ in the mantle result in the movement of ____________________ plates. The motion and interactions of the plates can create patterns in the location of volcanoes and ___________________________ that result along the plate boundaries. What’s The Relationship? • Earthquakes can also occur along _______________. Scientists can specifically identify the type of ___________________ and __________________ that occurs along the edges of the plates by examining plate boundary maps . • Scientists can also use ______________________ to understand the ways in which the plates are moving and the relationship between seismic activity and _______________________ plate motion. 8.E.5.B.1: Analyze and interpret data to describe patterns in the location of volcanoes and earthquakes related to tectonic plate boundaries, interactions, and hot spots.
Transcript
STANDARD 8.E.5: The student will demonstrate an understanding of the processes that alter the structure of Earth and provide resources for life on the planet.
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS:
8.E.5B.1 Analyze and interpret data to describe patterns in the location of volcanoes and earthquakes related to tectonic plate boundaries, interactions, and hot spots.
8.E.5B.2 Construct explanations of how forces inside Earth result in earthquakes and volcanoes. 8.E.5B.3 Define problems that may be caused by a catastrophic event resulting from plate movements
and design possible devices or solutions to minimize the effects of that event on Earth’s surface and/or human structures.
8.E.5B.2 Construct explanations of how forces inside Earth result in earthquakes and volcanoes.
Convection Currents
________________ _______________ in the mantle result in the movement of ____________________ plates. The motion and interactions of the plates can create patterns in the location of volcanoes and ___________________________ that result along the plate boundaries.
What’s The Relationship?
• Earthquakes can also occur along _______________. Scientists can specifically identify the type of ___________________ and __________________that occurs along the edges of the plates by examining plate boundary maps.
• Scientists can also use ______________________ to understand the ways in which the plates are moving and the relationship between seismic activity and _______________________ plate motion.
8.E.5.B.1: Analyze and interpret data to describe patterns in the location of volcanoes and earthquakes related to tectonic plate boundaries, interactions, and hot spots.
What’s The Relationship?
• Scientists’ study and record seismic data and volcanic activity in order to support the theory of plate tectonics. The evidence proves that there is a distinct relationship between ____________________ activity, volcanic activity, and the lithospheric plate ______________________.
Seismic Data and Plate Tectonics:
• The interaction along plate boundaries results in an_________________ frequency of ____________________ at those locations. Additionally, ___________________ earthquakes are more likely to occur along _______________________plate boundaries.
• ___________________ earthquakes are more common at ____________________ and ___________________ plate boundaries.
EXAMPLE: SAN ANDREAS FAULT: The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of an active _____________________ plate boundary.
REVIEW CHECK
FACTS ABOUT EARTHQUAKES IN SC: South Carolina is among ________ states in the U.S. with the _________________ risk for earthquakes, according to an update from the U.S. Geological Survey. The South Carolina Emergency Management Division says the state generally experiences ________ to _______ earthquakes a year, though many are ____________enough to be imperceptible. Charleston Earthquake, 1886
EARTHQUAKES
The definition of an earthquake is… __________________that cause the breaking of rocks.These vibrations move in _____________________________ through the earth. Earthquakes begin at a point along a ________________________.
• If the ________________________ or stress becomes too great, the rock breaks at a weak point along the fault and ____________________ is released
WHERE DOES AN EARTHQUAKE BEGIN?
EARTHQUAKES OCCURS ALONG THE FAULT BUT BEGINS AT THE ____________________.
PARTS OF THE EARTHQUAKES
• The energy spreads outward in all directions as vibrations called __________________________.• The ______________ of the earthquake is the point in the crust, or mantle, where energy is
_________________ (seismic waves) or where the earthquakes ____________________. • The ____________________ is the point on Earth’s surface directly ________________ the
_________________; energy that reaches the surface is ______________ at this point.
When the fault ruptures with sudden movement energy is released that has built up over the years. This energy
8.E.5B.3 Define problems that may be caused by a catastrophic event resulting from plate movements and design possible devices or solutions to minimize the effects of that event on Earth’s surface and/or human structures.
WHAT CAUSES EARTHQUAKES?
• Tectonic plates move past each other causing _________ (compression, tension, and shearing). Stress causes the rock to deform.
• This can happen at: a __________, _______________, Divergent, and _____________Boundaries .
PACIFIC RING OF FIRE
Most ________________ and __________________eruptions do not strike randomly but occur in specific areas such as along plate boundaries. For example, the ____________________________________ where the Pacific Plate interacts with many surrounding plates, is known as one of the most seismically and volcanically active zones in the world.
WHERE THE MOST ACTIVE EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANOES ARE
EARTHQUAKES AND PEOPLE
• Many population centers are located near active fault zones and/or active plate boundaries, such as the _____________________________ Fault.
• Millions of people in these population centers have suffered ___________________ and ________________________losses due to volcanic and earthquake activity.
Defining problems associated with earthquakes:
• There is evidence to _______________________ the idea that tectonic activity contributed to the demise of ancient civilizations.
• Based on the locations of current population centers, scientists have developed models that show that populations today may be just as vulnerable to the aftereffects of powerful earthquakes.
LATERAL FORCES
• When exposed to sudden lateral (horizontal) _________________ produced by seismic waves _________________and _______________ can _____________ completely and ________________ crushing the ________________ in and around them.
• _____________________ population centers tend to be more densely packed with _________________numbers of ___________________buildings.
• The complex infra-structure of modern cities also poses a ____________________in case of a major __________________________.
TODAY’S TECHNOLOGY
• Over the past few decades, ____________________ and _____________________have ____________________ a number of innovative ______________________ to ensure ____________________, multi-dwelling units, and _____________________ _______________instead of _______________________.
• Making these ________________________ more pliable, less ___________________, and better able to _____________________with the _______________________ waves has made it possible for inhabitants to _________________________extremely _______________________ earthquakes.
WHAT KIND OF DAMAGE DO THEY CAUSE?
Earthquakes can also cause __________________________, sudden eruptions as in the case of a hot lava flow from a ___________________ or giant waves called _______________________. Sometimes ___________________________ mass are also formed. Such earthquakes are attributed with the creation of the greatest __________________ mountain range and the longest _____________ mountain range.
SO WHAT IS A RICHTER SCALE
A RICHTER SCALE numerical scale for expressing the magnitude of an earthquake on the basis of seismograph oscillations. The more destructive earthquakes typically have magnitudes between about 5.5 and 8.9; the scale is logarithmic and a difference of one represents an approximate thirtyfold difference in magnitude.
WHAT LEAVES THE FOCUS?
• _______________________________ are waves generated by an earthquake that travel through the Earth. These waves can cause the ground to move forward, backward, up, down, and even to ripple. Seismic Waves are generated at the ____________________ time but move in different ways, and at different speeds.
Seismic Waves (3 types)
There are 3 types of Seismic Waves : ____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ ______________________________________________
The S waves and P waves are called ________________________________.
Type of Wave/ Illustration
Position Movement Moves through what states of matter
PRIMARY WAVES:P WAVES
_______________ seismic wave to move out from the earthquake focus, the point where the energy is released
Travel the _____________ of the three waves
LOCATION: _______________ (INSIDE THE EARTH LAYERS)
___________ and ______________ rock creating a _________-and-____________ motion in the direction the wave is moving
Known as a ( ________________________ or a compressional wave )
compressional wave, material movement is in the same direction as wave movement
Move through _______________ and ______________ layers of Earth (therefore it can move through all layers)
SECONDARY WAVES:S WAVES
________________ wave to Move out from the earthquake focus
Move _______________ than primary waves
LOCATION: _______________ (INSIDE THE EARTH LAYERS)
Move at __________________ to primary waves causing rocks to move ______ and ___________ and side to side
Known as ( ______________________wave ): move material perpendicular to wave movement
Can only move through _______________ rock, therefore it CAN ________ TRAVEL THROUGH THE ____________CORE because it is a ________________. IT STOPS AT THE OUTER CORE.
SURFACE WAVES
Form when _______ and _________ waves reach the ______________
___________________ BUT MOST _______________________
Especially damaging to buildings
They release all of the energy of the earthquake
Travel just below or along the ground’s surface
LOCATION: ON THE ______________________
Can cause the ground to shake making rock sway from side to side and roll like an ocean wave
They move back and forth and in a rolling motion along the surface
Produces motion in the upper crustMotion can be up and downMotion can be aroundMotion can be back and forth
Move through solid and liquid layers of Earth (therefore it can move through ______ layers)
SEISMIC WAVES CONTINUED
Scientists use the principle that the _______________ and _________________ of a seismic wave depends on the material it travels through.
How does scientist study the Earth’s Core?
• Because of the behavior of these different waves, scientists have _______________evidence for the solid inner core and liquid outer core of Earth because ___________________ don’t travel through the outer core because it’s a _________________.
• Also because earthquake waves travel faster through the _______________ than through the _________________, scientists know that the mantle is ___________________ than the crust.
MEASURING EARTHQUAKESThe energy spreads outward in all directions as vibrations called ________________________ .
Seismic waves can be measured and recorded by a ____________________________.
• The vibration record, called a ___________________________, looks like jagged lines on paper. • Measuring the time between the arrival of the P and S waves determines the _________________
between the recording seismograph and the earthquake epicenter.
SEISMOGRAPH (THE INSTRUMENT) SEISMOGRAM (THE RECORDING)
How to find the S-P INTERVALS • To find the S-P intervals, you have to _____________ the______ Wave from the ______Wave.• Measuring the time between the arrival of the P and S waves determines the distance between the
recording seismograph and the earthquake epicenter.
• _______________________________ identifies the epicenter of an earthquake. The location of an earthquake’s epicenter is found by plotting ____________________ on a map from the records of three seismograph stations and finding the point where the three circles ________________________.
• Note where the 3 circles _______________ is where the _______________________ is located.
