NAME: ____________________________ PERIOD: ___ DATE: ____________ MRS. BRANFORD GLOBAL HISTORY 10

~ STAGE 4: AGE OF NAPOLEON ~Directions: Each of the paintings below are of Napoleon Bonaparte. Examine the images and then answer the question that follows.

Image A

Bonaparte Crossing the Grand Saint-Bernard Pass by Jérôme-

Martin Langlois and Jacques-Louis David, 1802.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacques_Louis_David

_-_Bonaparte_franchissant_le_Grand_Saint-Bernard,_20_mai_1800_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg

Image B

Napoleon on his Imperial throne. by Jean-Auguste-Dominique

Ingres, 1806.Source:

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ingres,_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg

Image C

Napoléon Bonaparte abdicated in Fontainebleau by Paul Delaroche,

1845Source:

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DelarocheNapoleon.jpg

Describe how Napoleon is depicted in Image A. Describe how Napoleon is depicted in Image B. Describe how Napoleon is depicted in Image C.

Based on the images above, how did Napoleon’s role in France and people’s perception of him change over time?

STAGE 4 | 1799-1815: Age of Napoleon1 2 3 4 5

November 1799 March 1804 December 1804 1803 – 1815 Nov. 1814 - June 1815

Napoléon Bonaparte’s coup d'état and declares himself First Consul

The Code Napoleon is issued

Napoleon declares himself Emperor of France and reinstitutes hereditary rule

Napoleonic Wars (Conquers most of Europe)

Fails to invade Russia in Dec. 1812 & is defeated in wars against allied European powers

Napoleon is exiled for life

Congress of Vienna (Redraw map of Europe)

Louis XVIII installed as the King of France

Stage 4: Age of

Napoleon1799-1815

Stage 3: Directory1795-1799

Stage 2: Radical

Revolution1792-1794

Stage 1: National Assembly1789-1791

November 1799: Napoléon Bonaparte’s coup d'état and declares himself First Consul

Napoleon sworn in as First Consul, by Auguste Couder

Image is courtesy of Wikimedia Commons and is in the public domain

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), who was also known as Napoleon I, was a French military general during the French Revolution.

In October 1795, royalist (supporters of the king) attacked the new government, however, Napoleon defended the delegates at their meeting and became the hero. He also successfully led French armies in battles against neighboring European countries.

During the Directory stage, which existed from October 1795 to November 1799, a five-member group ruled as the executive branch of the government. However, by 1799 the Directory had lost control of the political situation and the confidence of the French people. Napoleon moved to seize power in a coup in November 1799. Troops under his command surrounded the national legislature and drove out most of its members. The lawmakers who remained voted to dissolve the Directory. In its place, they established a group of three consuls, one of whom was Napoleon. Napoleon quickly took the title of First Consul which gave him complete power over France.

1. How did Napoleon gain power in France?

1803: Start of the Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) were a series of battles between the French led by Napoleon Bonaparte and other European powers. The Napoleonic Wars were partially caused by lingering problems from the French Revolution such as the wars that began in 1792. These conflicts in France spilled over into other regions of Europe, creating instability. During the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon Bonaparte had many victories.

Napoleon was not content to simply be master of France, his ambition was to control the rest of Europe. In the Napoleon Wars, he added the Austrian Netherlands and parts of Italy to the French Empire and set up a puppet government in Switzerland. In a series of brilliant battles, he crushed the rest of his opposition in Europe, putting his relatives in power in those nations. By 1812, the only areas of Europe free from Napoleon’s control were Britain, Portugal, Sweden, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire.

2. What caused the Napoleonic Wars?

3. How did these wars impact Europe?

Source: Peiser and Serber, Our World, AMSCO (adapted) from the NYS Global History and Geography Regents Exam, January 2005.

March 1804: The Code Napoleon is issuedBy Napoleon’s time, the laws of France were an unclear blending of customary, feudal, royal, revolutionary, church, and Roman laws. Different legal systems controlled different parts of the country. The French writer Voltaire once complained that a man traveling across France would have to change laws as often as he changed horses.

Determined to unify France into a strong modern nation, Napoleon pushed for a single set of written laws that applied to everyone. He appointed a commission of legal experts to prepare a code of laws. Napoleon wanted this code to be clear, logical, and easily understood by all citizens. The writers tried to achieve a compromise between the past and the revolution. The Code eliminated feudal and royal privileges in favor of all citizens’ equality before the law. It included some rights such as freedom of speech and worship along with public trial by jury. It allowed individuals to choose their own occupation, but it banned worker organizations. Like other legal systems of the time, the Code made the wife legally inferior to her husband. Without her husband’s permission, a wife could not conduct any business and she could not make contracts.

Napoleon made his Code the law in territories he conquered, such as parts of Italy and Holland. After his death, the Code Napoleon inspired many other nations to adopt similar law codes. It has even influenced the United States. In 1808, soon after President Thomas Jefferson purchased Louisiana from Napoleon, American lawmakers in the new territory wrote a code of laws largely taken from Napoleon’s Code. This territorial code remains as the foundation of Louisiana state law today. The code’s influence is not limited to Louisiana. Legislators patterned the New York state civil and criminal codes, first completed in 1850, on the Code Napoleon. These codes served as models for similar codes in other states and in the federal government.

4. What was the Code Napoleon?

5. What was the impact of the Code?

December 1804: Napoleon declares himself Emperor of France and reinstitutes hereditary ruleIn January 1804, Napoleon’s police uncovered an assassination plot against him, led by the House of Bourbon (Louis XVI’s family). In response, Napoleon recreated the hereditary monarchy and divine right in France. Napoleon Bonaparte then crowned himself emperor on December 2, 1804, at Notre Dame de Paris. The French voters supported Napoleon. According to legend, during the coronation he snatched the crown from the hands of the Pope and crowned himself.

6. Why did Napoleon declare himself emperor of France in 1804?

7. Why do you think the French supported Napoleon’s action?

Napoleon Bonaparte, personal account delivered to the Legislative Body, Napoleon’s Account of the Internal Situation of France, December 31, 1804

The internal situation of France is today as calm as it has ever been in the most peaceful periods. There is no agitation to disturb the public tranquility, no suggestion of those crimes which recall the Revolution. Everywhere useful enterprises are in progress, and the general improvements, both public and private, attest the universal confidence and sense of security. …

It was clearly seen that for a great nation the only salvation lies in hereditary power [power based on family relation], which can alone assure a continuous political life which may endure for generations, even for centuries. …

After prolonged consideration, repeated conferences with the members of the Senate, discussion in the councils, and the suggestions of the most prudent [wise] advisers, a series of provisions [rules] was drawn up which regulate the succession to the imperial throne… The French people, by a free and independent expression, then manifested its desire that the imperial dignity should pass down in a direct line through the legitimate or adopted descendants of Napoleon Bonaparte, or through the legitimate descendants of Joseph Bonaparte, or of Louis Bonaparte.

8. Explain the historical circumstances that led to Napoleon Bonarparte’s speech delivered to the French legislative body.

POINT OF VIEWWhat is the author’s opinion or perspective?

9. What is Napoleon Bonaparte’s point of view about the internal situation in France?

10. What is Napoleon Bonaparte’s point of view about hereditary rule in France?

BIASWhy does the author have the opinions they do? What part of their identity influences their thinking?

11. Explain Napoleon Bonaparte’s bias.

PURPOSEWhy did the author create the document?

12. Explain Napoleon Bonaparte’s purpose for delivering this speech to the French legislative body.

AUDIENCEWho was the intended audience of the document? How does the audience change the way the author presented their ideas?

13. Identify the intended audience of Napoleon Bonaparte’s speech.

14. Explain how audience affect the way Napoleon Bonaparte presents his ideas.

1803—1815: Napoleonic Wars & Napoleon’s Defeat Napoleon’s French Empire was huge but unstable and he was only able to maintain it at its greatest extent from 1807 to 1812. Its sudden collapse was caused in part by Napoleon’s actions. In his attempt to extend the French Empire and crush his rival Great Britain, Napoleon made three disastrous mistakes.

Continental SystemIn 1806, Napoleon created the Continental System, which banned trade and communication between the mainland of the European continent and the island of Great Britain. To enforce the system, Napoleon set up a blockade (a forcible closing of ports). However, the British had a more advanced navy and was able to respond with a much more effective blockade that prevented ships from reaching European ports. The result was a weakening of the French economy.

Peninsular WarIn 1808, to force Portugal to accept his Continental System, Napoleon sent and invasion force through Spain to reach Portugal. When Spain protested the invasion, he removed the Spanish king and put his own brother, Joseph Bonaparte, on the throne. This led to the Peninsular War, which cost Napoleon 300,000 of his troops. Furthermore, his actions had a ripple effect, because the people of Spain quickly rebelled against the new king and then the Spanish colonies in Latin America began to demand independence.

Invasion of RussiaNapoleon’s most disastrous mistake came in 1812, when he invaded Russia, again trying to enforce the Continental System. Napoleon’s Grand Army was used to striking quickly and living off the land, both of which would be necessary because it would be too difficult to maintain the long supply line from France to Russia. Napoleon began to advance his 600,000 troops in June of 1812. At the battle of Borodino, Napoleon’s army defeated the Russians, but lost 30,000 men. By September, the French had reached Moscow, but found a burned down city. The Russians used at tactic called scorched-earth policy and retreated further into Russia. The Russians destroyed their own land so there was nothing for the invading army to live off once they arrived. Napoleon mistakenly kept his troops in Moscow for another five weeks without food, supplies, and still wearing their summer uniforms in October and November. The remaining 40,000 French troops finally exited Russia in December. Napoleon’s enemies were quick to take advantage of his weakness. Soon all the main powers of Europe were at war with France. His troops were untrained and ill prepared for battle and were easily defeated. In April 1814, Napoleon accepted terms of surrender, gave up his throne, and was exiled (banished). During his exile, a monarchy was restored in France. Napoleon escaped and reclaimed power over France in 1815 for a hundred days before being defeated for the final time at the battle of Waterloo in 1815.

15. Why did Napoleon’s empire collapse?

16. Why was Napoleon’s invasion of Russia unsuccessful?

Nov. 1814 - June 1815: Congress of Vienna & Louis XVIII installed as the King of France

After Napoleon was defeated and exiled from Europe, representatives from the major countries in Europe (Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, and France) met in Vienna, Austria. The purpose of the Congress of Vienna was to address the conflict and instability in Europe caused by the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. The leaders wanted a fair, lasting peace, that avoided war. The Foreign Minister of France was also included in the conference because European leaders did not want France to seek revenge in the future.

The Congress of Vienna settled land ownership issues caused by Napoleon's brief empire and redrew Europe’s political map. They did this by returning Europe to its old boundaries prior to the rule of Napoleon.

Another way the Congress of Vienna tried to achieve stability in Europe was through creating a balance of power. They wanted to prevent any one nation from gaining too much control and causing war, like the French previously did.

The representatives at the Congress of Vienna believed that the return of former monarchs (legitimacy) would also stabilize the nations of Europe and the relationships between the nations. They restored the power of hereditary families that ruled before the French Revolution.

Louis XVIII (Louis XVI’s brother) was the first ruler of the restored monarchy following the French Revolution and Napoleon’s loss of power. Louis XVIII organized a constitutional monarchy. Under this government, the monarch’s power was restricted by the constitution, what granted citizen’s rights and created an advisory parliament that voted on laws and approved the budget.

17. What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna?

18. What were the outcomes of the Congress of Vienna?

Congress of Vienna

Louis XVIII