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Home learning
Review using green pen the questions
Focus on : Command words Key words Marks awarded
A2 Physical Education Sport Psychology
Week 4 Revision
Group cohesion and Attribution
Theory
Summary sheets
Group Dynamics TIPS!
Be able to define the terms ‘group’ and ‘team’.
Group formation and dynamics, Carron’s antecedents
Factors affecting cohesion Task and social cohesion Stenier’s model Ringlemann effect, social loafing and
strategies to overcome social loafing
Groups“Groups are those social aggregates that
involve mutual awareness and the potential for interaction” (McGrath)
GROUPS
(Carron)
A collective identity
A sense of shared purposeA clear structure for communication
Stages of group formation. Whose model is this? Describe each stage to your partner.
Group Cohesion“The extent to which a group sticks
together in pursuit of a common goal.”
TASK COHESIONThe way team members
work together tosuccessfully complete
a task, e.g. a football team setsOut to win by adopting attackingTactics at home & away matches
Vital in INTERACTIVE Sports, e.g. hockey
SOCIAL COHESIONThe personal relationships within a group which relies
on individuals enjoyingsocial interaction, e.g. strong
Bond developed whilst on tour.
Vital in CO-ACTIVE sports, e.g. track and field
Group Dynamics“The social processes operating within the
group between individual members.”
SUB GROUPSSmall groups
contained within the whole group
GROUP DYNAMIC SOCIOGRAM
The best way ofillustrating the
group dynamics ofa team.
TO ACHIEVE COHESION• Break down cliques
and sub groups • Separate pairs
• Integrate isolates
Team sports rely onunits within the team
Working closelytogether
Carron’s model
Steiner’s ModelACTUAL= POTENTIAL - LOSSES DUE TO
PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTIVITY FAULTY PROCESSES
(AP) (PP) (FP)
The team performance at any given time (due to successful
interaction)
The maximum
capability of the group
when cohesiveness is strongest
Factors that go wrong in team performance
which impede/ prevent group
cohesion e.g. co-ordination losses & motivational losses
GROUP COHESION IS THE FORCE THAT BINDS A GROUP TOGETHER, HELPING TO PREVENT FAULTY PROCESSES.
Faulty ProcessesCo-ordination Losseso These occur when the ‘operational effectiveness’ of the group cannot be sustained for the whole match.
o Planned strategies/tactics may go wrong due to positional error or bad timing, e.g. Line out in rugby.A co-ordination loss that leads to a
breakdown in team work is called
the RINGLEMANN EFFECT. Problems with team co-ordination are more likely to increase as the
number of team members increase.
Motivation Losseso This may occur if the task is too difficult.
o Also an individual might suffer loss of motivation causing them to withdraw effort and coast through that part of the game. They hide!
A motivation loss that leads to a reduction in effort is called SOCIAL LOAFING. This is called when an individuals efforts go unnoticed or when someone feels like the others on their team are not trying hard enough. People with low SC tend to be loafers.
Group Locomotion
“ The process that explains the reasons why the group has formed. It
symbolises the activity of the team.”
For locomotion to be efficient there must
be a LEADER to ensure the co-
ordination of the team.
****Don’t always assume that good players make good leaders! Make sure
you know the characteristics of a
good leader****
Strategies to develop an effective group and cohesion
What’s the difference?
Ringlemann effect and social loafing
Strategies to minimise the effects of social loafing.
Question
Explain Carron’s antecedents and suggest how they may determine the cohesiveness of a group.
Review the syllabus
Devise two questions (3 and 4 marks)
Devise one essay question (14 marks)
Group cohesion – traffic light sheetAnything new that I’ve learnt
Summary sheets
Attribution Theory TIPS!
You should be able to identify the reasons for success and failure in sport.
You need to understand ‘Weiner’s Attribution Model’ and be able to relate it to specific sporting situations.
Learn the definitions of ‘mastery orientation’ and ‘learned helplessness’.
Attribution Theory
ability'w e w ere m ore
skilful'
eff ort'w e tried hard'
task diffi culty'the opposition arew orld cham pions'
luck'the court w as
slippy'
I NTER NAL EXTER NAL
LOCUS OF CAUSALI TY
STABLE
UNSTABLE
STABI LI TY
Attribution theory looks at the common reasons coaches and players give for their success or failure in sport.
Weiner’s Attribution Model
LOCUS OF CAUSALITYis the performance outcome caused
by- INTERNAL factors
under the control of the performerability / effort
- EXTERNAL factorsbeyond the control of the performer
task difficulty / luck
STABILITYis the performance outcome caused
by- STABLE factors
fixed factors which don’t change with time
ability / task difficulty- UNSTABLE factors
factors which can vary with timeeffort / luck
Weiner’s model - Dimensions
Locus of causality could fall into two sub divided areas
Internal and external
Stability dimension: Stable and unstable
Third dimension added in (1986) Locus of control: Personal and external
Attribution TheoryHIGH ACHIEVERS
attribute success to internal factorsand attribute failure to external
factors
LOW ACHIEVERSattribute success to external factors
and attribute failure to internal factors
Attribution Retraining
The coach changes the usual external attributions for failure into internal, unstable controllable factors.
The athlete has little control over ability, luck or task difficulty but has complete control over EFFORT. Effort is
internal and unstable and can be changed by the performer.
Attributing a lack of success to internal and unstable factors will help to prevent learned helplessness.
LEARNED HELPLESSNESSA belief acquired over time that one has no control over events
and that failure is inevitable. A feeling of ‘hopelessness.’
Learned helplessness
What is it? General and specific List strategies to avoid it
Review the syllabus
Devise two attribution questions (3 and 4 marks)
Devise an attribution essay question (14 marks)
Attribution – traffic light sheetAnything new that I’ve learnt
Next lesson and homework
Week 1 Aspects of personalityArousal
Week 2 Controlling anxietyAttitudes
Week 3 AggressionConfidence
Week 4 Attribution theoryGroup success
Week 5 Leadership