Homeostasis

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Instructor: Terry E. Jones

A. Blood Glucose Homeostasis 1. Normal Level- 100mg/dl 2. Sensors determine high or low

and send info to the pancreas 3. Pancreas releases one of two

enzymes depending on conditions

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4. High sugar- Insulin released a. Insulin stimulates cells to take up glucose b. Stimulates the lived to converts glucose to glycogen

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5. Low sugar- Glycagon released a. Glycagon stimulates the liver to convert gylcogen to glucose and release it into the blood

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Pancreas

High Blood Sugar

Glucagon

Insulin

Low Blood SugarLowers Blood Sugar

Raises Blood SuarRaises Blood Sugar

Liver

GluocseGlucogen

Promotes insulin release

Promotes glucagonrelease

Stimulates glucose uptake from blood

Stimulates glucogen

breakdown

Stimulates glucogen formation

Blood GlucoseHomeostasis

Summary of Carbohydrate Metabolism

Summary of Lipid Metabolism

Summary of Protein Metabolism

B. Body Temperature Regulation 1. Basal Metabolism Controlled by the hypothalamus 2. Normal Temp is 37 Degrees C 3. Hypothalamus senses body temperature changes

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4. Temp too high a. Hypothalamus send signals that open the sweat glands b. Sends a signal for blood vessels to dilate or relax c. Both aid in cooling the body

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5. Temp too low a. Hypothalamus send signals that close the sweat glands b. Sends a signal for blood vessels to constrict c. If needed, muscles begin contraction to create heat

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Hypothalamus

Set Point 37.0 degrees C

Body TemperatureRises

Body TemperatureDrops

Body TemperatureReturns to Normal

Body Heat Lost to Surroundings

Body Heat is Conserved

Sweat Glands Close

Vessels Constrict

If needed, MusclesBegin Contracting

Sweat Glands OpenBlood Vessels Dilate

Temperature Homeostasis

Temperature Imbalance

C. Homeostatic Imbalances 1. Heat Stroke a. Body cooling is ineffective b. Positive feedback results making the body even hotter c. Ice baths and hydration required to bring temp down

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2. Heat exhaustion a. Body over heats due to over exercising b. Low blood pressure causes a collapse c. Temp regulation still working

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d. Body needs to be cooled over, not necessarily an ice bath b. Lots of water to rehydrate3. Fever a. Controlled body temp increase b. Due to infections

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c. Body resets the basal temp higher to promote: 1. Death of bacteria 2. Healing process stimulated by heat 3. Dangerous if reset too high 4. Returns to normal when the body’s immune system takes over

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3. Obesity a. Major U.S. health problem b. Contributes to heart disease, diabetes, eating disorders, and cancers c. Body mass index (BMI)

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3. BMI Calculation 1. Weight times 750 2. Divide by the square of your height 330 x 750 / 702 = 247500 /4900 = 50 3. Over 30 considered obese

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4. Diets 1. The only one that works is a health diet 2. Weight can be lost on any diet 3. The key is the number of calories

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4. Facts: a. Calories in = calories out No gain or Loss b. Calories in > than calories out Weight Gain c. Calories in< than calorie out Weight Loss

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5. Theories on why we eat too much a. Set Point Theory 1. Bodies get used to a set point of calories and make adjustments to our metabolism to maintain this set point

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b. Fuel Efficiency Theory 1. Obese people are more efficient at taking up fats and storing them than others. 2. Some obese people eat less than thin people and still gain weight.

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c. Genetic Theory 1. Some people inherit genes which lead to obesity more easily than others. 2. Since everything we are is determined by our genetic code, our diet problems are effected by genes also.

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6. Safe Weight Loss Ideas a. Exercise depresses the appetite. b. Inactivity increases appetite. c. Burn more calories than you take in. Keep track. d. Eat healthy, well balanced foods

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e. Cut back on the amount of fats consumed. f. Exercise regularly. g. Change of lifestyle to reflect the above items.

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7. Risky Weight Loss Ideas a. Stomach Surgery 1. Reduces size of stomach 2. Risk: Infections and complications b. Limited Items Diet 1. Not well balanced 2. Risk: Nutrient deficiencies that lead to medical conditions

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c. Liposuction 1. Removes the fat tissue 2. Risk: Infections and

complications 3. Fat cells elsewhere begin to fill with fat leaving a bumpy, lumpy appearance

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