Homeostasis

PART 2

Human urinary system

kidneys

Renal arteries and renal veins

Ureters

Urinary bladder

Urethra

kidney

Cortex

Medulla

Pelvis

Ureter

Renal artery

Renal vein

Renal hilus

Nephron

Cortical nephron Juxtamedullary nephron

Structure of nephron

1: Renal corpuscle ( glomerulus and bowman capsule)

2: Renal tubule ( proximal and distal tubule. Loop of Henle , and collecting duct)

Nephron Function

Glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

Countercurrent multiplier

Kidney stones

Hypercalcemiahyperoxaluria

1: Calcium oxalate 70%

2: calcium phosphate 15%

3: uric acid crystals 10 %

Lithotripsy

Dialysis

Hemodialysis

Peritoneal dialysis

Hemodialysis

Hemodialysis is a process that uses a man-made membrane (dialyzer) to: Remove wastes, such as urea, from the blood. Restore the proper balance of electrolytes in the blood. Eliminate extra fluid from the body.

Peritoneal dialysis

A dialysis technique that uses the patient's own body tissues inside the abdominal cavity as a filter. A plastic tube called a dialysis catheter is surgically placed through the abdominal wall, into the abdominal cavity.

Kidney transplant

Kidney transplantation or renal transplantation is the organ transplant of a kidney into a patient with end-stage renal disease. Kidney transplantation is typically classified as deceased-donor (formerly known as cadaveric) or living-donor transplantation

depending on the source of the donor organ.

Thermoregulation

Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different

Thermoregulation in plants during low temperature

Thermoregulation in animals

Poikilotherms

Examples

Reptiles, some fish , amphibians

Homeotherms

Examples

Birds and mamals

Ectotherms

Reptiles, amphibian , invertebrates , fish .

Endotherm

Birds, some fishes and flying insects

Hetrotherms

Bats and humming birds

Regulation of heat exchange between animal and its environment.

1: structural adaptations

2: physiological adaptation

3: behavioral adaptations

1: structural adaptations

Pelage

Sweat glands

Panting

Physiological adaptations

1:Plumage fluffing

2: Evaporative cooling

Behavioral adaptation

Lizard basking in sun

Regulatory strategies

Shivering and non shivering thermogenesis

Brown fat

Regulatory strategies

In cold temperature In warm temperature

Pyrexia

Fever, also known as pyrexia and febrile response, is defined as having a temperature above the normal range due to an increase in the body's temperature set-point.