Homework

• Complete the connector activity on the ‘Group Success’ Tab – reviewing the two videos

• Complete the ‘Ryder Cup’ article• Questions on Page 203• Complete the connector activity on the

‘Leadership Tab’

KWL - sheetWhat do I know about group success?

What I would like to know about group success?

What I have learnt about group success?

Card Exercise

• Need one observer• One group of 3• 1 person on their own

What is a group?

• Page 194 and 195

Evolution of a group - worksheet

• Forming –

• Storming –

• Norming -• Performing -

Tuckman (1965)

Tuckman’s model

What happened to AVB and Chelsea and now Tottenham?

Cohesion

• Cohesion?

• Task cohesion?

• Social cohesion?

Group dynamics example

Bootcamp

• It takes people from all backgrounds, and from different parts of the country who may have nothing in common.

• They are given the same appearance, which identifies them as the same.

• The instructor gives them a shared negative experience that will give them something in common.

• In one quick experience they become a group.

Measuring cohesion

• Observation of behaviour• Sociogram • Questionnaire - The Group Environment Questionnaire

Do cohesive groups win?

• There are exceptions - Rodman and Jordan• Desire to win may supersede personal dislikes

• task cohesion overcomes social cohesion

• Cohesion alone cannot ensure success.

Factors (antecedents) that contribute to cohesion (Carron 1982)

• What are the factors that affect group cohesiveness? (4 marks)

INSERT MODEL

Carron’s model explained

• Group composition - gender, resources, compatibility, etc.• Group environment - group size, home advantage, etc.• Group structure - positions, status, norms, roles, etc.• Group cohesion - can be task or social

– Task - group works to achieve a goal.– Social - group gets on well.

• Group processes - communication, co-operation, competition, etc.

• Group products - winning, losing, outside of sport - starting a family.

• Individual products - personal satisfaction, bonus, etc.

Strategies to develop an effective group and cohesion

• Page 199

Example of group norms

Are you sitting in your ‘normal’

seat?

Why do you sit there?

Productivity (Steiner’s Model)

Actual Productivity

Actual Productivity

Potential Productivity

Potential Productivity

Process Losses

Process Losses= -

If 2 individuals in a tug-of-war team are each able to pull 100kg, their potential productivity is 200kg. However, they will pull less than this, probably around 180kg - because of the inability to coordinate their efforts and/or because each person might expect the other to carry the main load. Therefore there are process losses of 20kg.

Who is going to win??

• Group A will beat Group B if:–Group A possesses greater relevant resources and

experiences fewer or equal process losses–Group A possesses equal relevant resources but

experiences fewer process losses–Group A possesses less resources but experiences

much less process loss

Football example with numbers

• If Arsenal’s potential productivity = 90 and Hull City’s potential productivity = 60, Hull can still win.

• If Arsenal experience process losses equal to 40, and Hull only lose 5, Hull’s actual productivity will = 55, while Arsenal will = 50.

• This is how giant killings happen each year.

Causes of process losses

• Process losses are commonly caused by:– Co-ordination losses eg…– Motivational loses eg…

The Ringlemann effect

• Ringlemann observed individuals, groups of 2, 3, and 8 people pulling on a rope.

• Did 2 people pull twice as hard as 1 person?

NO!1 in a group of 2 pulled on average 93% of the

individual score.In groups of 3 it fell to 85%, and groups of 8 to 49%.

Social loafing

• “The tendency for individuals to put in less than maximum effort when working as part of a group”.

• This is different from the Ringlemann effect. How? • Latane (1979) found that people in groups do not

clap as hard as individuals - individual effort is lost in a crowd!

How to beat social loafing and the Ringlemann effect!

• Identify individual contribution - individual playing statistics - this be detrimental to cohesion

• Increase peer pressure• Improve group co-ordination skills (set plays)• Select ‘team players’• Give more responsibility / set individual roles /

targets

What else can coaches do?

• Limit process losses.• Ensure that players are clear about their roles

within the team.• Establish clear team rules and expectations.• Encourage social cohesion, but do not expect

everyone to socialize together.• Democracy increases cohesion - allow the team

to make some decisions.• Team building exercises.

Summary

• A group is 2 or more individuals working towards a common goal.

• Group cohesion can be related to the task or to social relationships.

• The Ringlemann effect and social loafing explain how some groups under-perform.

‘Team’ talks

• Team talks are open only to group members. • As such they bring the group together.• Some team talks are more effective than

others…

Compare these examples

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AGNrJ-e2hB8

What were the differences…?

Next week… leadership