GeometryHomologyHomotopy
Homotopy Algebras and PDEs
LUCA VITAGLIANO
University of Salerno, Italy
Lie Pseudogroups: Old and NewDriebergen, October 2–4, 2017
Luca Vitagliano Homotopy Algebras and PDEs 1 / 43
GeometryHomologyHomotopy
Introduction: Geometry of PDEs
A systemP (x) = 0, P = (. . . , Pa, . . .)
of algebraic equations is encoded geometrically by an algebraic subva-riety X of an affine space. Moreover, the Pa’s generate an ideal in thealgebra of polynomials in x: the ideal I (of the lhs) of all algebraic con-sequences of P = 0. The zero locus of I coincides with X.
Similarly, a system
F (x, . . . ,uI , . . .) = 0, F = (. . . , Fa, . . .)
of differential equations (PDEs) is encoded geometrically by a smoothsubmanifold of a jet space. Moreover, the Fa’s generate a “differentialideal” in the algebra of functions of (x,u, . . . ,uI , . . .): the ideal I (ofthe lhs) of all differential consequences of F = 0. The zero locus of I is asubmanifold in an ∞-jet space called a diffiety.
Luca Vitagliano Homotopy Algebras and PDEs 2 / 43
GeometryHomologyHomotopy
Introduction: Homological Algebra of PDEs
A diffiety encodes most of the relevant information about the originalPDE E0. Moreover, there is a rich homological algebra attached to adiffiety: the algebra of horizontal cohomologies. Variational principles,conservation laws, symmetries, cosymmetries, recursion operators, etc. areall suitable horizontal cohomologies.
Horizontal cohomologies have a natural interpretation as functions,vector fields, differential forms, tensors, etc. on the space of solutions of E0and this interpretation is supported by the existence of the “right” al-gebraic structures in horizontal cohomologies. This apparatus fits nicelywith the homological structure of classical field theory (BRST-BV for-malism).
Luca Vitagliano Homotopy Algebras and PDEs 3 / 43
GeometryHomologyHomotopy
Introduction: Homotopy Algebra of PDEs
When cohomologies possess an algebraic structureA, there is a chancethat cochains possess the same algebraic structure up to homotopy (in-ducing A in cohomology).
RemarkHomotopy algebras appear in classical field theories:
as homological perturbations in the BRST-BV formalism,as homotopy algebras of observables in multisymplectic FT.
AimThe aim of this talk is twofold:
1 reviewing horizontal cohomologies of PDEs;2 showing that homotopy algebras appear already in the theory of
PDEs: the algebraic structures on horizontal cohomologies come fromhomotopy algebraic structures on horizontal cochains.
Luca Vitagliano Homotopy Algebras and PDEs 4 / 43
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Plan of the Talk
1 Geometry
2 Homology
3 Homotopy
Luca Vitagliano Homotopy Algebras and PDEs 5 / 43
GeometryHomologyHomotopy
Plan of the Talk
1 Geometry
2 Homology
3 Homotopy
Luca Vitagliano Homotopy Algebras and PDEs 6 / 43
GeometryHomologyHomotopy
PDEs on Submanifolds
RemarkThere are interesting PDEs imposed on generic submanifolds:
Lagrangian submanifolds,leaves of a foliation,minimal surfaces,totally geodesic submanifolds,worldsheets,· · ·
It makes sense to develop a geometric theory of PDEs imposed onsubmanifolds (rather than on sections of bundles only)!
A Related RemarkIn PDEs, there are interesting transformations mixing independentand dependent variables.
Luca Vitagliano Homotopy Algebras and PDEs 7 / 43
GeometryHomologyHomotopy
Jets of Submanifolds
Let E be an (n + m)-dim manifold, and N ⊂ E an n-dim submanifold:
N : u = f (x), (x,u) = (x1, . . . , xn,u) a divided chart.
Definition
N0, N1 are tangent up to order k at e ≡ (x,u) ∈ N0 ∩ N1 if
∂|I|f0
∂xI (x) =∂|I|f1
∂xI (x), |I| ≤ k.
Definition
The k-jet space is the manifold Jk(E, n) of classes jke N of tangency up toorder k, coordinatized by (x, . . . ,uI , . . .):
uI
(jke N)=
∂|I|f
∂xI (x) |I| ≤ k.
Luca Vitagliano Homotopy Algebras and PDEs 8 / 43
GeometryHomologyHomotopy
Geometric Portraits of PDEs
Remark
An n-dim submanifold N ⊂ E can be prolonged to the n-dim submani-fold Nk ⊂ Jk(E, n) made of classes of tangency of N:
Nk := jke N | e ∈ N.
In coordinates
Nk : uI =∂|I|f
∂xI (x), |I| ≤ k.
Definition
A system of k-th order PDEs (on n-dim submanifolds of E) is a subman-ifold E0 ⊂ Jk(E, n). In coordinates
E0 : F (x, . . . ,uI , . . .) = 0, |I| ≤ k.
A solution of E0 is an n-dim submanifold N ⊂ E such that Nk ⊂ E0.
Luca Vitagliano Homotopy Algebras and PDEs 9 / 43
GeometryHomologyHomotopy
Infinite Jets
There is a tower of fiber bundle projections:
E = J0(E, n) J1(E, n)oo · · ·oo Jk(E, n)oo Jk+1(E, n)oo · · ·oo
Definition
The ∞-jet space is the space J∞(E, n) of classes j∞e N of tangency up toorder ∞. Equivalently (Borel Lemma), it is the inverse limit
J∞(E, n) = lim←−k Jk(E, N)
and it is coordinatized by (x, . . . ,uI , . . .), |I| ≥ 0.
Remark
J∞(E, n) is a pro-finite dimensional manifold. Calculus on pro-finite di-mensional manifolds can be developed algebraically!
Luca Vitagliano Homotopy Algebras and PDEs 10 / 43
GeometryHomologyHomotopy
the Cartan distribution
Remark
Take a point z = j∞e N ∈ J∞(E, n). Then N∞ 3 z, and Cz := TzN∞ is
independent of N. SoC : z 7−→ Cz
is a well-defined n-dim distribution J∞(E, n).
Properties of the Cartan distribution1 C is involutive and it is spanned by total derivatives
Di =∂
∂xi + ∑|I|≥0 uIi∂
∂uI, i = 1, . . . , n;
2 C detects ∞-prolongations: n-dim integral submanifolds are thoselocally of the form N∞.
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GeometryHomologyHomotopy
Prolonging PDEs
Remark
A system of k-th order PDEs E0 ⊂ Jk(E, n) can be prolonged by addingtotal derivatives.
Definition
The first prolongation is:
E (1)0 := jk+1e N | Nk is tangent to E0 ⊂ Jk+1(E, n).
In coordinates
E (1)0 :
F (x, . . . ,uI , . . .) = 0 : E0DiF (x, . . . ,uI , . . .) = 0 .
The higher prolongations are E (`)0 := E (1)···(1)0 ⊂ Jk+`(E, n).
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Infinite Prolongation
Remark
I assume formal integrability, i.e.
1 E (`)0 is well-defined and smooth for all `, and
2 E0 E (1)0oo · · ·oo E (`)0
oo · · ·oo is a sequence of fibrations.
Definition
The ∞-prolongation of E0 is
E := lim←− ` E
(`)0 ⊂ J∞(E, n).
In coordinates
E : Di1 · · ·Di`F (x, . . . ,uI , . . .) = 0, ` ≥ 0.
Luca Vitagliano Homotopy Algebras and PDEs 13 / 43
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Diffieties
Remark
Whatever E0, the Cartan distribution is tangent to E : C|E ⊂ TE .
Properties of the Cartan distribution on E1 C|E is involutive;2 C|E detects solutions of E0: n-dim integral submanifolds of C|E are
those locally of the form N∞, with N a solution of E0. Morally,
solutions of E0 = n-dim integral submanifolds of C|E.
Warning
Beware that the Frobenius Theorem fails in ∞ dimensions.
Definition
(E , C|E ) is a diffiety.
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Foliation-like Geometry of Diffieties
Let (E , C) be a diffiety. ConsiderNC = TE/C - the normal bundle sections denoted X.∧p(NC)∗ - the bundle of normal p-forms sections denoted CΩp.
RemarkFrom involutivity C is a Lie algebroid. As for foliations C acts on
NC via the Bott connection:
X.(Y mod C) = [X, Y]mod C, X ∈ Γ(C), Y ∈ X(E).
∧p(NC)∗ via the dual connection:
X.ω = LXω, X ∈ Γ(C), ω ∈ CΩp.
· · ·Luca Vitagliano Homotopy Algebras and PDEs 15 / 43
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Plan of the Talk
1 Geometry
2 Homology
3 Homotopy
Luca Vitagliano Homotopy Algebras and PDEs 16 / 43
GeometryHomologyHomotopy
Horizontal Cohomology of PDEs
Let (E , C) be a diffiety.
Definition
The horizontal de Rham algebra
(Ω, d)
is the de Rham algebra of the Lie algebroid C.Ω - horizontal forms;
d - horizontal differential;
H(E) := H(Ω, d) - horizontal cohomology.
In coordinates:
ω = fi1···iq dxi1 ∧ · · · ∧ dxiq ∈ Ωq, 0 ≤ q ≤ n.
d = dxi Di.
Luca Vitagliano Homotopy Algebras and PDEs 17 / 43
GeometryHomologyHomotopy
Interpreting Horizontal Cohomology
Example (Infinite Jet Space - deg = n)
Let E0 be the trivial equation 0 = 0, so that E = J∞(E, n). ThenHq(E) = Hq(J∞(E, n)) = Hq
dR(E), for 0 ≤ q < n;morally, a top cohomology class [L ] is a variational principle imposed
on n-dim submanifolds N of E :
[L ] : N 7−→∫
N∞L , L = L(x, . . . ,uI , . . .)dnx.
Example (Generic PDE - deg = n− 1)
Let E0 be any PDE. Then(n− 1)-cocycles are conserved currents. In coordinates:
J = Ji(x, . . . ,uI , . . .)dn−1xi, Di Ji|E = 0.
morally, an (n− 1)-cohomology [J] is a conservation law.
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GeometryHomologyHomotopy
Interpreting Horizontal Cohomology
Example (Gauge Systems - deg = n− 2)
Let E0 be the PDE governing a gauge system: Maxwell, Yang-Mills, etc.Hn−2(E) consists of gauge charges (e.g. electric charge).
Example (Finite Dimensional Diffieties - deg = 0)
Let dim E < ∞. Then C is the tangent distribution to a honest foliation.H0(E) consists of leaf-wise constant functions.
In all these cases horizontal cohomologies are morallyfunctions on the space of solutions!
Supporting fact
H(E) is a (graded) commutative algebra.
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Coefficients for H(E): Normal Differential Forms
Let (E , C) be a diffiety.CΩ := ⊕pCΩp - normal differential forms
Remark
There is no natural differential on CΩ: CΩp −→/ CΩp+1
Remark
As C acts on normal forms, CΩ can serve as coefficients for H(E):
(Ω⊗ CΩ, d) H(E , CΩ) := H(Ω⊗ CΩ, d).
Proposition
There is a natural (p-increasing) differential on H(E , CΩ):
· · · // H(E , CΩp)d // H(E , CΩp+1)
d // · · ·
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The C-Spectral Sequence
The best way to construct d is noticing that H(E , CΩ) is the first page ofa natural spectral sequence (cf. the spectral sequence of a foliation).
RemarkThe (standard) de Rham complex of E is filtered:
Ω(E) = F0Ω ⊃ F1Ω ⊃ · · · ⊃ FpΩ ⊃ · · · ,
whereF1Ω := ω ∈ Ω(E) |ω vanishes on Γ(C);FpΩ := (F1Ω)∧p.
Definition
The C-spectral sequence is the spectral sequence CE = (CEr, dr)r de-termined by filtration FpΩp.
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The 0th Page of the C-Spectral Sequence
Ωn Ωn ⊗ CΩ1 · · · Ωn ⊗ CΩp · · ·
Ωn−1
d
OO
Ωn−1 ⊗ CΩ1
d
OO
· · · Ωn−1 ⊗ CΩp
d
OO
· · ·
· · ·
OO
· · ·
OO
· · · · · ·
OO
· · ·
Ω1
d
OO
Ω1 ⊗ CΩ1
d
OO
· · · Ω1 ⊗ CΩp
d
OO
· · ·
C∞(E)
d
OO
CΩ1
d
OO
· · · CΩp
d
OO
· · ·
Luca Vitagliano Homotopy Algebras and PDEs 22 / 43
GeometryHomologyHomotopy
The 1st Page of the C-Spectral Sequence
Hn(E) d // Hn(E , CΩ1)d // · · · // Hn(E , CΩp)
d // · · ·
Hn−1(E) d // Hn−1(E , CΩ1)d // · · · // Hn−1(E , CΩp)
d // · · ·
· · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
H1(E) d // H1(E , CΩ1)d // · · · // H1(E , CΩp)
d // · · ·
H0(E) d // H0(E , CΩ1)d // · · · // H0(E , CΩp)
d // · · ·
Luca Vitagliano Homotopy Algebras and PDEs 23 / 43
GeometryHomologyHomotopy
The 1st Page of the C-Spectral Sequence of J∞(E, n)
Hn(J∞)d // Hn(J∞, CΩ1)
d // · · · // Hn(J∞, CΩp)d // · · ·
Hn−1(E) 0 · · · 0 · · ·
· · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
H1(E) 0 · · · 0 · · ·
H0(E) 0 · · · 0 · · ·
Luca Vitagliano Homotopy Algebras and PDEs 24 / 43
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Interpreting Horizontal Cohomology II
Focus on the non-trivial row.
Hn(J∞)d // Hn(J∞, CΩ1)
d // Hn(J∞, CΩ2)d // · · ·
Hn(J∞)d−→ Hn(J∞, CΩ1), variational
principle7−→ (lhs of) associated
Euler-Lagrange eqs.
Hn(J∞, CΩ1)d−→ Hn(J∞, CΩ2), square system
of PDEs7−→ (lhs of) associated
Helmoltz conds.
Horizontal cohomologies with coefficients in normal forms are morallydifferential forms on the space of solutions!
Supporting Fact
H(E , CΩ) is a DG algebra.
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GeometryHomologyHomotopy
More Coefficients for H(E): Normal Vector Fields
Let (E , C) be a diffiety.X := Γ(NC) - normal vector fields
Remark
There is no natural Lie bracket on X.
Remark
As C acts on normal vector fields, X can serve as coefficients for H(E):
(Ω⊗X, d) H(E ,X) := H(Ω⊗X, d).
Proposition
There is a natural Lie bracket on H(E ,X).
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Interpreting Horizontal Cohomology III
Example
H0(E ,X) consists of higher symmetries of E0, i.e. infinitesimal automor-phisms of (E , C) up to vector fields in C. Let Y mod C ∈ X be a cocycle.If Y integrates to a flow, then it induces a flow on the space of solutions!
Horizontal cohomologies with coefficients in normal vector fields are morallyvector fields on the space of solutions!
Supporting Fact
(H(E), H(E ,X)) is a (graded) Lie-Rinehart algebra.
More Supporting Facts
Cartan calculus has a horizontal cohomology analogue!
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GeometryHomologyHomotopy
An Application: the Covariant Phase Space
Let E0 be an Euler-Lagrange equation and (E , C) the associated diffiety.
Theorem [E. Witten, G. J. Zuckermann 87]
There is a canonical “pre-symplectic form on the space of solutions of E0”.More precisely there is a canonical element
Ω ∈ Hn−1(E , CΩ2), such that dΩ = 0.
By contraction Ω maps two infinitesimal symmetries to a conservation law!
Remark
Basically, the diffiety (E , C) and the “pre-symplectic form” Ω are theinitial data used by physicists in the BV approach to classical (andquantum) field theory.
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Symplectic Noether in Lagrangian Field Theory
Theorem (Symplectic Noether I-II for Field Theory) [L. V. 09]
1 Let X ∈ H0(E ,X) (an infinitesimal symmetry) and let f ∈ Hn−1(E)be the conservation law associated to X via Noether I. Then
iXΩ = df .
2 Let Ω[ : H0(E ,X)→ Hn−1(E , CΩ1) be contraction with Ω. Then
ker Ω[ = infinitesimal gauge symmetries.
3 Ω induces a (degree 1 − n) Poisson bracket on gauge invariant hori-zontal cohomologies, agreeing with the Dickey bracket on conservationlaws.
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GeometryHomologyHomotopy
Plan of the Talk
1 Geometry
2 Homology
3 Homotopy
Luca Vitagliano Homotopy Algebras and PDEs 30 / 43
GeometryHomologyHomotopy
Homotopy Algebras from PDEs
Summary
PDE diffiety horizontal cohomology space P of solutions
algebraic structure interpretation
H(E) commutative algebra functions on P
H(E ,X) Lie algebra vector fields on P
H(E , CΩ) differential algebra differential forms on P
Question
Do these algebraic structures come from homotopy algebras on cochains?
Theorem [L. V. 14]
Ω ⊗ X is a homotopy Lie-Rinehart algebra and Ω ⊗ CΩ is its Chevalley-Eilenberg DG algebra.
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GeometryHomologyHomotopy
Homotopy Lie-Rinehart Algebras
Definition [L. Kjeseth 01, up to decalage]
An LR∞[1]-algebra is a pair (A, L) whereA is a graded commutative algebra, and L is an A-module,L is an L∞[1]-algebra acting on A by derivations,
compatibility conditions hold: for a, b ∈ A and v1, . . . , vk ∈ L
ρ(a · v1, v2, . . . , vk−1|b) = ±a · ρ(v1, . . . , vk−1|b),v1, . . . , vk−1, avk = ±a · v1, . . . , vk+ ρ(v1, . . . , vk−1|a) · vk.
RemarkToday example: from a diffiety. More examples: from representa-tions up to homotopy, complex submanifolds, coisotropic submani-folds, BRST, ...
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Higher Chevalley-Eilenberg Construction
Proposition
An LR∞[1]-algebra (A, L) determines a (formal) homological derivation
D = D1 + D2 + · · ·
in SymA(L, A) via:
(Dkω)(v1, . . . , vr+k)
:= ∑±ρ(vσ(1), . . . , vσ(k) |ω(vσ(k+1), . . . , vσ(k+r)))
−∑±ω(vσ(1), . . . , vσ(k+1), vσ(k+2), . . . , vσ(k+r)),
ω ∈ SymrA(L, A), v1, . . . , vr+k ∈ L.
RemarkIf L is projective and finitely generated as A-module, then the CE con-struction is one-to-one.
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Auxiliary Geometric Data on a Diffiety
Let (E , C) be a diffiety. A splitting
0 // Γ(C) // X(E) // X //ee
0 (∗)
determines a decomposition
X(E) = Γ(C)⊕X,
and an associated projector
PC : X(E) −→ Γ(C), PC ∈ X(E)⊗Ω1(E).
Definition
The curvature of the splitting (∗) is the vector valued 1-form
R := 12 [PC , PC ]FN .
Dually, a splitting (∗) determines a factorization
Ω(E) = Ω⊗ CΩ.
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An LR∞[1]-Algebra from a Diffiety
Theorem [J. Huebschmann 05], [L. V. 14] (see also [X. Ji 14])
A splitting (∗) determines an LR∞[1]-algebra structure on Ω⊗X with:1 X = dX2 X, Y = [X, Y]FN ± [[R, X]NR, Y]NR
3 X, Y, Z = ∓[[[R, X]NR, Y]NR, Z]NR
4 no higher brackets!
1 ρ(|ω) = dω
2 ρ(X|ω) = LXω± [R, X]NR ω
3 ρ(X, Y|ω) = ∓[[[R, X]NR, Y]NR ω
4 no higher anchors!
X, Y, Z ∈ Ω⊗X, and ω ∈ Ω.
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The CE Algebra of Ω⊗X
Proposition [J. Huebschmann 05], [L. V. 14]
The CE algebra of Ω⊗ X is Ω⊗ CΩ equipped with the sequence of deriva-tions D1, D2, D3, . . .
1 D1 = d2 D2 = ddR − d + iR3 D3 = −iR4 no higher derivations!
In particular D = D1 + D2 + D3 = ddR.
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GeometryHomologyHomotopy
Alternative Constructions of the LR∞[1]-Algebra
There are several ways to construct the LR∞[1]-algebra of a PDE:
by hands,inverting the CE construction,via higher derived brackets,via homotopy transfer.
Proposition (Homotopy Transfer of Lie-Rinehart Algebras)
Let (A, L) be a DG Lie-Rinehart algebra, let L be a DG A-module, and let
Lh##
p// L
joo
be contraction data such that p, j, h are A-linear. Then there is an LR∞[1]-algebra structure on (A, L) which can be computed in terms of (A, L) andthe contraction data.
Luca Vitagliano Homotopy Algebras and PDEs 37 / 43
GeometryHomologyHomotopy
The LR∞[1]-algebra of a PDE via Homotopy Transfer
Let (E , C) be a diffiety.
Remark
A splitting of 0 // Γ(C) // X(E) // X // 0 determines Ω-linearcontraction data (
Der Ω, [d,−])
h p
//(Ω⊗X, d)
joo .
Proposition [L. V. 14]
The LR∞[1]-algebra of (E , C) is induced via homotopy transfer.
This suggests how to construct more homotopy algebras from PDEs!
Luca Vitagliano Homotopy Algebras and PDEs 38 / 43
GeometryHomologyHomotopy
Even More Coefficients for Horizontal Cohomology
Let (E , C) be a diffiety. C acts on the algebra D(E) of linear DOs
∆ : C∞(E)→ C∞(E)
from both the left and the right.D := D(E)/D(E) · Γ(C) - normal DOs
Remark
There is no natural associative product on D.
RemarkC acts on normal DOs:
(Ω⊗D, d) H(E ,D) := H(Ω⊗D, d).
Proposition
There is a natural associative product on H(E ,D).Luca Vitagliano Homotopy Algebras and PDEs 39 / 43
GeometryHomologyHomotopy
An A∞-algebra from a PDE
Theorem [L.V. 15]
There is an A∞-algebra structure on Ω⊗D uniquely determined by suitableauxiliary geometric data on (E , C).
Proof. A splitting of 0 // Γ(C) // X(E) // X // 0 and a connec-tion in TE determine (via homological perturbations) contraction data
(D(Ω), [d,−])h p
//(Ω⊗D, dD)j
oo .
Now, notice that (D(Ω), [d,−]) is a DG associative algebra and usehomotopy transfer.
Ω⊗D should be interpreted as the universal enveloping A∞-algebra of Ω⊗X.
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GeometryHomologyHomotopy
Conclusions and Perspectives
Homotopy algebras naturally appear from PDEs and account for alge-braic structures in horizontal cohomologies. What are the Massey prod-ucts in horizontal de Rham cohomology? Formality analysis of PDEs?
The field equations of a gauge theory are Euler-Lagrange equations.The covariant phase space possesses a canonical pre-symplectic 2-forminducing Poisson brackets on gauge-invariant functionals. Such Pois-son bracket plays a prominent role in the BV-formalism and should beunderstood as a shifted Poisson bracket or Poisson bracket up to homotopy.Derived geometry of PDEs?
Luca Vitagliano Homotopy Algebras and PDEs 41 / 43
GeometryHomologyHomotopy
References
J. HUEBSCHMANN,Higher homotopies and Maurer-Cartan algebras: Quasi-Lie-Rinehart, Gerstenhaber, andBatalin-Vilkovisky algebras,in: The Breadth of Symplectic and Poisson Geometry, Progr. in Math. 232 (2005)237–302.
L. V.,Secondary calculus and the covariant phase space,J. Geom. Phys. 59 (2009) 426–447.
X. JI,Simultaneous deformation of a Lie algebroids and its Lie subalgebroids,J. Geom. Phys. 84 (2014) 8–29.
L. V.,On the strong homotopy Lie-Rinehart algebra of a foliation,Commun. Contemp. Math. 16 (2014) 1450007 (49 pages)
L. V.,On the strong homotopy associative algebra of a foliation,Commun. Contemp. Math. 17 (2015) 1450026 (34 pages).
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Thank you!
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