Honors Biology 11/9

Journal Question- Draw the bonding of the molecule CO2 Carbon Dioxide

CW- Review Bonding / Check Homework

Carbon- The Universal Element Notes

Homework -

Formula: Full Atomic Drawing:

Stick Model:

CO2

C2H6

C3H6

O=C=O

6 Most Common Elements

SPONCHSulfur

Phosphorous

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Carbon

Hydrogen

What makes Carbon so “special” when we’re talking about bonding?

Carbon has four electrons in its valance shell.

Carbon can make four covalent bonds, becoming stable .

Carbon Bonding

Carbon bonds easily with other carbon atoms.Carbon atoms bond to each other to form strait chains, branched chains and rings.

Large Carbon Molecules Large carbon molecules are made up of repeating units of simpler carbon molecules called monomers.

Mono = onePolymers are molecules made up of linked monomers.Macromolecules are large polymers

4 types of Macromolecules

Covalent bond

Monomers Polymer

Macromolecules

CarbohydratesLipidsproteins nucleic acids

Dehydration Synthesis

Dehydration Synthesis - making something while losing water

Lyses = To breakWhat does hydrolysis mean?

To break with water!

Hydrolysis

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/bioprop/monomers.html

4 Major Macromolecule Types

Carbohydrates -Monosaccharide , disaccharide, polysaccharide Lipids - fatsProteins - Made up of amino acids (20 different amino acids)Nucleic Acids - made up of nucleotides

Example: DNA, RNA, ATP

http://unitedstreaming.oakland.k12.mi.us//12354//chp899193_256.mov

http://health.discovery.com/videos/body-invaders-teen-obesity-and-diabetes.html

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/bioprop/monomers.html

Honors BiologyJournal Question -

Yesterday we discussed breaking down macromolecules. Why is the breakdown of these macromolecules important?

CW - Go over homework Overview of the 4 major macromoleculesVideo - Human Bodyhttp://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/bioprop/monomers.html

Nucleotides

RNA DNA

ATP

Lipids

Long Term Energy

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Honors Biology

Journal Question –Our sugar (glucose) reserves is stored in what form?CW-

Finish Function NotesCarbohydrate DemosCarbohydrate Notes

Carbohydrates

“Hydrogenated Carbons”Carbons

HydrogensOxygens

1:2:1Simple sugars :1 or 2 saccharides units

Complex sugars: 2+ saccharides4 Calories per Gram

Good sources of energy- Bonds store lots of energy!

(bonds pulled apart & releases energy!)

Carbohydrate

Single Bond=1 shared pair of electrons

Double Bond=2 shared pair of electrons

HYDROXYL

ALDEHYDE

Each Carbon MUST make 4 bonds, each Oxygen 2 bonds, and each Hydrogen only 1 bond

C6H12O6The top carbon (#1) joins with this oxygen to make glucose a ring. The double bond at the top becomes a single bond.

Carbohydrates: monosaccharidesMonosaccharide- one simple sugar molecule. The building blocks of carbohydrates (monomers). Examples:

Glucose Fructose Galactose

Alternate OH 5 Carbon Ring Not Alternate OH

Carbohydrates: disaccharides Disaccharides are formed when two simple sugar monomers are joined by a covalent bond. Examples:

How do you think these monosaccharides are linked together?

Dehydration synthesis is right!

Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

Glycosidic Bonds

Carbohydrates: PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides are formed when multiple simple sugar monomers are joined by covalent bonds.Polymer = Macromolecule

Polysaccharides = macromoleculeExamples:

Amylose

Carbohydrates: PolysaccharidesStorage

Starch- 100’s monomers long (amylose) is used for food storage in plants and is easily digested by humans.

Humans: breakdown starch into glucose molecules. Store as glycogen.Sugars oriented in same direction

Glycogen found in the Liver and muscles used for food (energy) storage in animals. Forms energy reserves quickly to meet need for glucose

Glucose chain is branched or "forked"

Structure

Cellulose is a long (100's) polymer of Glucose molecules. However the orientation of the sugars is a little different. In Cellulose, every other sugar molecule is "upside-down". Help with structure in plant cell wall.

Humans can’t digest; Fiber. Cows & termites can.

Chitin- In exoskeleton of arthropods (crabs, lobster)

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates can be broken back down by enzymes (breakdown = hydrolyze) ASE= ENZYMES

Example: Lactose is broken down by the lactase enzymeAmylose is broken down by amalyase

Honors Biology

Journal Question - C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 yeilds what

product? (Give the reactants)

Class work -Mystery milk

Check homework / discuss carbohydrates

Lipid notes

Homework - Lipid worksheet

Honors Biology 11/13

Journal- What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? Which one is the “bad” kind?

CW-Lipids!

Lipid Demos!!!

Lipid Worksheet

Homework- Finish Lipid worksheet

LipidsTypes of lipids:

1.Fatty Acid2.Triglyceride

3. Phospholipids4. Steroids5. Waxes

Lipids have the most energy! 9 calories per gram

Long term energy storage Non Polar Molecule = Repel Water

Remember: Like dissolves like

Fatty Acid

When all the Carbons in the fatty acid tail are FULL of Hydrogen the tail is SATURATED.Structure- Fatty Acid chain with a carboxly groupFunction: Provide essential nutrients

Fatty Acid

Long hydrocarbon with a carboxyl group

Carboxyl

Triglyceride

Fatty Acid

Long hydrocarbon with a carboxyl group

The Hydroxyl group of the Glycerol and the Carboxyl group of the Fatty acid join by DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS - a water molecule is formed as the two join

This happens 3 times to form a Triglyceride

Hydroxyl Carboxyl

When all the Carbons in the fatty acid tail are FULL of

Hydrogen the tail is SATURATED.

The Hydroxyl from the glycerol and part of the Carboxyl from the fatty acid DEHYDRATE and combine.

3 water molecules are produced

Triglyceride Structure: 3 Fatty acids attached to a glycerolFunction: Good source of energy, helps cushion organs

Saturated : Think SolidsNo double bond between carbons

Unsaturated: Think liquids

Double bond between carbons = Unsaturated

Makes the fat have “kinks”

Saturated Fats have no bends or kinks so they fit together very well. This is a problem because they can do this inside of our arteries and clog them.

Because of their many double bonds, unsaturated fats are bent or kinked. This allows them to not fit together so well and usually remain the liquid form. They do not easily stick together or to the inside of our arteries.

Butter or Oil? Saturated or Unsaturated?

OMEGA END OF THE FATTY ACID

This is an OMEGA-3 Fatty Acid

The third carbon on the Omega End has a double bond.

These fatty acids are proving to be beneficial to those with cardiovascular disease and can help reduce the chance of further damage.

Phospholipid

Phospholipid Structure:

Hydrophillic head (water loving) Hydrophobic tail (fatty acids) (water repelling)

Function:Makes this a good component of cell membrane The lipid bilayer is the barrier that keeps

ions/proteins/ molecules where they need to be

Waxes

Structure: Alcohol (OH group) + Fatty acid ChainFunction: Waxes are found in nature as coatings on leaves and stems. The wax prevents the plant from losing excessive amounts of water.

Steroids Structure- composed of four carbon ringsFunction: They have multiple functions including membrane fluidity, sexual reproduction, blood volumeEx: Cholesterol, testosterone, progesterone

Honors Biology 11/16Journal Question - If you leave an oil based dressing long enough, the water and oil separate out. Why does this happen?CW-

Turn In Calendars! Check Lipid homeworkCarbohydrate ReviewProteins!!!Protein handout

Protein

Structure: Proteins are made up of amino acids

20 Standard Amino AcidsPolypeptides are chains of amino acids.Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptide moleculesComposed of N, O, C, H

FunctionProteins may have many many different functions The structure of the protein determines its function

collagen (skin)

Proteins

insulin

Examplesmuscle

skin, hair, fingernails, claws collagen, keratin

pepsindigestive enzyme in stomach

insulinhormone that controls blood sugar levels

pepsin

Functions:many, many functions

hormonessignals from one body system to another

insulinmovement

muscleimmune system

protect against germsenzymes

help chemical reactions

StructureBuilding block =

aminoacid

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

aminoacid–

—N—H

H

H|

—C—|

C—OH

||O

variable group

amino acids

20 different amino acids

Amino Acids are bonded together by Peptide Bonds

Basic Structure of an Amino Acid

The letter R is a variable. It can be one of 20 different things to make each of the amino acids!

The 20 amino acids are to the right. Each green circled “R” group makes them unique.

▪Primary structure - the amino acid sequence of the peptide chains

three-dimensional structure of a single protein molecule;

complex of several protein molecules or polypeptide chains

Levels of protein structure

Secondary structure is the ordered arrangement or conformation of amino acids in regions of a polypeptide

pepsin

For proteins: SHAPE matters!

collagen

Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shapethat’s what happens in the cell!

Different shapes = different jobs

hemoglobingrowth

hormone

Honors Biology 11/17

Journal Question - Why is a proteins shape so important?

CW-Check protein homework

Protein Demo

Enzymes

Enzyme Demo

Homework -Finish Enzyme Questions

What is an enzyme?

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze a reaction Catalyze = to increase the rate

Enzymes take substrates and convert them into productsNearly all biological cells need enzymes for reactions

How do they work?

Lock and key model

Enzymes only work on certain substrates. They have to “fit”

Why do we need them?

They speed up reactionsEnzymes make reactions occur a million times faster than they normally would!Cells need reactions to happen… They can’t wait around!Maintain internal balance Enzymes work by lower the activation energy

Activation energy= energy that must be overcome for a reaction to occur

Denaturing

Most enzymes can be denaturedDenatured =unfolded & changing shapeThis can happen by heating or changing the chemicals the protein is inThis disrupts the 3D of the protein. Depending on the enzyme, denaturation may be reversible or irreversible.

Competitive Inhibition

Something blocks enzyme from attaching to substrate

When you apply heat, you agitate those placidly drifting egg-white proteins, bouncing them around. They slam into the surrounding water molecules; they bash into each other. All this bashing about breaks the weak bonds that kept the protein curled up. The egg proteins uncurl and bump into other proteins that have also uncurled. New chemical bonds form 傭 ut rather than binding the protein to itself, these bonds connect one protein to another. After enough of this bashing and bonding, the solitary egg proteins are solitary no longer. They 致 e formed a network of interconnected proteins. The water in which the proteins once floated is captured and held in the protein web. If you leave the eggs at a high temperature too long, too many bonds form and the egg white becomes rubbery.

Honors Biology 11/19

Journal Question - Why does an athlete eat a lot of pasta the night before a game?

CWNucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids Questions

Review - Test on TUESDAY

Homework - Finish Review Worksheet

Nucleic Acids

DNADNA

Function:genetic materialstores information in genesblueprint for building proteins

DNA --> RNA --> proteinstransfers informationblueprint for new cellsblueprint for next generation

proteinsproteins

AA

A

A

TC

G

CG

TG

C

T

Genes (DNA)are needed

to run bodies every day…to make you and me…to make new cells…to make babies!

Nucleic acids are composed of units called nucleotides

Each nucleotide contains a base, a sugar, and a phosphate(s) group.

bases of DNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

DNA Structure Nucleotides come together in such a way to form a double helix (double stranded)

phosphate

sugar N base

phosphate

sugar N base

DNA is a…

Nucleic Acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms ( & some viruses)

The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information.

DNA is often compared to a set of blueprints or a recipe.

RNABefore protein can be synthesized, the instructions in DNA must first be copied to another type of nucleic acid called messenger RNA.

ATPATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide that is used in energetic reactions for temporary energy storage

Aka energy currency of the cell

Honors Biology 11/20

Journal Question - What happens if an enzyme changes shape? CW

Pre-lab Safety / IntroductionLabLab debrief

Homework - Post lab questions

Lab TestsBiurets test

Tests presence of peptide bondsProteins! 10 drops of Biurets + 1 squeeze of unknown.Positive test for proteins is pink/purple

Benedicts Test Saccharide (Simple Sugars)

10 drops of Benedict’s + 1 squeeze of unknown. Heat in a test tube for 90 seconds.

Positive saccharide test = orange

Saccharides generally end in “ose”

Tests only for simple carbohydrates - only mono and two disaccahrides (lactose and maltose)

+ -

Iodine Test

Starch Test - Polysaccharide

10 drops of Iodine + 1 squeeze of unknown. A positive starch test = Black

BE VERY CAREFUL

Glass can be HOT and you can’t tell

These chemicals can burn you

WEAR SAFETY GOGGLES AT ALL TIMES

Honors Biology 11/23 Journal Question - saccharides are to carbohydrates as _________ are to nucleic acids. CW

Review GameReview for Biochem. test

Homework - Finish ReviewsStudy!!!!