12
Lighting for growth Lamps and lighting for horticulture GE Lighting
Lighting for growthLamps and lighting for horticulture
GELighting
2
Growth and development of plants and vegetables is strongly influenced by the quality and amount of light they receive, and the cycle of day and night. Artificial lighting therefore plays a significant role in the horticultural industry, where it enables producers to extend and control the periods of plant growth. GE horticultural lamps allow growers to be less reliant on daylight and improve their productivity.
Extending daylight
l GE lamps enable lighting regimes that assist the natural cycles of plants
l GE horticultural lamps are colour balanced for growth and shape
PARPhotosynthesis Active Radiation (PAR, measured in micromole/sec) is essential for plant growth. GE Lucalox™ PSL (PhotoSynthesis Light) high pressure sodium lamps are designed to produce the best possible PAR performance and this performance is covered by warranty.
Rela
tive
sens
itivi
ty
0.5
1
0
Wavelengthnm
Plants have different sensitivity to different wavelengths.
PAR in relation to wavelength.
Spectral rangePlants respond to light of varying colour. In general, red light causes plants to become tall and “leggy” while blue light, when used alone, can cause low, stocky growth. A proper balance of red and blue energy produces plants that have normal growth and shape.
3
Research examples GE lighting for fruit and vegetablesGrowers of food plants find artificial light just as important as it is for flowering plants. Artificial light can improve the yield of a crop, and its quality. As with flowering plants, it enables growth to be timed to meet market demands.
When an artificial lighting regime is applied to food crops, these are some of the benefits:
l Plants can be used over a longer period
l In winter, fruit can be produced with taste to match summer fruit
l Production can start earlier
l Year-round cultivation is possible
It is therefore possible for growers to enhance product quality and take advantage of marketing opportunities throughout the year.
280-320 nm Deleterious for growth.
320-400 nm Might have additive effect to blue radiation.
400-500 nm Necessary for elongation control.
500-600 nm Less important in photosynthesis than red spectral range for certain plants.
600-700 nm Optimisation is necessary because unoptimised red portion will cause abnormal development.
700-750 nm Enhancement of flowering & stem elongation.
Effect on plants
UV-B
UV-A
BLUE
GREEN
RED
IR (Far-red)
Cucumber
Blue only or green only irradiation did not cause development. Optimal growth was found when the irradiation of the plants contained 15-20% blue irradiation, rest of the spectrum was balanced with green and red irradiation.
Tomato
High productivity requires the dominance of the 600nm-700nm red part in irradiation spectrum. Saturation of the crop yield was achieved with 60-65% red irradiation, the rest of the spectrum was balanced by blue and green irradiation.
Reference:
Prikupets & Tikhomirov, proceedings of Int. Lighting in controlled environments workshop, Univ of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 1994, p31
4
Nature’s rhythms
The relative length of day and night and the seasons is important to plants. The number of hours of darkness in a 24-hour cycle is an important factor in determining blossoming and growing time.
PhotoperiodismNight length triggers seed germination, tuber and bulb formation, and other growth characteristics such as colour, enlargement of leaves and stem size and shape. This rhythmic characteristic is called photoperiodism and is of great value to growers.
Plants can be classified according to photoperiodicity.
l Short day (long night)
l Long day (short night)
l Indeterminate or day neutral
Day length
Short day length
The Perennial Chrysanthemum is a short day length plant that will not flower when the day is long (short-night). To postpone flowering Chrysanthemum growers, instead of lengthening the day, interrupt the night for about four hours. This makes the night appear short to plants, which then continue to grow vegetatively instead of starting to flower.
A more economical method of postponing flowering of chrysanthemums is to apply cycles of light, switching light on for 10 minutes and off for 50 minutes, for four hours during the night, instead of applying light continuously. This is cyclic lighting. It is an effective way of growing flowers. If lighting levels are higher then the grower will see better stem and flower quality and less opportunity for disease.
Long day length
The China Aster is a typical long-day (short-night) plant. Long-day plants can be brought to flower ahead of the normal time by lengthening the day. Relatively low intensities of light are enough to induce flowering, when applied early in the morning or at the end of the day. A dark-period interruption - from a few minutes to a few hours - as with other long-day plants, effectively induces flowering just as it inhibits flowering of short-day plants.
Poinsettias must have complete and continuous darkness for about 12 hours a day in order to flower. Even 1 minute of light in the middle of the dark period will prevent their flowering.
Tuberous Begonias flower only when daily dark periods are short - less than 12 hours - but they require long dark periods for best production of tubers. Flowering of tomatoes, however, is not influenced by photoperiod.
Short day (long night)
Long day
Day neutral
Understanding these principles enables commercial growers to use artificial light profitably, so that flowering and vegetable harvesting can be timed for markets.
Day-neutral plants, such as the Rose and Carnation are not limited by photoperiod.
Long-day plants, such as the China Aster and Tuberous Rooted Begonia, flower only with a day length longer than a critical value.
The perennial Chrysanthemum and the Poinsettia, which flower in the autumn, are examples of short-day (long-night) plants. They fail to flower when the day length, or period of light, is extended beyond a critical value.
5
Plant colour and leaf formationPhotoperiod also influences plant responses such as colour and formation of the leaves.
Coleus, for example, under continuous lighting, produces dark red leaves with bright green edges. Less than 10 hours of light per day results in less sturdy plants and paler colours. The tulip bulb is the main source of food reserve, and the light is needed mainly to develop the plants’ green colour. Stems attain their greatest length if grown under lighting.
Setting the clock
As an additional daytime source of light, boosting existing light levels and aiding photosynthesis.
As a means of extending the growth time per day. Lights can be switched on at dusk or other non daylight hours.
As an extension to the growing season through usage during the winter months.
As a complete natural light substitute for total environmental control in growing rooms and biological research establishments.
EXTE
ND
EXTE
ND
ADD
SUBS
TITU
TE
Artificial light can be used in a variety of lighting regimes.
6
Quality from start to finish
GE horticulture lamps have a long history of manufacture in the Budapest light source factory in Hungary. Quality is a fundamental part of all lamp manufacture but in particular the manufacture of horticulture lamps, where users rely on the lamp as a critical production tool.
Long t erm t esting r acks
High quality components are used in all aspects of manufacture to ensure consistent lamp to lamp performance. Arc tube production takes place in an argon box which ensures a clean environment so there is no contamination and seal protection ensures the lamps do not fail early.
At the end of the manufacturing process every lamp is tested and samples from every production run are placed on long term testing racks. Light output is measured in spheres to ensure lamps meet specification.
Automated testing process
Testing spheres
7
Guaranteed
Packed for convenienceProduction quality is important, but GE also ensures that lamps reach users in the condition in which they left the factory, and packaged for users’ convenience.
Bulk Pack
Lamps are available in a time-saving bulk pack for easy installation on site and transporting used lamps to recycling centres. The sturdy recycled cardboard pack has carrying handles, and is provided at no extra cost. Lamps are also still available in 12 packs for smaller installations or replacements.
63 lamps/box
Reliable performance
10095908580757065605550
Life (thousand hours)
Relia
bilit
y (%
)
50556065707580859095
100
Rela
tive
PAR
mai
nten
ance
(%)
Typical lamp survival
Typical PAR maintenance
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12Life (thousand hours)
PSL data
10095908580757065605550
Life (thousand hours)
Relia
bilit
y (%
)
50556065707580859095
100Re
lativ
e PA
R m
aint
enan
ce (%
)
Typical lamp survival
Typical PAR maintenance
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12Life (thousand hours)
PSL data
12 boxes/pallet
While light quality is paramount, reliability and performance have also been key factors in the development of the Lucalox™ PSL lamp range.
Robust construction, reliable starting technology and improved lumen maintenance ensure peace of mind against early lamp failures and provide the consistency demanded for perfect growing conditions.
GE is constantly engaged in a global quality process. A statistical quality system, designated SIX SIGMA, is applied in all areas of the company from manufacturing through to sales.
GE offers warranties to distributors of its GE brand 230V 250W, 400W, 600W, and 750W and 400V 600W and 750W Lucalox™ PSL (PhotoSynthesis Light) High Pressure Sodium lamps.
The lamps comply with the IEC/EN 62035 standards, and are in accordance with the specifications set out in the GE Consumer & Industrial - Lighting Spectrum Lamp catalogue, and in the “Lucalox™ PSL, PhotoSynthesis Light Lamp” brochure.
The warranty comprises two parts:
l Warranty on Lamp Reliability (Lamp Survival)
l Warranty on PAR (Photosynthesis Active Radiation) Maintenance
8
l Specially developed for horticulture
l Provide an average 5% additional PAR (Photosynthesis Active Radiation) over standard HPS lamps
l Stable PAR maintenance
l 250W, 400W, 600W and 750W
The Lucalox™ PhotoSynthesis Lamp (PSL) range
PSL technologySuperb performance and high reliability:- GE’s advanced sodium resistant ceramic
helps eliminate early failures to give a rated service life of 10,000 to 12,000 hours for Lucalox™ PSL products.
- In order to achieve maximum performance, GE recommends lamp replacement when the Rated Service Life is reached.
- The lamps use extra rugged monolithic arc tubes equipped with GE Reliable Starting Technology which provides continuous high performance.
Code Volts Current Power 100 hour 100 hour PAR
V A W Lumens μmole/sec
LU250W/PSL 115 2.7 250 33,000 430
LU400W/PSL 110 4.3 420 56,500 710
LU600W/PSL 115 6.0 615 90,000 1080
LU750W/PSL 115 7.4 755 112,000 1320
LU400V/600W/PSL 200 3.6 620 85,000 1120
LU400V/750W/PSL 205 4.4 765 104,000 1390
High xenon-fill gas delivers:- Extra light and PAR
(Photosynthesis Active Radiation) output.
- More resistance to mains voltage fluctuations.
Zirconium gettering system improves PAR maintenance that drives constant and uniform plant growth.
- The diameter of the frame wire in the lamp has been minimised to reduce shading in the installation without affecting the robustness of the lamp.
- Monolithic arc tube construction for durability and lumen maintenance.
Specially developed for greenhouses, Lucalox™ PSL high pressure sodium lamps offer the benefits of stable lumen and micromole maintenance and a full spectrum content that promotes photosynthesis. Photosynthesis Active Radiation (PAR, measured in micromole/sec) is essential for plant growth. Lucalox™ is available in four wattages, 250W, 400W, 600W and 750W.
Simple light or lumen maintenance is not enough to create plant growth. Plants require a certain radiation level to help with photosynthesis. The Lucalox™ PSL lamp has been specially developed to provide stable lumen maintenance and increased PAR output.
9
The Lucalox™ PhotoSynthesis Lamp (PSL) range
HPS
CMHLFL
SOX
High Pressure Mercury
Halogen
Incandescent
Nominal Watts0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
2.0
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
0
PPF/
W
What is PAR ?The effect of optical radiation on plants has been studied extensively; generally, photons emitted in the spectral region of 400nm-700nm are particularly effective. Therefore the simple measurement of quantity of light - Lux - is not sufficient for the horticultural market. Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) and Photosynthetic Photon Flux (PPF), are more useful measurements. PPF is defined as flux of the photons emitted in the 400 nm-700 nm wavelength range by the light source. It is expressed in micromoles/second (μmol/s), where 1 micromole means 6x1017 photons.
HPS - the natural choice
Different lamp types have different spectral output characteristics as well as different PPF/W efficiencies. The most commonly used lamp type in the horticultural market is High Pressure Sodium (HPS) due to its favourable PPF/W value, low early and mid life failure rate, and its close to flat PAR maintenance over it useful life. The HPS PSL range from GE has specially optimised spectra for greenhouse use, by enhancing the red portion of its light output.
This means that HPS lamps designed for the horticulture market can have lower light level (lumen) in the visible spectral range compared to HPS lamps designed for street lighting. Despite a lower initial lumen level, HPS PSL lamps, are perfectly suited to horticulture.
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
380 430 480 530 580 630 680 730
Spec
tral
pow
er [W
/nm
]
Wavelength [nm]
LU400/PSL
The PSL spectrum
The spectral distribution of a typical Lucalox™ lamp shows that light is emitted in the wavelengths best suited to plant growth.
10
600W
Code V A W 100 h 100 h PAR
Lumens μmole/ sec
LU600W/PSL 115 6.0 615 90,000 1080
400W
Supply voltageSuitable for supplies in the range 220V to 250V 50/60Hz for appropriately rated series choke (reactor) ballasts.
Code V A W 100 h 100 h PAR
Lumens μmole/ sec
LU400W/PSL 110 4.3 420 56,500 710
250W
The new 250W addition to the range is ideal for use in between crops or for crops that require lower light levels.
Code V A W 100 h 100 h PAR
Lumens μmole/ sec
LU250W/PSL 115 2.7 250 33,000 430
230V
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
380 430 480 530 580 630 680 730
Spec
tral
pow
er [W
/nm
]
Wavelength [nm]
LU250/PSL
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
380 430 480 530 580 630 680 730
Spec
tral
pow
er [W
/nm
]
Wavelength [nm]
LU400/PSL
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
380 430 480 530 580 630 680 730
Spec
tral
pow
er [W
/nm
]
Wavelength [nm]
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU400PSL
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU250PSL
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU600PSL
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU750PSL
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Time [s]
LU600/400PSL
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU750/400PSL
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
The Lucalox™ PhotoSynthesis Lamp (PSL) range
Lamp powerDepending on system conditions, lamp power can vary by ±2.5%.
BallastsIt is essential to use a ballast appropriate to the supply voltage at the luminaire.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU400PSL
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU250PSL
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU600PSL
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU750PSL
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Time [s]
LU600/400PSL
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU750/400PSL
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU400PSL
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU250PSL
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU600PSL
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU750PSL
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Time [s]
LU600/400PSL
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU750/400PSL
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
Runup times
Spectra
11
750W 600W 750W
Supply voltageSuitable for supplies in the range 390V to 420V 50Hz for appropriately rated series choke (reactor) ballasts.
Code V A W 100 h 100 h PAR
Lumens μmole/ sec
LU750W/PSL 115 7.4 755 112,000 1320
Code V A W 100 h 100 h PAR
Lumens μmole/ sec
LU400V/600W/PSL 200 3.6 620 85,000 1120
Code V A W 100 h 100 h PAR
Lumens μmole/ sec
LU400V/750W/PSL 205 4.4 765 104,000 1390
400V
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
380 430 480 530 580 630 680 730
Spec
tral p
ower
[W/n
m]
Wavelength [nm]
LU600/400PSL
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
380 430 480 530 580 630 680 730
Spec
tral
pow
er [W
/nm
]
Wavelength [nm]
LU750/PSL
380 430 480 530 580 630 680 730
Spec
tral
pow
er [W
/nm
]
Wavelength [nm]
LU750/400PSL
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
The Lucalox™ PhotoSynthesis Lamp (PSL) range
Lamp powerDepending on system conditions, lamp power can vary by ±2.5%.
BallastsIt is essential to use a ballast appropriate to the supply voltage at the luminaire.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU400PSL
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU250PSL
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU600PSL
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU750PSL
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Time [s]
LU600/400PSL
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU750/400PSL
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU400PSL
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU250PSL
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU600PSL
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU750PSL
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Time [s]
LU600/400PSL
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU750/400PSL
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU400PSL
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU250PSL
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU600PSL
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU750PSL
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Time [s]
LU600/400PSL
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
0 200 400 600 800 1000Time [s]
LU750/400PSL
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
PowerLamp voltageCurrentPAR
12
Lamp operationWatts 250 400 600 750
Maximum bulb temperature 400°C 400°C 410°C 410°C
Maximum cap temperature 250°C 250°C 250°C 250°C
Voltage rise To achieve rated lamp life and optimal PAR maintenance it is essential that luminaires are designed so that when lamps are enclosed, lamp voltage rise does not exceed 12V
Technical dataLamp / Watts Max.
length A
Arc gap
B
LCL
C
Diameter
D
Cap Bulb Glass
Operating position
Standard product
code (12)
Bulk product
code (63)
mm mm mm mm
LU250W/PSL 260 64 158 48 E40/45 Hard Universal 88665 N/A
LU400W/PSL 292 87 175 48 E40/45 Hard Universal 17106 44304
LU600W/PSL 292 125 169 48 E40/45 Hard Universal 17107 44305
LU750W/PSL 293 130 178 51 E40/45 Hard Universal 17108 44306
LU400V600W/PSL 292 124.5 169 48 E40/45 Hard Universal 43440 43439
LU400V750W/PSL 293 143 175 51 E40/45 Hard Universal 43438 43437
Cross referenceGE Philips Osram Sylvania
LU250W/PSL Plantastar Inter 250
LU400W/PSL MASTER GreenPower 400W EM 230V Plantastar 400 SHP-TS GroLux 400W
LU600W/PSL MASTER GreenPower 600W EM 230V Plantastar 600 SHP-TS GroLux 600W
LU750W/PSL
LU400V/600W/PSL MASTER GreenPower 600W EM 400V SHP-TS GroLux 600W-400V
MASTER GreenPower 600W EL 400V
LU400V/750W/PSL
MASTER GreenPower TD 1000W EL 400V
Full details of the GE lamp range can be found in the 2010 - 2011 Spectrum catalogue, or the GE website.
The Lucalox™ rangeVolts Current Power 100
hour100 hour
PARV A W Lumens μmole/sec
LU250W/PSL 115 2.7 250 33,000 430
LU400W/PSL 110 4.3 420 56,500 710
LU600W/PSL 115 6.0 615 90,000 1080LU750W/PSL 115 7.4 755 112,000 1320LU400V/600W/PSL 200 3.6 620 85,000 1120LU400V/750W/PSL 205 4.4 765 104,000 1390
Depending on system conditions, lamp power can vary by ±2.5%
Picture credits: Nico Romers
GE Lighting is constantly developing and improving its products. For this reason, all product descriptions in this brochure are intended as a general guide, and we may change specifications from time to time in the interest of product development, without prior notification or public announcement. All descriptions in this publication present only general particulars of the goods to which they refer and shall not form part of any contract. Data in this guide has been obtained in controlled experimental conditions. However, GE Lighting cannot accept any liability arising from the reliance on such data to the extent permitted by law.
Horticulture leaflet – English – 2010
and General Electric are registered trademarks of the General Electric Company. ©2010
www.gelighting.com/eu
Specifying Lucalox™
D
BA
C
