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PsychoanalyticPerspective
HumanisticPerspective
TraitPerspective
Social-CognitivePerspective
ExploringThe Self
In Psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind,
no matter how trivial or embarrassing.
Free Association
The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents
internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for
future aspirations.
Superego
According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-
seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved.
Fixation
Defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a
more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic
energy remains fixated.
Regression
Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a
more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a
safer outlet.
Displacement
According to Maslow, this is the ultimate
psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs
are met and self-esteem is achieved.
Self-Actualization
According to Rogers, an attitude of total
acceptance toward another person
Unconditional Positive Regard
All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question,
“Who am I?”
Self-Concept
Name the three conditions that are
necessary for a growth-promoting environment
GenuinenessAcceptance
Empathy
Name the five components of the hierarchy of
needs.
Physiological NeedsSafety Needs
Belongingness and Love NeedsEsteem Needs
Self-Actualization Needs
A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition
to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer
reports
Trait
A questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to
gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess
selected personality traits.
Personality Inventory
The most widely researched and clinically used of all
personality tests. Originally developed to identify
emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other
screening purposes.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI)
A test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that
discriminate between groups.
Empirically Derived Test
Name the “Big Five” Personality Factors
Emotional StabilityExtraversion
OpennessAgreeableness
Conscientiousness
The interacting influences between personality and
environmental factors
Reciprocal Determinism
Our sense of controlling our environment rather
than feeling helpless
Personal Control
Brian fails his American History test and he blames
his failing grade on the difficulty of the test. His attitude exemplifies this.
External Locus of Control
Kristina is given a starting position on her school’s
volleyball team. She believes that she has worked very hard and that is why she has been
rewarded with a starting position. Her attitude
exemplifies this.
Internal Locus of Control
The passive resignation an animal or human
learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.
Learned Helplessness
A readiness to perceive oneself
favorably
Self-Serving Bias
DOUBLE JEOPARDY
Subsidiary Topic 5 Question 2
Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals, and
defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes
rather than group identifications.
Individualism
Asian cultures are more likely to be classified as
this due to their tendency to give priority to the
goals of one’s group and define one’s identity
accordingly
Collectivistic
Proposes that faith in one’s worldview and the pursuit of
self-esteem provide protection against a deeply
rooted fear of death.
Terror-Management Theory
Cara is walking up the stairs to her second period class and trips because of her shoes.
She thinks that everybody saw her trip and she is extremely embarrassed. What effect is
Cara the victim of?
Spotlight Effect – overestimating others’
noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance
and blunders
